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After you have mastered the material in this chapter, you will be able to: Explain the importance of understanding both anatomy and physiology when studying the body; illustrate body organization from simple to more complex levels; describe the locations and characteristics of the four main tissue types; describe the body organ systems, their general functions, and the major organs contained in each;...
CHAPTER 22 Organization of the Body © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 22.1 Explain the importance of understanding both anatomy and physiology when studying the body 22.2 Illustrate body organization from simple to more complex levels 22.3 Describe the locations and characteristics of the four main tissue types 22.4 Describe the body organ systems, their general functions, and the major organs contained in each © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 22.5 Use medical and anatomical terminology correctly 22.6 Explain anatomical position and its relationship to other anatomical positions 22.7 Identify the body cavities and the organs contained in each 22.8 Relate a basic understanding of chemistry to its importance in studying the body 22.9 Name the parts of a cell and their functions © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-4 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 22.10 Summarize how substances move across a cell membrane 22.11 Distinguish the stages of cell division 22.12 Explain the uses of these genetic techniques: DNA fingerprinting, and the polymerase chain reaction 22.13 Describe the different patterns of inheritance and common genetic disorders © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-5 Introduction • Human body is complex in its structure and function • It is organized from the chemical level to the organ system level You You will will learn learn important important terminology terminology used used in in the the clinical clinical setting setting and and explore explore how how diseases diseases develop develop © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-6 The Study of the Body • Anatomy – study of body structure • Physiology – study of function • Anatomy of an organ allows it to function • Homeostasis – relative consistency of the body’s internal environment © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-7 Apply Your Knowledge True or False: ANSWER: T Anatomy is the study of structure _ F Physiology is the study of function and _ structure Function only T Homeostasis is the relative consistency of _ the body’s internal environment © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-8 Organization of the Body Chemical Level Cellular Level Atom – simplest unit of matter Atoms molecules Organelles cells Cells – smallest living units of the body Organism Organ Systems Combination of organ systems Arrangement of organs Tissue Organization of the same type of cells Organ Two or more tissue types © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-9 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ANSWER: C Atoms _ A The smallest living units in the body _ B Matter B Anything that takes up space and has weight G Molecules _ C Simplest unit of matter E Organelles _ D Same type of cells organized together A Cells _ E Molecules joined together D Tissues _ F Combination of two or more tissue types F Organs _ G Atoms that bond together © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-10 Major Tissue Types • Epithelial tissue – Covering – Lining – Gland • Exocrine • Endocrine – Avascular, has a nerve supply – Function based on location © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-47 Genetic Techniques (cont.) • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – Quick, easy method of making millions of copies of any fragment of DNA – Used in the study of genetics – Testing for organisms – Genetic testing © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-48 Genetic Techniques (cont.) • DNA fingerprinting – Unique sequences of nucleotides in a person’s DNA – Reliable method for identifying and distinguishing among humans – Diagnose genetic disorders – Research © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-49 Apply Your Knowledge Designate whether the following is related to PCR (polymerase chain reaction ) or F (DNA fingerprinting) ANSWER: F Unique sequences of nucleotides in a person’s DNA F Reliable method for identifying and distinguishing among humans PCR Useful to detect organisms that cannot be cultured F Used in criminal and paternity cases PCR Method for replicating DNA © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-50 Heredity and Common Genetic Disorders • The transfer of genetic traits from parent to child • 46 chromosomes – 22 pairs ~ homologous chromosomes – 23rd pair ~ sex chromosomes © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-51 Heredity and Common Genetic Disorders (cont.) • Homologous chromosomes – Dominant vs recessive alleles – Traits are determined by multiple alleles • Complex inheritance • Sex-linked traits © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-52 Common Genetic Disorders • Albinism – little or no pigmentation • Cystic fibrosis – life-threatening disease affecting the lungs and pancreas • Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) – causes mental retardation and physical abnormalities • Fragile X syndrome – cause of learning disability © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-53 Common Genetic Disorders (cont.) • Hemophilia – blood disorder; lack of clotting factor • Klinefelter’s syndrome – chromosomal abnormality • Phenylketonuria (PKU) – unable to synthesize the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-54 Apply Your Knowledge What is cystic fibrosis? ANSWER: Cystic fibrosis is a life-threatening genetic disorder that affects the lungs and pancreas Correct! © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-55 In Summary 22.1 Knowledge of anatomy and physiology is important when learning to assign diagnostic and procedural codes and perform clinical procedures Since the structure of an organ is related to its function, it is necessary to learn both 22.2 The body organization levels from simplest to most complex are: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-56 In Summary (cont.) 22.3 Epithelial tissues cover and line, or are glandular tissues Connective tissue contains a matrix between its cells Muscle tissue is specialized tissue that contracts and relaxes Nervous tissue sends signals to the neurons, muscles, and glands and is located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves 22.4 Each body organ system has a particular set of organs and vessels © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-57 In Summary (cont.) 22.5 Knowledge and use of anatomical and medical terminology are important for medical personnel to communicate with each other in a consistent manner 22.6 In anatomical position, the body is erect, facing forward with arms at the sides and palms facing forward All other body positions are defined based on their relation to anatomical position © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-58 In Summary (cont.) 22.7 The dorsal cavity consists of the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity The ventral cavity is composed of the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavities, and, below the abdominal cavity, the pelvic cavity The body’s organs are contained within these cavities 22.8 It is important to have a basic understanding of chemistry when studying anatomy and physiology 22.9 The main components of a cell have a specialized function © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-59 In Summary (cont.) 22.10 Cells use both active and passive mechanisms to transport substances across the cell membrane Passive mechanisms include diffusion, osmosis, and filtration Active transport uses carrier molecules 22.11 A cell at rest is said to be in interphase During mitosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase occur Reproductive cell division is known as meiosis and takes place only in the reproductive cells © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-60 In Summary (cont.) 22.12 Genetic techniques allow the identification of individuals through the unique sequences of nucleotides found within DNA Polymerase chain reactions allow millions of copies from just a fragment of DNA 22.13 Dominant traits occur through alleles Complex inheritance is more common and is determined by multiple genes given by both parents Sex-linked traits are carried on the sex chromosomes There are many genetic disorders that affect the body © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d 22-61 End of Chapter 22 Our history begins before we are born We represent the hereditary influences of our race, and our ancestors virtually live in us ~ James Nasmyth © 2014 The McGraw -Hill Com panies, Inc A ll rights reserv e d ... cavities and the organs contained in each 22. 8 Relate a basic understanding of chemistry to its importance in studying the body 22. 9 Name the parts of a cell and their functions © 2014 The McGraw... levels 22. 3 Describe the locations and characteristics of the four main tissue types 22. 4 Describe the body organ systems, their general functions, and the major organs contained in each © 2014 The. . .22- 2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 22. 1 Explain the importance of understanding both anatomy and physiology when studying the body 22. 2 Illustrate body organization from simple