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Pharmacology, which is the science of drugs, is a great responsibility to any allied health professional. Medication mistakes made can injure or even cause the death of a patient. It is important to begin with a good working knowledge of the foundations of pharmacology. This chapter provides an overview of the role of drugs in ambulatory medical facilities.
CHAPTER 51 Principles of Pharmacology © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-2 Learning Outcomes 51.1 Identify the medical assistant’s role in pharmacology 51.2 Recognize the five categories of pharmacology and their importance to medication administration 51.3 Differentiate the major drug categories, drugs names, and their actions © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-3 Learning Outcomes 51.4 Classify over-the-counter (OTC), prescription, and herbal drugs 51.5 Use credible sources to obtain drug information 51.6 Carry out the procedure for registering or renewing a physician with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) for permission to administer, dispense, and prescribe controlled drugs © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-4 Learning Outcomes 51.7 Identify the parts of a prescription, including commonly used abbreviations and symbols 51.8 Discuss nonpharmacological treatments for pain 51.9 Describe how vaccines work in the immune system © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-5 Introduction • Pharmacology – science or study of drugs • Medication errors can result in injury or death • Medical assistant – Knowledge of the foundations of pharmacology – Understand role of drugs in ambulatory medical facilities © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Medical Assistant’s Role in Pharmacology 51-6 • Prescription drugs vs OTC drugs • The medical assistant should – Be sure the physician is aware of all medications the patient is taking – Ask patients about use of alcohol and recreational drugs – Provide patient education © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part Medical Assistant’s Role in Pharmacology (cont.) 51-7 • To administer drugs – Check state regulations / scope of practice – Understand pharmacologic principles – Translate prescriptions – Answer basic patient questions – Adhere to legal requirements – Keep accurate records © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-8 Apply Your Knowledge What is the role of the medical assistant in pharmacology? ANSWER: The medical assistant should be sure the physician is aware of all medications the patient is taking, including OTC medications; ask patients about use of alcohol and recreational drugs; and provide patient education If the scope of practice permits, the medical assistant may also be responsible for administering some medications © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-9 Pharmacology • Drug – chemical compound used to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease • Pharmacology – study of drugs • Pharmachologist – specialist in pharmacology • Pharmacognosy © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-10 Pharmacology • Pharmacodynamics • Pharmacokinetics • Pharmacotherapeutics • Toxicology © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-40 Prescriptions (cont.) • Managing prescriptions – Prescription blanks – E-prescribing • Telephone prescriptions – New or renewals may be called to pharmacy – Only the physician may call for Schedule II drugs © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-41 Apply Your Knowledge Match ANSWER: _ C Before meals A Subscription A Instructions to the _ pharmacist B Signa B Patient instructions _ G apl D DAW F MDI E drop C ac D Dispense as written E gtt F Metered dose inhaler Correct G Applicatorful © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-42 Nonpharmacologic Pain Management • Chiropractors • Meditation • Massage therapy • Hypnotism • Acupuncture • Yoga © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-43 Nonpharmacologic Pain Management • Glucosamine chondroitin • CAM – Less expensive • Magnetic therapy – Fewer side effects • Biofeedback – More accessible © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-44 Apply Your Knowledge Why patient’s consider complementary and alternative medicine? ANSWER: It is generally less expensive, has fewer side effects and more accessible than traditional medical treatments © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-45 Vaccines • Preparations – Produce reduced sensitivity – Increase immunity • Immunity – formation of antibodies © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-46 Antibody Formation • Response to an antigen • Lymphocytes produce antibodies to neutralize antigen – Antibodies are antigen specific – Prevents the reaction or disease © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-47 Immunizations • Immunization schedules – Children – Adults • Post-exposure immunizations – Antiserum – Antitoxin • Be familiar with vaccines used in your workplace © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-48 Apply Your Knowledge Why are vaccines given to patients? ANSWER: Vaccines are administered to a person to produce reduced sensitivity to or increase immunity to an infectious disease © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-49 In Summary 51.1 The role of the medical assistant in pharmacology includes being attentive to ensure the physician is aware of all medications, both prescription and OTC, that a patient is taking; asking each patient about alcohol and recreational drug use (both past and present), as well as herbal remedies; assisting in managing and renewing medication prescriptions; and educating the patient, using guidelines provided by the licensed practitioner, about the purpose of a drug and how to take the drug for maximum effectiveness and minimum adverse effects © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-50 In Summary (cont.) 51.2 The five categories of pharmacology include: pharmacognosy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, and toxicology It is important to understand each of these in order to carry out the medical assistant’s role in pharmacology 51.3 Drug categories are sometimes named based on their action The major drug categories and their actions are outlined in Table 51-1 © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-51 In Summary (cont.) 51.4 Nonprescription drugs, including herbal and OTC drugs, can be obtained without a physician’s order For prescription drugs, patients must have a physician’s written (or oral) order 51.5 Credible sources for drug information are the Physicians’ Desk Reference® (PDR), United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary, and the American Hospital Formulary Service (AHFS®) You may also access medication information from package inserts, drug labels, and other reliable Internet sites © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-52 In Summary (cont.) 51.6 The medical assistant should assist the physician with registration, renewal, and ordering of controlled substances, as outlined in the Controlled Substance Act of 1970 and Procedure 51-1 51.7 A prescription must be complete to be filled The medical assistant must be able to interpret a prescription in order to manage new and refilled medications Procedure 51-2 and Table 51-4 will assist the medical assistant in performing these tasks © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-53 In Summary (cont.) 51.8 Multiple nonpharmacologic methods are used to treat pain, including CAM therapies such as massage, yoga, biofeedback, chiropractic, acupuncture, magnetic therapy, hypnotism, and glucosamine chondroitin 51.9 Immunizations usually contain killed or weakened organisms When given, they stimulate the body to build up a resistance to the organism They are used to provide immunity against specific diseases © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part 51-54 End of Chapter 51 It is easy to get a thousand prescriptions but hard to get one single remedy. ~Chinese Proverb © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part .. .51- 2 Learning Outcomes 51. 1 Identify the medical assistant’s role in pharmacology 51. 2 Recognize the five categories of pharmacology and their importance to medication administration 51. 3... part 51- 5 Introduction • Pharmacology – science or study of drugs • Medication errors can result in injury or death • Medical assistant – Knowledge of the foundations of pharmacology – Understand... whole or part 51- 4 Learning Outcomes 51. 7 Identify the parts of a prescription, including commonly used abbreviations and symbols 51. 8 Discuss nonpharmacological treatments for pain 51. 9 Describe