After completing this chapter, you will be able to: List the functions of skin, explain the role of skin in regulating body temperature, describe the layers of skin and the characteristics of each layer, explain the factors that affect skin color, list the accessory organs of skin and describe their structures and functions.
CHAPTER 24 The Skeletal System 24-2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 24.1 Describe the structure of bone tissue 24.2 Explain the functions of bones 24.3 Compare intramembranous and endochondral ossification 24.4 Describe the skeletal structures and one location of each structure 24-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 24.5 Locate the bones of the skull 24.6 Locate the bones of the spinal column 24.7 Locate the bones of the rib cage 24.8 Locate the bones of the shoulders, arms, and hands 24-4 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 24.9 Locate the bones of the hips, legs, and feet 24.10 Describe the three major types of joints and give examples of each 24.11 Describe the common diseases and disorders of the skeletal system 24-5 Introduction • Bones provide structure and support • 206 bones plus joints and connective tissue • Divisions – Axial ~ 80 bones • Skull • Vertebral column • Rib cage – Appendicular ~ 126 bones • Arms and legs • Pectoral girdle • Pelvic girdle 24-6 Bone Structure • Bones contain various kinds of tissues – – – • Osseous tissue Blood vessels Nerves Osseous tissue can appear compact or spongy Spongy (Cancellous) Bone Compact Bone 24-7 Bone Structure (cont.) • Structures within compact bone – – – – – • Osteons Bone matrix Lamella Lacunae Canaliculi All bones are made up of both compact and spongy bone 24-8 Bone Structure (cont.) • Long bones – Femur and humerus – Parts • Diaphysis • Epiphysis • Articular cartilage • Medullary cavity • Periosteum • Endosteum 24-9 Bone Structure (cont.) • Short bones • Flat bones • Irregular bones • Sesamoid bones 24-10 Gender Differences in Skeletal Structure • Male Skull – Larger and heavier • Male pelvis – Bones are heavier and thicker – Forehead shorter – Cavity is narrower – Face less round – Jaw larger 24-45 Joints (cont.) • Cartilaginous joints – Disc of cartilage – Slightly moveable – Between vertebrae 24-46 Joints (cont.) • Synovial joints – Covered with hyaline cartilage – Fibrous joint capsule – Freely movable – Ligaments hold bones together 24-47 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ANSWER: A Fibrous joints B Cartilaginous joints C Synovial joints A Between cranial bones and facial bones C Covered with hyaline cartilage B Between vertebrae C Freely movable A Sutures in the skull 24-48 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System • Arthritis – Osteoarthritis • • Degenerative joint disease (DJD) Weight-bearing joints – Rheumatoid arthritis • • Chronic systemic inflammatory disease Smaller joints and surrounding tissues Common Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System (cont.) • Bursitis – inflammation of the bursa • Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) – Primarily affect bone – Usually lower extremities • Gout – deposits of uric acid crystals in joints 24-49 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System (cont.) • Kyphosis – humpback • Lordosis –swayback • Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease • Osteoporosis – thin, porous bones 24-50 24-51 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System (cont.) • Osteosarcoma – bone cancer from osteoblasts • Paget’s disease – bones enlarge, become deformed, and weak • Scoliosis – an abnormal S-shaped curvature of the spine 24-52 Apply Your Knowledge What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis? Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that primarily affects weight-bearing joints Rheumatoid arthritis chronic systemic inflammatory disease of smaller joints and surrounding tissues; it is thought to be an autoimmune disease Nice Work! 24-53 In Summary 24.1 Bones consist of the following substances: osteons or Haversian systems; bone matrix between osteocytes (bone cells); collagen fibers and proteins; the lamella; and canaliculi The skeleton consists of long bone, short bones, flat bones and irregular bones The diaphysis is the shaft of the long bone The epiphysis is an end of a long bone Articular cartilage covers the end of the long bones The endosteum lines the medullary cavity The periosteum is the membrane surrounding the diaphysis 24-54 In Summary 24.2 Bone functions include giving shape to body parts, protecting soft structures of the body, and assisting in movement The red bone marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis Bones also store calcium 24.3 Bones grow through the two types of ossification: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification The cartilage plate between the diaphysis and the epiphysis allows for growth of the long bone 24-55 In Summary (cont.) 24.4 Skeletal structures include the following: condyles, crests, epicondyles, foramina, fossae, heads, processes, sutures, trochanters, tubercles, and tuberosities 24.5 The major bones of the skull are the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones The skull also contains the fontanels, the mastoid processes, sphenoid,ethmoid, and ear ossicles The facial bones include the mandible, maxillae, zygomatics, nasal and palatine bones, and the vomer 24-56 In Summary (cont.) 24.6 The spinal column includes cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae; the sacrum; and the coccyx 24.7 There are 12 pairs of ribs, a sternum, and the xiphoid process 24.8 Each upper extremity includes the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges 24-57 In Summary (cont.) 24.9 The bones of the hip, leg, and foot include the coxal bones, the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, tarsals, and phalanges 24.10 The three joint types are fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints A synovial joint consists of hyaline-covered bones held together by a fibrous joint capsule, which is lined by a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid Ligaments hold the bones of these joints together 24-58 In Summary (cont.) 24.11 There are many common diseases and disorders of the bones and the skeletal system with varied signs, symptoms, and treatments Examples include arthritis, bursitis, EFT, gout, kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis, as well as osteoporosis and osteosarcoma 24-59 End of Chapter 24 Rigid, the skeleton of habit alone upholds the human frame ~ Virginia Woolf ... structures and one location of each structure 24- 3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 24. 5 Locate the bones of the skull 24. 6 Locate the bones of the spinal column 24. 7 Locate the bones of the rib cage 24. 8... 24. 8 Locate the bones of the shoulders, arms, and hands 24- 4 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 24. 9 Locate the bones of the hips, legs, and feet 24. 10 Describe the three major types of joints and give.. .24- 2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 24. 1 Describe the structure of bone tissue 24. 2 Explain the functions of bones 24. 3 Compare intramembranous and endochondral ossification 24. 4 Describe the skeletal