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After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Explain the functions of the respiratory system, explain the difference between internal respiration and external respiration, describe how the larynx produces voice sounds, list the structures contained within the lungs, describe the coverings of the lungs and chest cavity,...
CHAPTER 29 The Respiratory System 29-2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 29.1 Describe the structure and function of in the respiratory system each organ 29.2 Describe the events involved in the and expiration of air inspiration 29.3 Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood 29-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 29.4 Compare various respiratory volumes and tell how they are used to diagnose respiratory problems 29.5 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the respiratory system 29-4 Introduction CO2 • Function – Move air in and out of lungs – Delivers oxygen (O2) CO2 O2 O2 O2 – Removes carbon dioxide (CO2) • External respiration – in the lungs • Internal respiration – within the hemoglobin g Lun s CO2 29-5 Organs of the Respiratory System Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tree Lungs 29-6 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) • Nasal Cavity – Nasal septum – Nasal conchae – Mucous membrane warms and moistens the air – Cilia eliminate particles To Diagram 29-7 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) • Paranasal Sinuses – Air-filled spaces within the skull bones – Equalize pressure – Reduce the weight of the skull – Give the voice its tone 29-8 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) • Pharynx • Larynx – Moves air in and out of the trachea – Produces sounds of the voice – Cartilage and muscle – Epiglottis Layrnx Reparatory system 29-11 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) • Trachea – Tubular organ made of rings of cartilage and smooth muscle – Extends from the larynx to the bronchi – Lined with cells possessing cilia To Diagram 29-12 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) • Vocal cords – Between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage – Glottis~ the opening between the vocal cords – Upper ~ false cords – Lower ~ true vocal cords 29-34 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Bronchitis Description Inflammation of the bronchi often follows a cold; one type of COPD Chronic A group of lung disorders that limit obstructive airflow to lungs and usually cause pulmonary enlargement of the alveoli disease (COPD) Emphysema A chronic condition associated with smoking that damages the alveoli; one type of COPD 29-35 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Description Influenza A viral disease that attacks the respiratory system; commonly called the flu Laryngitis An acute inflammation of the larynx causing hoarseness (dysphonia) Legionnaire’s disease Acute bacterial pneumonia caused by Legionnaire bacteria that usually grows in the standing water of air conditioning systems 29-36 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Description Lung cancer Cancer closely associated with smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke; four types of lung cancers Pleural effusion A buildup of fluid in the pleural cavity Pleuritis / Pleurisy Inflammation of the membranes that cover the lungs, known as pleura 29-37 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Description Pneumoconiosis Lung diseases that result from years environmental or occupational exposure to different types of dust Pneumonia/ Pneumonitis An inflammation of the lungs that is most often caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection Pneumothorax A collection of air in the chest around the lungs, which may cause atelectasis 29-38 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Description Pulmonary edema A condition in which fluids fill spaces within the lungs, making it very difficult for the lungs to oxygenate the blood Pulmonary embolism A blood clot (embolism) that travels usually from the legs and blocks an artery in the lungs 29-39 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Description Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) Syndrome in which a lack of surfactant in the lungs allows the alveoli to collapse on exhalation, resulting in poor oxygenation Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) A viral respiratory disease that is very contagious and sometimes fatal 29-40 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Sinusitis Description An inflammation of the membranes lining the sinuses of the skull Sudden infant A syndrome without characteristic death syndrome signs or symptoms; usually a (SIDS) baby with this disorder simply goes to sleep and never wakes up 29-41 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease Description Tuberculosis Primarily a respiratory disease caused by various strains of the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis Upper respiratory (tract) infection (URI) Coryza, or the common cold 29-42 Apply Your Knowledge Matching: ANSWER: F Syndrome caused by a lack of surfactant B Obstruction of bronchial tree due to inflammation A May cause daytime sleepiness G Coryza D A collection of air in the chest C Disorders that limit airflow to the lungs A Snoring B Asthma C COPD D Pneumothorax E Pleural effusion F RDS G URI E An accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity 29-43 In Summary 29.1 The function of the respiratory system is to move air in and out of the lungs in a process known as ventilation, respiration, or breathing The larynx contains the vocal cords, which stretch between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages The lungs contain connective tissue, the bronchial tree, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels The bronchial tree consists of the primary, secondary, and tertiary branches of the bronchi, the bronchioles, and the alveoli 29-44 In Summary (cont.) 29.2 During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and the intercostal muscles raise the ribs, increasing the space in the thoracic cavity This decreases the pressure within the cavity so that the air outside the body passively flows into the thoracic cavity During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes, pushing up into the thoracic cavity, and the intercostal muscles lower the ribs, forcing the air to flow out of the body Breathing is controlled by the respiratory center of the brain, located in the pons and medulla oblongata 29-45 In Summary (cont.) 29.3 Most of the oxygen in the bloodstream binds to the hemoglobin within red blood cells, resulting in oxyhemoglobin, although a small amount does not bind to hemoglobin and remains dissolved in the plasma Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, resulting in carboxyhemoglobin Most of the carbon dioxide that enters the blood reacts with water in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid to form carbonic acid As carbonic acid ionizes, it releases hydrogen and bicarbonate ions, which attach to hemoglobin making its way back to the lungs to be exhaled 29-46 In Summary (cont.) 29.4 Respiratory volumes are measured to check the health of the respiratory system The volumes are: tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes, residual volume, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity The normal capacities are found in the chapter 29-47 In Summary (cont.) 29.5 The diseases and disorders of the respiratory system are many and varied, as are the causes and treatments of these diseases Many of the more common respiratory disorders with their individual causes and treatments are discussed in detail in the pathophysiology section of this chapter 29-48 End of Chapter 29 The air of ideas is the only air worth breathing ~Edith Wharton .. .29- 2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 29. 1 Describe the structure and function of in the respiratory system each organ 29. 2 Describe the events involved in the and expiration of air inspiration 29. 3... within the skull bones – Equalize pressure – Reduce the weight of the skull – Give the voice its tone 29- 8 Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.) • Pharynx • Larynx – Moves air in and out of the. .. False ANSWER: T The nasal conchae supports the mucus membrane and increases the surface area in the nasal cavity F The larynx functions for both the respiratory and digestive systems pharynx