Tỷ lệ tiêu hóa, giá trị dinh dưỡng và phương trình ước tính tỷ lệ tiêu hóa chất hữu cơ, giá trị năng lượng trao đổi của thức ăn cho gia súc nhai lại

Header Page of 166 B GIO DC V O TO B NễNG NGHIP V PTNT VIN CHN NUễI INH VN MI Tỷ lệ tiêu hóa, giá trị dinh dỡng phơng trình ớc tính tỷ lệ tiêu hóa chất hữu cơ, giá trị lợng trao đổi thức ăn cho gia súc nhai lại LUN N TIN S NễNG NGHIP H NI - 2012 Footer Page of 166 Header Page of 166 B GIO DC V O TO B NễNG NGHIP V PTNT VIN CHN NUễI INH VN MI Tỷ lệ tiêu hóa, giá trị dinh dỡng phơng trình ớc tính tỷ lệ tiêu hóa chất hữu cơ, giá trị lợng trao đổi thức ăn cho gia súc nhai lại Chuyờn ngnh: DINH DNG V THC N CHN NUễI Mó s: 62 - 62 - 45 - 01 LUN N TIN S NễNG NGHIP Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS.TS V CH CNG TS TRN QUC VIT H NI - 2012 Footer Page of 166 Header Page of 166 i LI CAM OAN Tụi xin cam oan õy l cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu ca riờng tụi Cỏc s liu, kt qu nghiờn cu lun ỏn ny l trung thc v cha tng c cụng b bt c cụng trỡnh no khỏc Tụi xin cam oan nhng ti liu trớch dn lun ỏn u c th hin rừ a ch, ngun gc v tờn tỏc quyn Tụi xin cm n cỏc ng nghip, cỏc tỏc gi v ngoi nc ó cho phộp s dng ti liu cho mc ớch tham kho, so sỏnh vi nghiờn cu ny./ H Ni, thỏng nm 2012 Tỏc gi lun ỏn inh Vn Mi Footer Page of 166 Header Page of 166 ii LI CM N Hon thnh lun ỏn ny, ngoi s n lc ca bn thõn, tụi luụn nhn c s giỳp quý bỏu, ch bo tn tỡnh ca thy hng dn PGS.TS V Chớ Cng v TS Trn Quc Vit sut quỏ trỡnh thc hin ti Nhõn dp hon thnh lun ỏn, tụi xin by t lũng bit n sõu sc i vi cỏc thy hng dn Tụi xin by t lũng bit n chõn thnh i vi th v cỏc cỏ nhõn: Ban Lónh o Vin Chn nuụi; Phũng o to v Thụng tin, c bit PGS.TS Mai Vn Sỏnh - Trng phũng o to v Thụng tin; cỏc anh ch em B mụn Dinh dng, Thc n chn nuụi v ng c; Trung tõm Thc nghim v Bo tn vt nuụi; B mụn Phõn tớch thc n gia sỳc v Sn phm chn nuụi; cỏc Phũng, B mụn cú liờn quan thuc Vin Chn nuụi ó giỳp v mi mt v to iu kin thun li cho tụi hon thnh lun ỏn Nhõn dp ny, tụi xin chõn thnh cm n: Lónh o v cỏc Phũng, Ban thuc S Nụng nghip & PTNT tnh Vnh Phỳc; cỏc ng nguyờn l Lónh o S Nụng nghip & PTNT tnh Vnh Phỳc; Lónh o v cỏn b cỏc c quan tnh Vnh phỳc: Trung tõm Ging Vt nuụi; Ban Qun lý ỏn Bi dng, nõng cao kin thc cho nụng dõn; Vn phũng Thng trc Ban ch o thc hin Ngh quyt v nụng nghip, nụng dõn, nụng thụn; Vn phũng iu phi Chng trỡnh xõy dng nụng thụn mi ó quan tõm, giỳp v to iu kin thun li cho tụi c hc v thc hin ti nghiờn cu Xin cm n bn bố, ng nghip, ngi thõn, gia ỡnh ó giỳp , ng viờn tụi sut quỏ trỡnh thc hin ti v hon thnh lun ỏn./ H Ni, thỏng nm 2012 Tỏc gi lun ỏn inh Vn Mi Footer Page of 166 iii Header Page of 166 MC LC LI CAM OAN LI CM N ii MC LC iii DANH MC CC BNG DANH MC CC TH x xiii CHNG I: M U 1.1 T VN 1.2 MC TIấU NGHIấN CU 1.3 VN T RA TRONG NGHIấN CU V CC GI THIT 1.3.1 Cỏc t nghiờn cu 1.3.2 Cỏc gi thit 1.4 í NGHA KHOA HC V THC TIN CA TI 1.4.1 úng gúp khoa hc ca ti 1.4.2 í ngha thc tin ca ti 1.5 NHNG ểNG GểP MI CA LUN N CHNG II: TNG QUAN TI LIU NGHIấN CU 2.1 PHN LOI THC N CHO GIA SC NHAI LI 2.2 NHNG NGHIấN CU V THNH PHN HểA HC, T L TIấU HểA V GI TR DINH DNG CA THC N DNG CHO GIA SC NHAI LI TRấN TH GII V TI VIT NAM 2.3 CC PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU XC NH T L TIấU HểA, GI TR DINH DNG THC N CHO GIA SC NHAI LI 2.4 PHNG PHP IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION 2.4.1 Gii thiu chung v phng phỏp 2.4.2 u, nhc im ca phng phỏp in vitro gas production 2.4.3 Mt s yu t nh hng n kt qu sinh khớ cỏc thớ nghim in vitro gas production 11 2.4.4 Cỏc ng dng ca phng phỏp in vitro gas production 13 2.4.4.1 Xỏc nh t l tiờu húa, giỏ tr nng lng trao i v nng lng thun 13 2.4.4.2 Xỏc nh tng axit bộo mch ngn ( SCFA) 14 2.4.4.3 Xỏc nh sinh tng hp protein vi sinh vt 16 Footer Page of 166 Header Page of 166 iv 2.4.4.4 nh lng CH4 v CO2 17 2.4.5 S dng phng phỏp in vitro gas production nghiờn cu t l tiờu húa v giỏ tr dinh dng thc n cho gia sỳc nhai li Vit Nam 18 2.5 H THNG NNG LNG V PROTEIN CA INRA (Phỏp) HAY H THNG UFL, UFV V PDI 19 2.5.1 Giỏ tr nng lng UFL v UFV ca thc n 19 2.5.2 Giỏ tr protein tiờu húa rut (PDI) ca thc n theo INRA (Phỏp) 20 CHNG III: THNH PHN HểA HC, T L TIấU HểA IN VIVO V GI TR NNG LNG, PROTEIN CA C VOI (Pennisetum purpureum) TI SINH MA Hẩ V MA THU 25 3.1 T VN 25 3.2 VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 25 3.3 KT QU V THO LUN 28 3.3.1 Thnh phn húa hc ca c voi tỏi sinh hố v thu 28 3.3.2 T l tiờu húa in vivo ca c voi tỏi sinh hố v thu 31 3.3.3 Giỏ tr nng lng v protein ca c voi tỏi sinh hố v thu 34 3.4 KT LUN V NGH 37 3.4.1 Kt lun 37 3.4.2 ngh 37 CHNG IV: THNH PHN HểA HC, T L TIấU HểA IN VIVO, GI TR NNG LNG V PROTEIN CA MT S LOI THC N THễ XANH, THễ KHễ, PH PHM TRNG TRT, THC N CHUA 38 4.1 T VN 38 4.2 VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 39 4.2.1 Mu thc n, mu phõn v chun b mu 39 4.2.2 Phõn tớch thnh phn hoỏ hc 39 4.2.3 Xỏc nh t l tiờu hoỏ thc n in vivo gia sỳc nhai li 39 4.2.4 Tớnh toỏn cỏc giỏ tr dinh dng ca thc n 40 4.2.5 X lý s liu 40 4.3 KT QU V THO LUN 40 4.3.1 Thc n nhúm (thụ xanh, thụ khụ v ph ph phm) 40 4.3.1.1 Thnh phn hoỏ hc ca thc n thụ xanh, thụ khụ v ph ph phm 40 4.3.1.2 T l tiờu húa in vivo ca ca thc n thụ xanh, thụ khụ v ph ph phm 43 Footer Page of 166 Header Page of 166 v 4.3.1.3 Giỏ tr dinh dng ca thc n thụ xanh, thụ khụ v ph ph phm theo h thng UFL v PDI 45 4.3.2 Thc n nhúm (thc n chua) 47 4.3.2.1 Thnh phn hoỏ hc ca thc n chua 47 4.3.2.2 T l tiờu hoỏ in vivo ca cỏc loi thc n chua 48 4.3.2.3 Giỏ tr dinh dng ca thc n chua theo h thng UFL v PDI 49 4.4 KT LUN V NGH 50 4.4.1 Kt lun 50 4.4.1.1 Thc n thụ xanh 50 4.4.1.2 Thc n thụ khụ, ph phm trng trt 51 4.4.1.3 Thc n chua 51 4.4.2 ngh 51 CHNG V: THNH PHN HểA HC, T L TIấU HểA IN VIVO, GI TR NNG LNG, PROTEIN CA THC N NNG LNG V THC N B SUNG PROTEIN CHO GIA SC NHAI LI 52 5.1 T VN 52 5.2 VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 52 5.2.1 Mu thc n, mu phõn v chun b mu 53 5.2.2 Phõn tớch thnh phn hoỏ hc 53 5.2.3 Xỏc nh t l tiờu hoỏ thc n in vivo gia sỳc nhai li 53 5.2.4 Tớnh toỏn cỏc giỏ tr dinh dng ca thc n 54 5.2.5 X lý s liu 54 5.3 KT QU V THO LUN 54 5.3.1 Thc n nng lng 54 5.3.1.1 Thnh phn hoỏ hc ca thc n nng lng 54 5.3.1.2 T l tiờu húa in vivo ca nhúm thc n nng lng 56 5.3.1.3 Giỏ tr dinh dng ca nhúm thc n nng lng 57 5.3.2 Thc n b sung protein 58 5.3.2.1 Thnh phn hoỏ hc ca thc n b sung protein 58 5.3.2.2 T l tiờu hoỏ in vivo ca thc n b sung protein 59 5.3.2.3 Giỏ tr dinh dng ca thc n b sung protein tớnh theo h thng UFL v PDI 60 5.4 KT LUN V NGH 62 Footer Page of 166 Header Page of 166 vi 5.4.1 Kt lun 62 5.4.1.1 Thc n nng lng 62 5.4.1.2 Thc n b sung protein 62 5.4.2 ngh 63 CHNG VI: PHNG TRèNH HI QUI C TNH OMD, ME CA THC N CHO GIA SC NHAI LI T CC S LIU V LNG KH SINH RA SAU 24 GI V THNH PHN HểA HC 64 6.1 T VN 64 6.2 VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 64 6.3 KT QU V THO LUN 67 6.3.1 c tớnh t l tiờu húa cht hu c OMD (%) ca cỏc loi thc n t cỏc phng trỡnh ca Menke v cs (1979) 67 6.3.2 c tớnh giỏ tr nng lng trao i ME (MJ/ kg DM) ca cỏc loi thc n t cỏc phng trỡnh ca Menke v cs (1979) 69 6.3.3 Quan h gia thnh phn hoỏ hc, OMD v ME in vivo vi lng khớ sinh iu kin in vitro 71 6.3.4 Xõy dng phng trỡnh hi qui c tớnh OMD 74 6.3.5 Xõy dng phng trỡnh hi qui c tớnh ME 78 6.3.6 p dng phng trỡnh hi qui c tớnh OMD cho cỏc thc n khỏc, kim tra chớnh xỏc ca phng trỡnh 81 6.3.6.1 Thc n thụ xanh 81 6.3.6.2 Thc n thụ khụ 83 6.3.6.3 Thc n chua 84 6.3.6.4 Thc n tinh 85 6.3.6.5 Thc n hn hp 86 6.3.6.6 Thc n giu m 88 6.3.7 p dng phng trỡnh hi qui c tớnh ME cho cỏc thc n khỏc, kim tra chớnh xỏc ca phng trỡnh 89 6.3.7.1 Thc n thụ xanh 89 6.3.7.2 Thc n thụ khụ 90 6.3.7.3 Thc n 91 6.3.7.4 Thc n tinh 92 6.3.7.5 Thc n hn hp 93 Footer Page of 166 Header Page of 166 vii 6.3.7.6 Thc n giu m 94 6.3.8 Tho lun cho cỏc phng trỡnh c tớnh OMD ó c kim tra 95 6.3.9 Tho lun cho cỏc phng trỡnh c tớnh ME ó c kim tra 97 6.4 KT LUN V NGH 99 6.4.1 Kt lun 99 6.4.2 ngh 99 CHNG VII: THO LUN CHUNG 100 7.1 TUI CT TI SINH V THNH PHN HểA HC, T L TIấU HểA IN VIVO V GI TR NNG LNG, PROTEIN CA C VOI 100 7.2 THNH PHN HểA HC, T L TIấU HểA IN VIVO V GI TR NNG LNG, PROTEIN CA MT S LOI THC N THễ XANH, THễ KHễ, PH PHM NễNG NGHIP, THC N CHUA; THC N NNG LNG V THC N B SUNG PROTEIN 101 7.3 S DNG IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION C TNH OMD V ME CA THC N CHO GIA SC NHAI LI 102 7.3.1 S dng s liu v lng khớ sinh sau 24 gi, thnh phn hoỏ hc c tớnh OMD ca thc n cho gia sỳc nhai li 102 7.3.2 S dng s liu v lng khớ sinh sau 24 gi, thnh phn hoỏ hc c tớnh ME ca thc n cho gia sỳc nhai li 103 CHNG VIII: KT LUN V NGH 104 8.1 KT LUN 104 8.2 NGH 104 TI LIU THAM KHO 105 PHN PH LC 130 Footer Page of 166 Header Page 10 of 166 viii DANH MC CC CH VIT TT TRONG LUN N ADF X khụng tan mụi trng a xớt (Acid Detergent Fiber) ARC Hi ng Nghiờn cu nụng nghip Anh (Agriculture Research Council) Ash Khoỏng tng s (Ash) CF X thụ (Crude Fiber ) CP Protein thụ (Crude Protein) cs Cng s DE Nng lng tiờu hoỏ (Digestible Energy) DM Cht khụ (Dry Matter) DMI Lng thc n n vo (Dry Matter Intake) DP Protein tiờu húa (Digestible Protein) EE M thụ (Ether Extract) G24 Th tớch khớ sinh thi im 24 gi sau (ml/200 mg DM) GE Nng lng thụ (Gross Energy) HH Hn hp INRA Vin nghiờn cu nụng nghip quc gia (Phỏp) ME Nng lng trao i (Metabolizable Energy) Mean Giỏ tr trung bỡnh NDF X khụng tan mụi trng trung tớnh (Neutral Detergent Fiber) NE Nng lng thun (Net Energy) NIRS Quang ph hp ph cn hng ngoi (Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy) NRC Hi ng nghiờn cu Quc gia M (National Research Council) OM Cht hu c (Organic Matter) OMD T l tiờu húa cht hu c (Organic Matter Digestibility) PDI Protein tiờu húa rut (Protein Digestible dans lIntestin grờle) PDIE Protein tiờu hoỏ rut gii hn bi nng lng n vo PDIN Protein tiờu húa rut gii hn bi ni t n vo PTNT Phỏt trin nụng thụn R H s xỏc nh (Coefficient of Determination or Determinant) Footer Page 10 of 166 Header Page 135 of 166 120 131 McBee, R H., 1953 Manometric method for the evaluation of microbial activitivity in the rumen with application to utilization of cellulose and hemicellulose Appl Microbiol 1, 106-110 132 Mehrez, A.Z and ỉrskov, E.R 1977 A study of artificial fibre bag technique for determining the digestibility of feeds in the rumen J Agric Sci (Camb.), 88: 645650 133 Mei-Ju Lee, Sen-Yuan Hwang, Peter Wen-Shyg Chiou 2000 Metabolizable energy of roughage in Taiwan Small Ruminant Research 36 (2000) 251-259 134 Meissner H.H., P.J.K Zacharias., H.H Koster., S.H Nieuwoudt and R.J Coetze 1991 Effects of energy supplementation on intake and digestion on early and mid-season ryegrass and Panicum/Smuts finger hay, and on in sacco disappearance of various forage species, S Afr J Anim Sci 21 (1991), pp:33-42 135 Meissner H.H., P.J.K Zacharias And P.J Reagain 2000 Forage quality (feed value), In: N M Tainton, Ed, Pasture Management in South Africa, University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, (2000), pp:66-88.) 136 Menke K H, Raab L, Salewski A, Steingass H, Fritz D and Schneider W 1979 The estimation of digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs from the gas production when they incubated with rumen liquor in vitro Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge) 92:217-222 137 Menke, K.H and H Steigass 1988 Estination of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid Anim Res Dev., 28: 7-55 138 Mertens R.D, Weimer P.J and Waghorn.G.M 1998 Inocula differences affect in vitro gas production kinetics, In E.R Deaville, E Owen, A.T Adesogen, C.Rymer, J.A Huntington and T.L.J Lawrence In vitro Techniques for Measuring Nutrient Supply to Ruminants, BSAS, Edinburgh, UK (1998), pp 95 98 BSAS Occ Publ No 22 pp, 20-28 139 Minson D J 1998 A history of in vitro techniques, In: In vitro techniques for measuring nutrient supply to ruminants, (Editors E R Deaville, E Owen, A T Footer Page 135 of 166 Header Page 136 of 166 121 Adesogan, C Rymer, J A Huntington and T L J Lawrence, Occasional Publication, British Society, Animal Science, No: 22, pp, 13-19 140 Minson, D J 1981 Nutritional differences between tropical and temperate pasture In: Morley.F H W (ed) Grazing Animals World Animal Science, B1, 143-157, Elsevier, Amsterdam 141 Mupangwa, J.F., N.T Ngongoni, J.H Topps and P Ndlovu 1997 Chemical composition and dry matter of forage legumes Cassia rotundiforlia cv Wynn, Lablab purpureus cv Highworth and Macroptilium atropurpureum cv Siratro at weeks of 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Nsahlai, I.V., Siaw, D.E.K.A and Osuji, P.O 1994 The relationship between gas production and chemical composition of 23 browses of the genus Sesbania J Sci Food Agric, 65, 13 156 Nutrient Requirement for Australian Livestock, 1999 Canberra, Australia 157 Nutrient Requirement of Beef Cattle in Indochinse Penninsula 2010 The Working Group Committee of Thai Feeding Standard for Ruminants Footer Page 137 of 166 Header Page 138 of 166 123 (WTSR), Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand 158 Omar S S Shayo, C M and Ude'n, P 1998 Voluntary intake and digestibility of mulberry (Morus alba) diets by goats In the potential of Mulberry as fodder tree for goats in semi-arid Tanzania M.S.c Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 159 Ostrowski-Meissner, H T 1987 Australian Feed Composition Table: Ruminants AFIC-CSIRO, Sydney, Australia 160 Ostrowski-Meissner, H T 1990 Australian Feed Composition Table: Pigs and Poultry AFIC-CSIRO, Sydney, 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Xande v cs (1989b): GE (kcal/kg OM) = 4543 + 2,0113 x CP (g/kg OM) 32,8 (r = 0,935) Trong ú GE = Kcal/kg cht hu c - OM Sau ú chuyn giỏ tr ny thnh GE: Kcal/kg cht khụ - DM v MJ/kg DM Giỏ tr DE: tớnh giỏ tr DE dựng cụng thc ca Jarige (1978); Xande v cs (1989b): DE = GE x dE õy: DE = Kcal/kg OM dE - T l tiờu hoỏ ca nng lng thụ = 1,0087 dOM - 0,0377 0,007 (r = 0,996) dOM: t l tiờu hoỏ ca cht hu c Sau ú chuyn giỏ tr ny thnh DE: Kcal/kg DM v MJ/kg DM Giỏ tr ME: tớnh giỏ tr ME ca thc n nhit i dựng cụng thc ca Jarige (1978); Xande v cs (1989): ME = DE x ME/DE Trong ú: ME = Kcal/kg OM Sau ú chuyn giỏ tr ny thnh ME: Kcal/kg DM v MJ/kg DM ME/DE = 0,8417 - (9,9 x 10-5 x CF [crude fibre - x thụ (g/kg cht hu c]) - (1,96 x 10-4 x CP (crude protein-protein thụ) (g/kg cht hu c)) + 0,221 x NA) NA = S lng cht hu c tiờu hoỏ n c (Digestible oganic matter DOM) (g/kg W0,75)/23 Thụng thng ngi ta s dng giỏ tr bỡnh quõn: NA = 1,7 Footer Page 145 of 166 131 Header Page 146 of 166 Giỏ tr NE tớnh giỏ tr NE ca thc n nhit i dựng cụng thc ca Jarige (1978); Xande v cs (1989b): NE = ME ì kl kl = 0,463 + [0,24 ì (ME/GE)] kl: l hiu qu s dng nng lng trao i cho sn xut sa Nng lng thun cng cú th biu din di dng n v thc n Theo h thng ỏnh giỏ giỏ tr thc n ca Phỏp, n v thc n to sa (UFL) ca thc n c tớnh bng 1700 Kcal NE UFL = NE (Kcal)/1700 Tớnh toỏn cỏc giỏ tr protein ca thc n Giỏ tr protein ca mt thc n l tng lng protein c tiờu hoỏ ti rut non tớnh bng g/kg vt cht khụ (PDI)- Protộines Digestibles dans lIntestine) v c biu th bng hai giỏ tr PDIE v PDIN Thụng thng ngi ta ly giỏ tr thp hn hai giỏ tr ny lm giỏ tr PDI ca thc n, mt thc n cú hai giỏ tr ny tng ng l mt thc n cõn i) Protein tiờu húa rut (PDI) (g/kgDM): - Protein tiờu hoỏ rut gii hn bi nng lng: PDIE = PDIA + PDIME - Protein tiờu hoỏ rut gii hn bi ni t: PDIN = PDIA + PDMN v c tớnh nh sau: PDIME (g/kgDM): S lng protein vi sinh vt tiờu hoỏ rut cú th c tng hp nng lng d lờn men khụng b hn ch: PDIME = 135 x 0,8 x 0,7xDOM (kg/kgDM) õy: DOM - Cht hu c tiờu hoỏ ((kg/kg vt cht khụ) = OM (cht hu c) kg/kg DM (cht khụ) x T l tiờu hoỏ OM (cht hu c) PDIMN (g/kgDM): S lng protein vi sinh vt tiờu hoỏ rut cú th c tng hp nng lng khụng b hn ch: PDIMN = CP (g/kgDM) x (S + 0,35 x (1-S)) x 0,8 x 0,7 S: ho tan ca Nit 0,3 cho cỏc loi thc n PDIMN (g/kg DM) = CP (g/kgDM) x (0,3 + 0,35 x (1-0,3)) x 0,8x0,7 PDIA (g/kgDM): Protein tiờu hoỏ rut t ngun thc n n vo (g/kgDM) PDIA (g/kgDM) = 0,65x CP (g/kgDM) x (1-S) x dr Footer Page 146 of 166 Header Page 147 of 166 132 õy: dr: T l tiờu hoỏ ca protein ca khu phn rut dr = (0,65 x Protein khụng ho tan (g/kg DM) - PANDI)/0,65 x Protein khụng ho tan (g/kgDM) Protein khụng ho tan = CP x (1-S) PANDI (g/kgDM): Protein ca khu phn khụng tiờu hoỏ rut non PANDI (g/kgDM) = ICP - 0,501 - 0,033 x DOM - 0,009 x IDOM = 0,045 x CP ICP: Protein khụng th tiờu hoỏ ICP = 0,501 + 0,045 CP g/kgDM) + 0,033 DOM (g/kg DM) + 0,009 IDOM (cht hu c khụng th tiờu hoỏ, g/kgDM) õy: * Protein tiờu hoỏ DCP = CP (g/kgDM) x t l tiờu hoỏ ca CP * Cht hu c tiờu hoỏ DOM (g/kgDM) = OM (g/kgDM) x t l tiờu hoỏ OM * Cht hu c khụng th tiờu hoỏ IDOM (g/kgDM) = OM (g/kgDM) - DOM (g/kgDM) Footer Page 147 of 166 Header Page 148 of 166 133 PH LC Cỏc hỡnh nh thớ nghim in vitro gas production nh 1: Ly dch d c lm thớ nghim in vitro nh 2: Chun b xylanh lm thớ nghim in vitro gas production gas production nh 3: Ly dch d c vo xylanh a vo mỏy nh 4: Chun b c kt qu thớ nghim in gas Footer Page 148 of 166 vitro gas production Header Page 149 of 166 nh 5: Chun b mu thc n thớ nghim 134 nh 6: Thớ nghim in vivo trờn cu nh 7: Cõn lng phõn thi ca cu thớ nh 8: Cõn lng thc n cũn tha ca nghim Footer Page 149 of 166 cu thớ nghim ... VIN CHN NUễI INH VN MI Tỷ lệ tiêu hóa, giá trị dinh dỡng phơng trình ớc tính tỷ lệ tiêu hóa chất hữu cơ, giá trị lợng trao đổi thức ăn cho gia súc nhai lại Chuyờn ngnh: DINH DNG V THC N CHN NUễI... QUAN TI LIU NGHIấN CU 2.1 PHN LOI THC N CHO GIA SC NHAI LI 2.2 NHNG NGHIấN CU V THNH PHN HểA HC, T L TIấU HểA V GI TR DINH DNG CA THC N DNG CHO GIA SC NHAI LI TRấN TH GII V TI VIT NAM 2.3 CC... giỏ tr dinh dng ca thc n cho gia sỳc nhai li Vit Nam - Kim chng chớnh xỏc v phự hp ca cỏc phng trỡnh c tớnh OMD, giỏ tr ME t in vitro gas production v thnh phn húa hc ca thc n cho gia sỳc nhai