chuyên đề câu bị động

chuyên đề câu bị động, mệnh đề quan hệ

CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG (Passive Voice)

1 Use of Passive (Cách sử dụng của câu bị động) :

Câu bị động được dùng khi ta muốn nhấn mạnh vào hành động trong câu, tác nhân gây ra hành động dù là người hay vật gì cũng không quá quan trọng

Ex: My bike was stolen

A mistake was made

2 Form (Cấu trúc): S +(V) + O SO + (BE) + P2 + BY + OS

 Tân ngữ câu chủ động thành chủ ngữ câu chủ động

 Câu chủ động ở thì nào thì “be” ở câu bị động chia ở thì đó

 By + O đứng trước trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, đứng sau trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn Nếu sau “by” là đại từ vô nhân xưng mang nghĩa người ta như

by people, by somebody,… thì ta bỏ “by o” đi

 Nếu là người hoặc vật trực tiếp gây ra hành động thì dùng “by” nếu là vật gián tiếp gây ra hành động thì dùng “with”

Ex: The bird was shot with the gun The bird was shot by the hunter

 Trong một số trường hợp “be/ get +P2” hoàn toàn không mang nghĩa

bị động mà mang 2 nghĩa:

 Chỉ trạng thái, tình huống mà chủ ngữ đang gặp phải:

Ex: Could you please check my mailbox while I am gone ?

He got lost in the maze (mê cung) of the town yesterday

 Chỉ việc chủ ngữ tự làm lấy:

Ex: The little boy gets dressed very quickly

I will be done when I finish tightening these bolts (những con ốc)

 Với động từ khuyết thiếu (MV) : Can, may, must, should, have to, ought to, used to

S+ (MV) + V + O  So + (MV)+ be + P2 +by +O

Các thì Chủ động Bị động

Ví dụ:

- Mary studies English every day

S+ is/am/are + P2 + (by + O)

Ví dụ:

- English is studied by Mary everyday

2 Hiện tại tiếp diễn S + is/am/are + V-ing + O

Ví dụ:

- He is planting some trees now

S + is/am/are + being + P2 + (by + O)

Ví dụ:

- Some trees are being planted (by him) now

Ví dụ:

- She wrote a letter yesterday

S + was/were + P2 + (by + O)

Ví dụ:

- A letter was written (by her) yesterday

4 Quá khứ tiếp diễn S + was/were + V-ing + O

Ví dụ:

- They were buying a car at 9 am yesterday

S + was/were +being + P2 + (by + O)

Ví dụ:

- A car was being bought at 9 am yesterday

5 Hiện tại hoàn thành S + have/ has + P2 + O

Ví dụ:

- My parents have given me a new bike on my birthday

S + have/ has + been + P2 + (by + O)

Ví dụ:

- A new bike has been given to me by my parents on my birthday

6 Hiện tại hoàn thành

tiếp diễn

S + have/ has + been + V-ing + O

Ví dụ:

- John has been repairing this car for 2 hours

S + have/ has + been + being + P2 +(by + O)

Ví dụ:

- This car has been being repaired by John for 2 hours

7 Quá khứ hoàn thành S + had + P2 + O

Ví dụ:

S + had + been + P2 + (by O)

Ví dụ:

- He had finished his report before

10 p.m yesterday

- His report had been finished before 10 p.m yesterday

8 Quá khứ hoàn thành

tiếp diễn

S + had + been + V-ing + O

Ví dụ:

- I had been typing the essay for 3 hours before you came yesterday

S + had + been + being + P2 + (by+ O)

Ví dụ:

- The essay had been being typed for 3 hours before you came yesterday

9 Tương lai đơn S + will + V(nguyên thể) + O

Ví dụ:

- She will do a lot of things tomorrow

S + will + be + P2 + (by O)

Ví dụ:

- A lot of things will be done tomorrow

10 Tương lai tiếp diễn S + will + be +V-ing + O

Ví dụ:

- She will be taking care of her children at this time tomorrow

S + will + be + being + P2 + (by O)

Ví dụ:

- Her children will be being taken care of

at this time tomorrow

11 Tương lai hoàn

thành

S + will + have + P2 + O

Ví dụ:

- She will have finished her studying by the end of this year

S + will + have + been + P2 + (by O)

Ví dụ:

- Her studying will have been finished by the end of this year

12 Tương lai hoàn

thành tiếp diễn

S + will + have + been + V-ing +

O

Ví dụ:

- I will have been teaching English for 5 years by next week

S + will + have +been + being + P2 +

(by O)

Ví dụ:

- English will have been being taught by

me for 5 years by next week

3 Một số câu bị động đặc biệt:

 Cấu trúc câu bị động nhờ ai làm gì đó làm gì:

S + (have) + Ochỉ người + V + Ochỉ vật / S + (get) + Ochỉ người + to V + Ochỉ vật

 S + (have) / (get) + Ochỉ vật + P2 + (by +Ochỉ người ) Ex: I have Tom cut my hair. I have my hair cut (by Tom)

My mother gets me to bring the chair into the room. My mother

gets the chair brought into the room

 Với “Make” (bắt buộc ai làm gì):

S + (make) + O + V + …  So + (be) + made + to V … Ex: He makes me work harder. I am made to work harder

 Với “ let” (để ai làm gì/ cho phép ai làm gì):

S + (let) + O + V  So + (be) + allowed + to V Ex: He lets me drive his car  I am allowed to drive his car

 Bị động đối với động từ chỉ ý kiến, thông báo:

Các động từ : Say, think, believe, suppose (giả sử), report (thông

báo), suspect(nghi ngờ), rumor (đồn), consider (băn khoăn, cho rằng)

… (V1)

S1 + (V1) + that + S2 + (V2) + …

 Cách 1:

It + (be) + P2 (V1) + that + S2 + (V2)

 Cách 2:

S2 + (be) + P2

(V2) +

to V ( nếu V1, V2 cùng thì, hoặc V2 xảy ra sau V1 )

to have P2 (nếu V2 chia ở các thì hoàn thành, hoặc V2 xảy ra trước V1)

Ex: People said that she was very kind

-> It was said that she was very kind

-> She was said to be very kind

 Bị động với nhóm V chỉ giác quan

S + V1 (see / hear/ feel/ watch/ observe/ catch …) + O + V2/ V2-ing (nếu

V2 đang xảy ra)

→ So +( be) + P2 (V2) + to V / Ving Ex: I saw him climbing over the wall

→ He was seen climbing over the wall

I heard her sing a very beautiful song

→ She was heard to sing a very beautiful song

 Bị động với động từ 2 tân ngữ (riêng “buy” thì dùng “to”): buy, give,

show, tell, ask, teach, send ,bring…

S + (V) + Ongười + Ovật S(Ongười) + (be) + P2 + Ovật (by + Os)

S(Ovật) + (be) + P2 + to Ongười (by Os) Thông thường chủ ngữ hợp lý cho câu bị động là Ovật

Ex: My friend gave me a present on my birthday

 A present was given to me by my friend on my birthday/ I was given a present on my birthday by my friend

 Bị động với cấu trúc chủ ngữ giả :

It + (be) + adj + to V + O → It + (be) + adj + for O + to be + P Ex: It's necessary to learn English

→ It's necessary for English to be learnt

It's important to prepare the lessons before school

→ It's important for the lessons to be prepared before school

Note: Khi trong câu dùng: "possible" hoặc "impossible"

→ can be done/ can't be done Ex: It's impossible to learn a foreign language in a week

→ A foreign language can't be learnt in a week

It's impossible to do this.→ This can't be done

 Bị động đối với câu mệnh lệnh:

V + O Cách 1: S + should/must + be +P2

Cách 2: Let O be P2 Ex: Turn on the lights! The lights should be turned on

Write your name here Let your name be written here.

Bài tập:

I Put these sentences into the passive voice.

1.My father waters this flower every morning

2.John invited Fiona to his birthday party last night

3.Her mother is preparing the dinner in the kitchen.

4.We should clean our teeth twice a day

5.Our teachers have explained the English grammar

6.Some drunk drivers caused the accident in this city

7.Tom will visit his parents next month

8.The manager didn’t phone the secretary this morning

9.Did Mary this beautiful dress?

10.I won’t hang these old pictures in the living room

11.The German didn’t build this factory during the Second World War

12.The Greens are going to paint this house and these cars for Christmas Day

13 Ann had fed the cats before she went to the cinema

14.The students have discussed the pollution problems since last week

15.Have the thieves stolen the most valuable painting in the national museum?

16 The waiter brings me this dish.

17 Our friends send these postcards to us

18.Their grandmother told them this story when they visited her last week

19.Tim ordered this train ticket for his mother

20.You didn’t show me the special cameras

21.She showed her ticket to the airline agent

22.He lends his friend his new shoes

23.She left her relatives five million pounds

24.The shop assistant handed these boxes to the customer

25.The board awarded the first prize to the reporter

II Write the sentences in another way, beginning as shown.

1 Someone reported that the situation was under control

The situation _

2 It is said that she works 16 hours a day

She

3 Someone thinks that the company is planning a new advertising campaign The company

4 Everyone expects that the soap opera will end next year

The soap opera

5 It is alleged that the man drove through the town at 90 miles an hour The man _

6 Someone reported that the President had suffered a heart attack

The President _

7 They think that the prisoner escaped by climbing over a wall

The prisoner

8 It is reported that the buildings have been badly damaged by fire

The buildings

9 It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods

Many people

10 We all expected Marta would pass her driving test

Marta _

11 People believe that he was killed by terrorists.

He

12 We knew that you were in town on the night of the crime

You _

13 Journalists supposed that the footballer Wayne Johnson was earning £10 million a year

The footballer Wayne Johnson

14 It is said that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses

There _

15 We know that they lives in a small flat on the fifth floor

They _

16 Lots of people believe that the Prime Minister and his wife have separated The Prime Minister

17 It is believed that the boy is wearing a white pullover and blue jeans

The boy _

18 Everyone expects that the hostages will be released soon

The hostages

19 It is reported that two people were injured in the explosion Two people _

20 They say exercise is good for health

Exercise _

III Put these sentences into the passive voice.

1 I had my nephew paint the gate last week

2.People don’t make the children work hard

3 We heard her singing loudly

4 John gets his sister to clean his shirt

5 Anne had had a friend type her composition

6.I sometimes see him go out

7.They don’t let us beat their dog

8.I see him bathing her dog now

9.My parents never let me do anything by myself

10.They have her tell the story again

11.She let him enter the room

12 I have heard her sing that song several times.

13 People saw him steal your car

14 He won’t let you do that silly thing again

15 The teacher is watching them work

16 She will have Peter wash her car tomorrow

17.They made him work all day

18.Someone should look into the matter

19.Open your book!

20 Take off your hat!

IV Choose the correct answer.

1 We can’t go along here because the road _.

a is repairing b is repaired c is being repaired d repaires

2 The story I’ve just read _ Agatha Christie.

a was written b was written by c was written from d wrote by

3 Why don’t you have your brother _ the roof?

a repairs b repair c repaired d to repair

4 The man died because medical help was not summoned A doctor should _.

a be have called b been called c be called d have been called

5 Something funny _ in class yesterday.

a happened b was happened c happens d is happened

6 Many US automobiles _ in Detroit, Michigan.

a manufacture b have manufactured

c are manufactured d are manufacturing

7 A lot of pesticide residue can _ on unwashed produce.

a find b found c be finding d be found

8 We _ by a loud noise during the night.

a woke up b are woken up c were woken up d were waking up

9 How did that window _? ~ I don’t know.

a get broken b broke c got broken d broken

10 Some film stars _ difficult to work with.

a are said be b are said to be c say to be d said to be

11 Last night a tornado swept through Rockville It _ everything in its path.

a destroyed b was destroyed

c was being destroyed d has been destroyed

12 Vitamin C _ by the human body It gets into blood stream quickly.

a absorbs easily b is easily absorbing

c is easily absorbed d absorbed easily

13 Why did Tom keep making jokes about me? I don’t enjoy _ at.

a be laughed b to be laughed c laughing d being laughed

14 John _ last week.

a had his house painted b had painted his house

c had his father to paint d had his house paint

15 Today, many serious childhood diseases _ by early immunization.

a are preventing b can prevent c prevent d can be prevented

16 ‘ _ about the eight o’clock flight to Chicago?’ ‘Not yet.’

a Has been an announcement made b Has an announcement made

c Has an announcement been made d Has been made an announcement

17 ‘Has the commitee made its decision yet?’

‘Not yet They are still _ the proposal.’

a considering b been considered c being considered d considered

18 I might watch this programme It _ very funny.

a supposes to be b is supposed being

c is supposed to be d was supposed be

19 Do you get your heating _ every year?

a checking b check c be checked d checked

20 Claude Jennings is said _ his memory.

a to have been lost b to be lost

c to have lost d to lose

RELATIVE CLAUSES (MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ)

I Ví dụ và định nghĩa:

+ I have just bought a book It is about the history of the English language.

=> I have just bought a book which is about the history of the English language.

+ Laura has just won the first prize in the city’s piano contest She is my best friend.

=> Laura, who is my best friend, has just won the first prize in the city’s piano contest + Last year we visited a house Shakespeare was born there.

=> Last year we visited the house where Shakespeare was born.

* Mệnh đề quan hệ (MĐQH) là mệnh đề phụ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ ngay trước nó.

* MĐQH thường bắt đầu bằng một đại từ quan hệ (ĐTQH)-chỉ người/sở hữu, sự vật/sự việc- hoặc một trạng từ quan hệ (TTQH)-chỉ địa điểm, thời gian, lí do.

II Các ĐTQH và TTQH:

1 Who: chỉ người (làm S hoặc O) – đứng sau danh từ chỉ người.

EX: + We met some local people They were very helpful.

=> We met some local people who are very helpful.

2 Whom: chỉ người (làm O) – sau danh từ chỉ người nhưng làm O trong MĐQH Whom

có thể đứng sau một giới từ Chủ yếu được dùng trong văn viết hoặc các trường hợp giao tiếp trang trọng.

EX: The man was very friendly We talked to him.

=> The man whom (who) we talked to was very friendly

= The man to whom we talked was very friendly.

3 Whose: chỉ sở hữu Whose có thể đứng sau một danh từ chỉ người hoặc chỉ vật nhưng

nhất thiết sau nó phải kèm theo một danh từ (trong trường hợp chỉ sở hữu của vật cũng

có thể dùng: the N of which)

EX: Do you know a word? Its meaning is similar to ‘courteous’.

=> Do you know the word whose meaning is similar to ‘courteous’?

(Do you know the word the meaning of which is similar to ‘courteous’?)

4 Which: chỉ vật (làm S hoặc O) – đứng sau danh từ chỉ vật Which có thể đứng sau một

giới từ.