Bài giảng Odor perception (Cảm nhận mùi) ĐHBK TPHCM

Odor Perception • Overview ➜ Olfaction: a "bad" Sense? ➜ The Olfactory System ODOR PERCEPTION ➜ The Nature of Smell ➜ Odor and Behavior Claire Sulmont-Rossé ➜ General Conclusion Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Olfaction: a "bad" Sense? Olfaction: a "bad" Sense? • Some philosophical points of view • Some philosophical points of view ➜ Olfaction is associated with sex ➜ Olfaction is associated with animality Freud: since humans walks upright, they can "see" what is happening around them As many odors are heavier than air, smelling implies lying on the ground, like animals Antiquity: perfumes are associated with physical pleasure and prostitution Plato, Kent, Freud: olfaction is a sense of lust, desire and impulse Its carries the sense of animality Humans are unable to express odors in language, a capacity which is quintessentially human and testifies to civilization Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Olfaction: a "bad" Sense? Olfaction: a "bad" Sense? • Some performance data • Some performance data ➜ Sensitivity Dogs are from 300 to 10,000 times more sensitive to odors than humans ➜ Discrimination ability Humans could distinguish thousands of different types of odorants ➜ Identification ability When asked to identify familiar odors, people were successful only about half the time Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 ➜ Macrosmates (good smellers) Many mammals (rodents, herbivores, many predators), fishes, amphibians, reptiles, insects ➜ Microsmates (poor smellers) Birds, Humans ➜ Anosmates (non-smellers) Whale Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Olfaction: a "bad" Sense? Olfaction: a "bad" Sense? • odorants • Olfaction: a "bad" sense? ➜ Chemical compounds ➜ Protection against harmful subtances not every chemical is odorant Olfaction allows us to detect rotten food, leaking gas… ➜ In order to be smelled: ➜ Attraction to edible substances molecule must be Olfaction allows us to enjoy our meals volatile, small, and hydrophobic ➜ Chemical communication Olfaction might influence physiology and behavior of conspecific Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Olfaction: a "bad" Sense? Odor Perception • Olfaction: a "bad" sense? • Overview « Sense of smell? I never gave it a thought You don't normaly give it a thought But when I lost it – it was like being struck blind Life lost a good deal of its savour – one doesn't realise how much "savour" is smell You smell people, you smell books, you smell the city, you smell the spring – maybe not consciously, but as a rich unconscious background to everything else My whole world was suddenly radically poorer… » Updated April 10, 2008 ➜ Olfaction: a "bad" Sense? ➜ The Olfactory System ➜ The Nature of Smell ➜ Odor and Behavior ➜ General Conclusion The Man who Mistook his Wife for a Hat, Sacks, 1985 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Olfactory Physiology (cont’d) Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Nose • The human olfactory apparatus: ➜ Primary purpose of nose: to filter, warm, humidify air we breathe ➜ Nose: Small ridges, epithelium Claire Sulmont-Rossé olfactory cleft, olfactory Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Olfactory System The Olfactory System • Location • Odor pathways ➜ Orthonasal • Odor pathways Olfactory mucosa Nasal cavity ➜ Through the retronasal pathway, olfaction has a strong influence on perception and appreciation of food Nostril pathway Septum « There is a good reason not to talk with one's mouth full: it means a loss of precious smells making their way to the organ of olfaction » ➜ Retronasal pathway Tongue Smell, the Secret Seducer, Vroon, 1994 Oral cavity Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Olfactory System • Odor pathways % subjects identifying each food: - with nostril open (blue bars) - nostrils pinched shut (red bars) Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Olfactory System • Odor pathways Chocolate ➜ Odors perceived via the retronasal pathway could be different from odors perceived via the orthonasal pathway Grape juice Cinnamon Pineapple Mozell et al., 1969 Difference in concentration Action of chewing and saliva Onion Lemon Wine Coffee 20 40 60 80 100 Percentage of subjects Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Olfactory System The Olfactory System • Vocabulary conventions • The olfactory organ ➜ Odor Brain  Perceived through the orthonasal pathway ➜ Aroma Olfactory tract Olfactory bulb  Perceived through the retronasal pathway ➜ Taste Perceived by the tongue (gustation) Mitral cell Cribiform ethmoid bone Glomerulus Axons Supporting layer ➜ Flavor Olfactory mucosa Aroma + taste of a food Olfactory cortex Olfactory epithelium Olfactory cell Mucous layer  Nasal cavity Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Olfactory System The Olfactory System • The mucous layer • location & structure ➜ Odorant Binding Protein (OBP) Transportation of the lipophilic odorants across the hydrophilic mucous Protection of the olfactory preventing an oversaturation cells Brain  by Transportation of the odorants across the membrane of the olfactory cells ??? Olfactory cell Dendrite Support cell Removal of the odorants from the olfactory cells ??? Claire Sulmont-Rossé Axons Basal cell Updated April 10, 2008 Olfactory Physiology (cont’d) Cilias Mucous  Nasal cavity Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Olfactory Sensory Neuron • olfactory epithelium “retina of the nose”: ➜ types of cells: Supporting cells Basal cells Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)—cilia protruding into mucus covering olfactory epithelium Olfactory receptors (ORs): on tips Interaction between these and odorant stimulates cascade of biochemical events Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Olfactory Perception Pathway Claire Sulmont-Rossé The Olfactory System The Olfactory System • olfactory receptor cells • The olfactory cell ➜ Olfactory receptor ➜ Statistics 30,000 cells per mm2 Brain  20 million cells ➜ Peculiar facts The olfactory cell is a neuron in direct contact with inhaled substances The olfactory cell is replaced after to weeks by a new neuron (neurogenesis) Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008  Nasa lcavity Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Olfactory System The Olfactory System • The olfactory cell • The olfactory cell ➜ Mechanism of transduction Odor ➜ Receptor specificity ++ Ca Odor receptor + The number of discriminable odorants is far larger than the number of receptors Ca++ Na+ NH2 Na+ cAMP-dependant cation channel Some odorants are perceived as having different odors at different concentration Odor - Adenylyl cyclase Protein G COOH Na+ cAMP  A receptor recognizes several odorants and an odorant is recognized by several receptors Ca++ Ca++ Na+ ATP Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Olfactory System The Olfactory System • The olfactory cell • The olfactory cell ➜ Receptor specificity: Sicard & Holley, 1984 ANI ACE PHO PYR PHE IVA MEN THY CIN CAM CDN HEP BUT MAC ISO XON XOL DCI LIM CYM Claire Sulmont-Rossé ➜ Odor coding Different odorants are recognized different combination of receptors 52 4 1 1 5 3 4 3 4 2 5 11 2 1 9 5 4 9 43 4 by Each olfactory cell expresses only one type of receptor  Odor quality is coded by the combination of fired olfactory cells Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Olfactory Physiology (cont’d) The Olfactory System • genetics of olfactory receptors: • The olfactory bulb ➜ Location & structure ➜ Buck and Axel (91) human genome contains about 1000 different olfactory receptor genes, each codes for single type of OR Granule cell ➜ Pseudogenes – 60-70% in humans Mitral or tufted cell ➜ Trade-off between vision and olfaction Peri-glomerular cell Glomerulus Olfactory cell axon Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Olfactory System • The olfactory bulb • All neurons expressing a particular OR type converge onto one glomerulus pair in the olfactory bulb ➜ Glomerulus specificity Pattern of labeling of a 35S-labeled receptor gene M50 probe in a mouse olfactory bulb: the axons of the olfactory cell that express the receptor gene M50 converge on the same glomerulus ➜ No matter where they are on the nasal epithelium ➜ However, each glomerulus pair receives axons from several different receptor types Ressler et al., 1994 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Olfactory System The Olfactory System • The olfactory bulb • The olfactory bulb ➜ Odor coding ➜ Odor coding Different odorants fire different combination of olfactory cells Each glomerulus receives input from the olfactory cells that express the same receptor Pattern of labeling of a 35Slabeled c-fos probe in a rat olfactory bulb exposed to peppermint: a single odorant stimulates multiple glomeruli Guthrie et al., 1993  Odor quality is coded by the combination of fired glomeruli Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Olfactory System The Olfactory System • The olfactory cortex • The olfactory cortex Olfactory bulb Anterior commissure Anterior olfactory nucleus & olfactory tubercle Thalamus Olfactory tubercle Pyriform cortex Amygdala Entorhinal cortex Hypothalamus Orbitofrontal cortex Thalamus Amygdala Olfactory tract Olfactory bulb Frontal cortex Hypothalamus Orbitofrontal cortex Toward the entorhinal cortex Pyriform cortex Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 AssociationEmotion ? Perception & discrimination Claire Sulmont-Rossé Odor Perception • Conclusion • Overview with stimuli ➜ Olfactory information does not relay in the thalamus before reaching the cortex ➜ Olfactory process is slow (seconds rather Memorisation ? Updated April 10, 2008 The Olfactory System ➜ Sensory cells are neurons in direct contact Hippocampus ➜ Olfaction: a "bad" Sense? ➜ The Olfactory System ➜ The Nature of Smell ➜ Odor and Behavior ➜ General Conclusion than milliseconds)  From an evolutionary point of view, the olfactory system is an "old" system Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Nature of Smell The Nature of Smell • What factors determine the olfactory quality of a molecule? • Ascending approach Ascending approach Odorous molecule ➜ Molecules with different physical and chemical properties elicit different odor sensations Key-lock model Odor perception Descending approach Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 From Chemicals to Smells Presumed Odorant-Receptor Binding • Theories of olfactory perception: ➜ Shape-pattern theory: Match between shapes of odorants and odor receptors; dominant biochemical theory ➜ Molecular research: Scents detected by means of combinatorial codes ➜ Vibration theory: different vibrational frequency for every perceived smell, molecules that produce same vibrational frequencies will produce same smell Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Nature of Smell From Chemicals to Smells (cont’d) • Ascending approach • Specific anosmia: ➜ Theory of Amoore, 1970 ➜ inability to smell one specific compound with otherwise normal smell perception Existence of specific anosmia ➜ 50% of population has specific anosmia to androstenone ➜ repeated exposure can sometimes enable detection ➜ not consistent with vibration theory Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Nature of Smell The Nature of Smell • Ascending approach • Ascending approach ➜ Theory of Amoore, 1970 Concept of primary odors PRIMARY ODORANT PRIMARY ODOR ANOSMIC OCCURRENCE Isovaleric acid Sweaty 1-Pyrroline Spermous Trimethylamine Fishy 6% Isobutyraldehyde Malty 36% 5α-Androst-16-en-3-one Urinous 47% ω-Pentadecalactone Musky 12% l-Carvone Minty 1,8-Cineole Camphorous Claire Sulmont-Rossé 3% 16% ➜ Theory of Amoore, 1970 Determination of the physical and chemical properties which elicit each primary odor sensation Trimethylamine 1,8-cineole ω-pentadecalactone Isovaleric acid 8% 33% Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Nature of Smell The Nature of Smell • Ascending approach • Ascending approach ➜ Limits ➜ Limits An odorant is recognized by several receptors (Amoore, 1991) Specific Specific hyposmics anosmics 30 Number of subjects Bimodal distribution of olfactory thresholds of 222 subjects to isobutyraldehyde Normal subjects Some similar odorants have very different odors α-ionone violet 20 Some very different odorants have similar odors Isoamyl-acetate banana β-ionone berries Hept-4-en-2-ol banana 10 12 16 20 24 28 32 Dilution step Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Nature of Smell The Nature of Smell • Ascending approach • Descending approach ➜ Molecules with different physical and chemical properties elicit different odor sensations ➜ Systems of odor classification Linné, 1756 • Aromatic • Descending approach ➜ Molecules sensation property • Scented or perfumed • Ambrosia or musk-like that elicit the same odor should have a common • Sharp or garlic-like • Stinking or goat-like, sweaty • Repulsive  Pleasantness Claire Sulmont-Rossé • Disgusting Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 The Nature of Smell The Nature of Smell • Descending approach • Descending approach ➜ Systems of odor classification Zwaardemaker, 1895 ➜ Systems of odor classification Henning's odor prism, 1915 • Ethereal: acetone, ether Putrid • Aromatic: camphor, lavender, menthol, lemon • Balsamic: musk, androstenol Fragrant • Alliaceous: garlic, rotten eggs • Empyreumatic: coffee, toasted bread, tobacco smoke Ethereal Lemon Thyme • Hircine: cheese, sweet, urine Burned • Repulsive or suffocating: tomato, pepper, narcotic substances • Disgusting: cadaverous odor, feces Claire Sulmont-Rossé Spicy Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Resinous Updated April 10, 2008 The Nature of Smell The Nature of Smell • Descending approach • Descending approach ➜ Systems of odor classification Jaubert, 1987: the Field of Odors Claire Sulmont-Rossé ➜ Limits Odor classification is culturally determined? Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé The Nature of Smell The Nature of Smell • Descending approach 3D representation of the olfactory space ➜ Limits Continuum of odors rather than discrete classes of odors: Laffort et al., 2000 Updated April 10, 2008 Laffort et al , 2000 Dravniek's atlas: profile of 141 molecules × 146 descriptors Multidimensional scaling: dimensions = 88% of variance 3D representation of the olfactory space Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé The Nature of Smell The Nature of the Smell • Odor mixtures • Odor mixtures ➜ The perceived intensity of a mixture is almost never the sum of the intensity of its ingredients Odor A intensity = + Odor B intensity =7 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 ➜ We are scarcely able to identify the different ingredients of a mixture ➜ We are scarcely able to predict the odor of a mixture from its ingredients Summation: AB = 12 Partial summation: > AB > 12 Neutralization: > AB > Synergy: AB > 12 Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Odor Perception Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation • Overview • Detection, discrimination, recognition ➜ Olfaction: a "bad" Sense? ➜ How much stimulation is required before we perceive something to be there? ➜ The Olfactory System ➜ Olfactory detection thresholds: ➜ The Nature of Smell Depend on several factors ➜ Odor and Behavior ➜ General Conclusion Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation ➜ Women: Updated April 10, 2008 Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation (cont’d) • Identification: Generally lower thresholds than men, especially during ovulatory period of menstrual cycles, but sensitivity is not heightened during pregnancy ➜ Professionals can distinguish up to 100,000 odors (e.g., professional perfumers, wine tasters) Claire Sulmont-Rossé Claire Sulmont-Rossé ➜ attaching verbal label to smell is not easy “Tip-of-the-nose phenomenon” ➜ Anthropologists found that there are fewer words for experience of smells as opposed to other sensations Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation (cont’d) Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation (cont’d) • Sense of smell and language: Disconnected, possibly because: • Adaptation: Olfactory information is not integrated in thalamus prior to processing in cortex Majority of olfactory processing occurs in right side of brain while language processing occurs in left side of brain ➜ Sense of smell a “change detector” ➜ Examples: Walking into bakery, smelling perfume that person cannot smell strong ➜ Receptor adaptation ➜ Cross adaptation Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Pathway for Odorant Molecule-Odorant Receptor Binding (1) Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Pathway for Odorant Molecule-Odorant Receptor Binding (2) Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation (cont’d) Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation (cont’d) • Cognitive habituation • mechanisms of cognitive habituation: ➜ After long-term exposure to an odorant, one is no longer able to detect that odorant or has very diminished detection ability ➜ Example: Going out of town, coming back to house with smell Olfactory receptors internalized into cell bodies during odor adaptation may be hindered after continuous exposure, take longer to recycle Odorant molecules may be absorbed into bloodstream causing adaptation to continue Cognitive-emotional factors Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Olfactory Hedonics Olfactory Hedonics (cont’d) • Odor hedonics: • Familiarity and intensity: ➜ The liking dimension of odor perception; typically measured with scales pertaining to an odorant’s perceived pleasantness, familiarity, and intensity Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 ➜ We tend to like odors we’ve smelled many times before ➜ Intensity: Interesting relationship to odor liking Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Olfactory Hedonics (cont’d) Odorant Pleasantness vs Intensity • Nature or nurture? ➜ Are hedonic responses to odors innate or learned? controversial Evidence from infants Cross-cultural data -> associative learning An evolutionary argument Learned taste aversions Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Olfactory Hedonics (cont’d) Olfaction, Memory, and Emotion • caveats for “learned odor hedonics: • Are odors really the best cues to memory? ➜ Trigeminally irritating odors may elicit pain responses, and all humans have innate drive to avoid pain Updated April 10, 2008 ➜ Other modalities can elicit memory as well (e.g., vision, touch, taste) ➜ Memories triggered by odor cues are ➜ There is potential variability in receptor genes and pseudogenes that are expressed across individuals Claire Sulmont-Rossé distinctive in their emotionality ➜ Emotion and evocativeness of odor- elicited memories lead to false impression that such memories are especially accurate Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Olfaction, Memory, and Emotion (cont’d) Memory Cues • Orbitofrontal cortex: ➜ Olfaction is processed there ➜ Also the cortical area for assigning affective value, (i.e., hedonic judgment) Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Odor and Behavior Odor and Behavior • Some definitions… • Some definitions… ➜ Primer pheromone ➜ Kairomone Attracts individuals of other species Triggers a long-lasting change in the target animal ➜ Allomone ➜ Releaser pheromone Repels individuals of other species Triggers an immediate behavioral response in the target animal ➜ Pheromone Affects individuals of the same species Claire Sulmont-Rossé physiological Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Odor and Behavior Odor and Behavior • Insects and pheromones • Insects and pheromones ➜ Trail pheromone ➜ Identification pheromone Ants, as they return to the nest with food, lay down a trail pheromone, which attracts and guides other ants to the food ➜ Alarm pheromone When honeybees are disturbed, they release a pheromone which attracts other bees to attack the disturber Claire Sulmont-Rossé Honeybee queen releases from her mandibular glands a pheromone which attracts workers ➜ Sex pheromone The female silkworm moth releases a pheromone, the bombikol, which can attract the male from over km Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Odor and Behavior Odor and Behavior • Mammals and pheromones • Mammals and pheromones ➜ The vomeronasal organ ➜ The vomeronasal organ Accessory olfactory bulb Nasal septum Main olfactory bulb Vomeronal nerves Nasal cavity Vomer bone Brain Sensory epithelium Vomeronasal organ Lumen Opening of the vomeronasal organ Nasal cavity Oral cavity Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Odor and Behavior Odor and Behavior • Mammals and pheromones • Mammals and pheromones ➜ Primer effect ➜ The vomeronasal organ Male mice produce chemosignals that accelerate puberty in immature females Accessory olfactory bulb Main olfactory bulb Female mice housed in groups produce a urinary chemosignal that supresses estrus in other females Vomeronal nerves Nasal cavity Brain Vomeronasal organ If a just-mated female mouse is exposed to the smell of a strange male (i.e different from the mating male), this smell prevents the female from becoming pregnant Opening of the vomeronasal organ Oral cavity Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Odor and Behavior Odor and Behavior • Mammals and pheromones • Mammals and pheromones ➜ Releaser effect A vaginal discharge of the female golden hamster causes males to mate ➜ Territorial behavior Many mammals deposit chemicals in and/or around their "territory" When a sow in estrus smells the boar odor, she become motionless, rounds her back and pricks up her ears (lordosis) Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Odor and Behavior Odor and Behavior • Human and pheromones • Humans and pheromones ➜ The vomeronasal organ ➜ Female "pheromones" No rigid tube of bone or cartilage Russell, 1983: female sweat of a "donor" woman affected the cycles of other women ➜ menstrual synchronization No blood pumping mechanism Few bipolar neurons Köster, 1986: Under the influence of a vaginal odor, men and women found the pictures of girls more sexy No accessory olfactory bulb - no projection to the brain  No evidence for a functional vomeronasal organ in humans Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Odor and Behavior Odor and Behavior • Humans and pheromones • Conclusion ➜ Male "pheromones" ➜ Chemical communication plays a role in Kirk-Smith & Booth, 1980: chairs sprayed with androstenone were used more often by women, but were avoided by men many mammals, and vomeronasal organ plays a role in chemical communication BUT… ➜ The main olfactory system also plays a role in chemical communication Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Odor Perception Odor Perception • Overview • General conclusion ➜ Olfaction: a "bad" Sense? Updated April 10, 2008 ➜ The olfactory system is likely to encounter a great variety of odorants during life course ➜ The Olfactory System ➜ The Nature of Smell ➜ The olfactory system should be able to ➜ Odor and Behavior develop specific receptors / neural networks in response of those stimuli ➜ General Conclusion  Impact of learning on odor perception ? Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Odor Perception Odor Perception • Bibliography • Bibliography Updated April 10, 2008 Agosta W (1992) Chemical communication: the language of pheromones W H Freeman & Company, New-York, USA ➜ Patrick Süskind (1986): Perfume: the Story of a Murderer Amoore J (1991) Specific anosmias In Smell and Taste in Health and Disease, edited by Getchell et al., Raven Press, New-York, USA Buck L (2000) Smell and taste: the chemical senses In Principles of Neural Science, 4th edition, edited by Kandel E et al., McGraw-Hill Companies Cain W (1979) To know with the nose: keys to odor identification Science, 203, 467-470 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Odor Perception Odor Perception Carter R (1998) Mapping the Mind University of California Press, London England Hanaway J., Woolsey T., Gado M., Roberts M (1998) The Brain Atlas Fitzgerald Science Press, Bethesda, USA Doving K and Trotier D (1998) Structure and function of the vomeronasal organ The Journal of Experimental Biology, 201, 2913-2925 Hatt H (1999) Follow your nose: mechanisms of signal transduction Zoology, 102, 120-126 Fantino M (1999) Neurophysiologie du goût et de l'olfaction OCL, 6, 306-310 Goldstein E B (1996) Sensation & Perception, 4th edition Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove, USA Hudson R (1999) From molecule to mind: the role of experience in shaping olfactory function J Comp Physiol A., 185, 297-304 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Odor Perception Sicard G and Holley A (1984) Receptor cell responses to odorants: similarities and differences among odorants Brain Research, 292, 283-296 Vroon P (1997) Smell Farrar, Straus and Giroux, NewYork, USA Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Holley A (1999) Recent advances in mechanisms of odor perception Wat Sci Tech., 40, 79-84 Restak R (1984) The Brain Bantam Books, New-York, USA Sacks O (1985) The Man Who Mistook his Whife for a Hat HarperCollins Publisher, New-York, USA Santrock J (1991) Psychology: the Science of Mind and Behavior, 3rd edition Wm C Brown Publishers, Dubuque, USA Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 ... Sulmont-Rossé Odor Perception Odor Perception • Overview • General conclusion ➜ Olfaction: a "bad" Sense? Updated April 10, 2008 ➜ The olfactory system is likely to encounter a great variety of odorants... with the nose: keys to odor identification Science, 203, 467-470 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Claire Sulmont-Rossé Updated April 10, 2008 Odor Perception Odor Perception Carter R... Ascending approach Ascending approach Odorous molecule ➜ Molecules with different physical and chemical properties elicit different odor sensations Key-lock model Odor perception Descending approach