After studying this chapter you will be able to: Summarize the organs of the male reproductive system including the locations, structures, and functions of each; describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of various disorders of the male reproductive system; summarize the organs of the female reproductive system including the locations, structures, and functions of each;...
CHAPTER 32 The Reproductive System 32-2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 32.1 Summarize the organs of the male reproductive system including the locations, structures, and functions of each 32.2 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of various disorders of the male reproductive system 32.3 Summarize the organs of the female reproductive system including the locations, structures, and functions of each 32.4 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of various disorders of the female reproductive system 32-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 32.5 Explain the process of pregnancy, including fertilization, the prenatal period, and fetal circulation 32.6 Describe the birth process, including the postnatal period 32.7 Compare several birth control methods and their effectiveness 32.8 Explain the causes of and treatments for infertility 32.9 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of the most common sexually transmitted infections 32-4 Introduction • Male and female reproductive systems – Function together to produce offspring – Produce important hormones 32-5 The Male Reproductive System • Testes – Produce sperm and testosterone – Divided into lobules – Held in the scrotum • Seminiferous tubules – In the lobules of the testes – Contain spermatogenic cells • Interstitial cells produce testosterone Male System 32-7 Sperm Cell Formation Spermatogenesis Spermatogonium (46 chromosomes) Mitosis Primary spermatocytes (46 chromosomes) Meiosis at puberty Secondary spermatocyte Spermatid Spermatid Secondary spermatocyte 2nd meiotic division Spermatid Spermatid 32-8 Sperm Cell Formation (cont.) • Head – Nucleus with 23 chromosomes – Covered by an acrosome • Tail – Flagellum – Propels the sperm • Midpiece - mitochondria 32-9 Internal Accessory Organs – Male • Epididymis – where spermatids mature into sperm • Vas deferens – carries sperm cells to urethra • Seminal vesicles – secrete seminal fluid – Sugar – Prostaglandins Male System 32-10 Internal Accessory Organs – Male • Prostate gland – Alkaline fluid that protects sperm – Contractions assist with expulsion of semen (cont.) • Cowper’s glands – fluid to lubricate end of penis • Semen – Sperm cells – Fluids Male System 32-11 External Organs – Male • Scrotum – Pouch that holds the testes away from the body – Lined with serous membrane that secrets fluid • Penis – Shaft – Glans penis – Prepuce – Functions • Deliver sperm • Urination Male System 32-50 Apply Your Knowledge Your patient has just been told that she is pregnant, but she does not understand why she could get pregnant She states, “ I have been very careful in using the rhythm method of birth control.” What patient teaching would you to assist her to understand? ANSWER: The rhythm method is not as effective as other birth control, because it is sometimes difficult to tell when ovulation occurs 32-51 Infertility • • • • Inability to conceive Primary Secondary Causes – 15% unknown – 35% male-related problems – 50% female-related problems 32-52 Infertility (cont.) • Some male-related factors – Impotence – Retrograde ejaculation – Low or absent sperm count – Decreased testosterone • Some female-related factors – Pelvic inflammatory disease – No ovulation or menstrual cycle – Endometriosis – Older than 40 years 32-53 Infertility (cont.) • Tests – Semen analysis – Monitoring of morning body temperature – Blood hormone measurements – Endometrial biopsy – Urine analysis for LH – Hysterosalpingogram – Laparoscopy 32-54 Infertility (cont.) • Treatments – Surgical repair of abnormalities – Fertility drugs – Hormone therapies – Artificial insemination – In vitro fertilization – Use of surrogate 32-55 Apply Your Knowledge Indicate whether each cause of infertility is male-related (M), female-related (F), or both (B) ANSWER: _ M Retrograde ejaculation M Mumps infection _ F Inadequate diet _ B Scarring from STDs _ Very good! _ F Pelvic inflammatory disease _ F Hormone imbalances M _ Use of some medications F _ Being over 40 years old 32-56 Sexually Transmitted Disease Infections Occurring in Both Sexes STD Cause AIDS HIV virus causes AIDS Chlamydia Caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomata.; most commonly reported; often no symptoms in female Genital warts Condyloma acuminat; caused by HPV; not everyone infected has symptoms Gonorrhea Bacterial cause: Neisseria gonorrhoea 32-57 Sexually Transmitted Diseases (cont.) STD Herpes simplex Cause Viral cause: type II commonly known as genital herpes Pubic lice Parasitic infestation; commonly called crabs; Pediculosis pubis Syphilis Bacterial cause: Treponema pallidum; decreasing in women but increasing in homosexual males Trichomoniasis Protozoan: Trichomonas vaginalis 32-58 Apply Your Knowledge Match: ANSWER: D Most commonly reported STD _ in the U.S F Two types; both caused by a _ virus E Crabs _ C Increasing incidence in _ males A Common bacterial STD; can _ also grow in mouth B Caused by HPV virus _ A Gonorrhea B Genital warts C Syphilis D Chlamydia E Pubic lice F Herpes simplex S U P E R ! 32-59 In Summary 32.1 The organs of the male reproductive system include the testes, responsible for sperm and hormone production; the accessory organs of vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands; scrotum; and penis 32.2 The diseases of the male reproductive system vary widely between simple inflammation and cancers 32-60 In Summary (cont.) 32.3 The organs of the female reproductive system include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina The external accessory organs include the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, urethral meatus, vaginal orifice, Bartholin’s glands, perineum, and mammary glands 32.4 The diseases of the female reproductive system vary widely between simple inflammation and cancers 32-61 In Summary (cont.) 32.5 Fertilization occurs with the union of a sperm cell and an ovum, usually within the fallopian tubes The fertilized ovum, now a blastocyst, implants in the endometrial wall of the uterus The embryonic period occurs from week through week of the pregnancy; the fetal period is from week through delivery 32-62 In Summary (cont.) 32.6 The birth process ends pregnancy and occurs in three stages: Dilation (effacement), expulsion (parturition), and placental stage (afterbirth) 32.7 Some of the contraceptive methods include coitus interruptus; barrier methods; chemical barriers; oral contraceptives; injectable, implantable, and insertable contraceptives; and intrauterine devices 32-63 In Summary (cont.) 32.8 The causes of infertility are varied, with about 15% of infertility from unknown causes There are a number of infertility tests and treatments; the treatment plan depends on the reason for the infertility 32.9 There are many sexually transmitted infections, all passed between sexual partners (both heterosexual and same-sex partners) 32-64 End of Chapter 27 The reproduction of mankind is a great marvel and mystery ~Martin Luther ... symptoms, and treatment of various disorders of the male reproductive system 32. 3 Summarize the organs of the female reproductive system including the locations, structures, and functions of each 32. 4.. .32- 2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 32. 1 Summarize the organs of the male reproductive system including the locations, structures, and functions of each 32. 2 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms,... fertilization, the prenatal period, and fetal circulation 32. 6 Describe the birth process, including the postnatal period 32. 7 Compare several birth control methods and their effectiveness 32. 8 Explain the