chuyên đề câu bị động

chuyên đề câu bị động, mệnh đề quan hệ

CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG (Passive Voice) Use of Passive (Cách sử dụng câu bị động) : Câu bị động dùng ta muốn nhấn mạnh vào hành động câu, tác nhân gây hành động dù người hay vật không quan trọng Ex: My bike was stolen A mistake was made Form (Cấu trúc): S +(V) + O SO + (BE) + P2 + BY + OS • Tân ngữ câu chủ động thành chủ ngữ câu chủ động • Câu chủ động thì “be” câu bị động chia • By + O đứng trước trạng ngữ thời gian, đứng sau trạng ngữ nơi chốn Nếu sau “by” đại từ vô nhân xưng mang nghĩa người ta by people, by somebody,… ta bỏ “by o” • Nếu người vật trực tiếp gây hành động dùng “by” vật gián tiếp gây hành động dùng “with” Ex: The bird was shot with the gun The bird was shot by the hunter • Trong số trường hợp “be/ get +P2” hoàn toàn không mang nghĩa bị động mà mang nghĩa:  Chỉ trạng thái, tình mà chủ ngữ gặp phải: Ex: Could you please check my mailbox while I am gone ? He got lost in the maze (mê cung) of the town yesterday  Chỉ việc chủ ngữ tự làm lấy: Ex: The little boy gets dressed very quickly I will be done when I finish tightening these bolts (những ốc) • Với động từ khuyết thiếu (MV) : Can, may, must, should, have to, ought to, used to S+ (MV) + V + O  So + (MV)+ be + P2 +by +O Các Chủ động Hiện đơn Hiện tiếp diễn S + V(s/es) + O Bị động S+ is/am/are + P2 + (by + O) Ví dụ: Ví dụ: - Mary studies English every day - English is studied by Mary everyday S + is/am/are + V-ing + O Ví dụ: S + is/am/are + being + P2 + (by + O) Ví dụ: - He is planting some trees now Quá khứ đơn Quá khứ tiếp diễn S + V-ed + O S + was/were + P2 + (by + O) Ví dụ: Ví dụ: - She wrote a letter yesterday - A letter was written (by her) yesterday S + was/were + V-ing + O S + was/were +being + P2 + (by + O) Ví dụ: Ví dụ: - They were buying a car at am yesterday - A car was being bought at am yesterday Hiện hoàn thành Hiện hoàn thành tiếp diễn - Some trees are being planted (by him) now S + have/ has + P2 + O S + have/ has + been + P2 + (by + O) Ví dụ: Ví dụ: - My parents have given me a new bike on my birthday - A new bike has been given to me by my parents on my birthday S + have/ has + been + V-ing + O S + have/ has + been + being + P2 +(by + O) Ví dụ: Ví dụ: - This car has been being repaired by John - John has been repairing this car for for hours hours Quá khứ hoàn thành S + had + P2 + O Ví dụ: S + had + been + P2 + (by O) Ví dụ: - He had finished his report before 10 - His report had been finished before 10 p.m yesterday p.m yesterday Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn S + had + been + V-ing + O Ví dụ: Ví dụ: - I had been typing the essay for hours before you came yesterday Tương lai đơn S + had + been + being + P2 + (by+ O) S + will + V(nguyên thể) + O - The essay had been being typed for hours before you came yesterday S + will + be + P2 + (by O) 10 Tương lai tiếp diễn Ví dụ: Ví dụ: - She will a lot of things tomorrow - A lot of things will be done tomorrow S + will + be +V-ing + O 11 Tương lai hoàn thành S + will + be + being + P2 + (by O) Ví dụ: Ví dụ: - She will be taking care of her children at this time tomorrow - Her children will be being taken care of at this time tomorrow S + will + have + P2 + O Ví dụ: S + will + have + been + P2 + (by O) Ví dụ: - She will have finished her studying - Her studying will have been finished by by the end of this year the end of this year 12 Tương lai hoàn thành S + will + have + been + V-ing + O S + will + have +been + being + P2 + (by tiếp diễn O) Ví dụ: Ví dụ: - I will have been teaching English for years by next week - English will have been being taught by me for years by next week Một số câu bị động đặc biệt: • Cấu trúc câu bị động nhờ làm làm gì: S + (have) + Ochỉ người + V + Ochỉ vật / S + (get) + Ochỉ người + to V + Ochỉ vật  S + (have) / (get) + Ochỉ vật + P2 + (by +Ochỉ người ) Ex: I have Tom cut my hair. I have my hair cut (by Tom) My mother gets me to bring the chair into the room. My mother gets the chair brought into the room • Với “Make” (bắt buộc làm gì): S + (make) + O + V + …  So + (be) + made + to V … Ex: He makes me work harder. I am made to work harder • Với “ let” (để làm gì/ cho phép làm gì): S + (let) + O + V  So + (be) + allowed + to V Ex: He lets me drive his car  I am allowed to drive his car • Bị động động từ ý kiến, thông báo: Các động từ : Say, think, believe, suppose (giả sử), report (thông báo), suspect(nghi ngờ), rumor (đồn), consider (băn khoăn, cho rằng) … (V1) S1 + (V1) + that + S2 + (V2) + …  Cách 1: It + (be) + P2 (V1) + that + S2 + (V2)  Cách 2: S2 + (be) + P2 (V2) + to V ( V1, V2 thì, V2 xảy sau V1 ) to have P2 (nếu V2 chia hoàn thành, V2 xảy trước V1) Ex: People said that she was very kind -> It was said that she was very kind -> She was said to be very kind • Bị động với nhóm V giác quan S + V1 (see / hear/ feel/ watch/ observe/ catch …) + O + V2/ V2-ing (nếu V2 xảy ra) → So +( be) + P2 (V2) + to V / Ving Ex: I saw him climbing over the wall → He was seen climbing over the wall I heard her sing a very beautiful song → She was heard to sing a very beautiful song • Bị động với động từ tân ngữ (riêng “buy” dùng “to”): buy, give, show, tell, ask, teach, send ,bring… S + (V) + Ongười + Ovật S(Ongười) + (be) + P2 + Ovật (by + Os) S(Ovật) + (be) + P2 + to Ongười (by Os) Thông thường chủ ngữ hợp lý cho câu bị động Ovật Ex: My friend gave me a present on my birthday  A present was given to me by my friend on my birthday/ I was given a present on my birthday by my friend • Bị động với cấu trúc chủ ngữ giả : It + (be) + adj + to V + O → It + (be) + adj + for O + to be + P Ex: It's necessary to learn English → It's necessary for English to be learnt It's important to prepare the lessons before school → It's important for the lessons to be prepared before school Note: Khi câu dùng: "possible" "impossible" → can be done/ can't be done Ex: It's impossible to learn a foreign language in a week → A foreign language can't be learnt in a week It's impossible to this.→ This can't be done • Bị động câu mệnh lệnh: V + O Cách 1: S + should/must + be +P2 Cách 2: Let O be P2 Ex: Turn on the lights! The lights should be turned on Write your name here Let your name be written here Bài tập: I Put these sentences into the passive voice 1.My father waters this flower every morning 2.John invited Fiona to his birthday party last night 3.Her mother is preparing the dinner in the kitchen 4.We should clean our teeth twice a day 5.Our teachers have explained the English grammar 6.Some drunk drivers caused the accident in this city 7.Tom will visit his parents next month 8.The manager didn’t phone the secretary this morning 9.Did Mary this beautiful dress? 10.I won’t hang these old pictures in the living room 11.The German didn’t build this factory during the Second World War 12.The Greens are going to paint this house and these cars for Christmas Day 13 Ann had fed the cats before she went to the cinema 14.The students have discussed the pollution problems since last week 15.Have the thieves stolen the most valuable painting in the national museum? 16 The waiter brings me this dish 17 Our friends send these postcards to us 18.Their grandmother told them this story when they visited her last week 19.Tim ordered this train ticket for his mother 20.You didn’t show me the special cameras 21.She showed her ticket to the airline agent 22.He lends his friend his new shoes 23.She left her relatives five million pounds 24.The shop assistant handed these boxes to the customer 25.The board awarded the first prize to the reporter II Write the sentences in another way, beginning as shown Someone reported that the situation was under control The situation _ It is said that she works 16 hours a day She Someone thinks that the company is planning a new advertising campaign The company Everyone expects that the soap opera will end next year The soap opera It is alleged that the man drove through the town at 90 miles an hour The man _ Someone reported that the President had suffered a heart attack The President _ They think that the prisoner escaped by climbing over a wall The prisoner It is reported that the buildings have been badly damaged by fire The buildings It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods Many people 10 We all expected Marta would pass her driving test Marta _ 11 People believe that he was killed by terrorists He 12 We knew that you were in town on the night of the crime You _ 13 Journalists supposed that the footballer Wayne Johnson was earning £10 million a year The footballer Wayne Johnson 14 It is said that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses There _ 15 We know that they lives in a small flat on the fifth floor They _ 16 Lots of people believe that the Prime Minister and his wife have separated The Prime Minister 17 It is believed that the boy is wearing a white pullover and blue jeans The boy _ 18 Everyone expects that the hostages will be released soon The hostages 19 It is reported that two people were injured in the explosion Two people _ 20 They say exercise is good for health Exercise _ III Put these sentences into the passive voice I had my nephew paint the gate last week 2.People don’t make the children work hard We heard her singing loudly John gets his sister to clean his shirt Anne had had a friend type her composition 6.I sometimes see him go out 7.They don’t let us beat their dog 8.I see him bathing her dog now 9.My parents never let me anything by myself 10.They have her tell the story again 11.She let him enter the room 12 I have heard her sing that song several times 13 People saw him steal your car 14 He won’t let you that silly thing again 15 The teacher is watching them work 16 She will have Peter wash her car tomorrow 17.They made him work all day 18.Someone should look into the matter 19.Open your book! 20 Take off your hat! IV Choose the correct answer We can’t go along here because the road _ a is repairing b is repaired c is being repaired d repaires The story I’ve just read _ Agatha Christie a was written b was written by c was written from d wrote by Why don’t you have your brother _ the roof? a repairs b repair c repaired d to repair The man died because medical help was not summoned A doctor should _ a be have called b been called c be called d have been called Something funny _ in class yesterday a happened b was happened c happens d is happened Many US automobiles _ in Detroit, Michigan a manufacture b have manufactured c are manufactured d are manufacturing A lot of pesticide residue can _ on unwashed produce a find b found c be finding d be found We _ by a loud noise during the night a woke up b are woken up c were woken up d were waking up How did that window _? ~ I don’t know a get broken b broke c got broken d broken 10 Some film stars _ difficult to work with a are said be b are said to be c say to be d said to be 11 Last night a tornado swept through Rockville It _ everything in its path a destroyed b was destroyed c was being destroyed d has been destroyed 12 Vitamin C _ by the human body It gets into blood stream quickly a absorbs easily b is easily absorbing c is easily absorbed d absorbed easily 13 Why did Tom keep making jokes about me? I don’t enjoy _ at a be laughed b to be laughed c laughing d being laughed 14 John _ last week a had his house painted b had painted his house c had his father to paint d had his house paint 15 Today, many serious childhood diseases _ by early immunization a are preventing b can prevent c prevent d can be prevented 16 ‘ _ about the eight o’clock flight to Chicago?’ ‘Not yet.’ a Has been an announcement made b Has an announcement made c Has an announcement been made d Has been made an announcement 17 ‘Has the commitee made its decision yet?’ ‘Not yet They are still _ the proposal.’ a considering b been considered c being considered d considered 18 I might watch this programme It _ very funny a supposes to be b is supposed being c is supposed to be d was supposed be 19 Do you get your heating _ every year? a checking b check c be checked d checked 20 Claude Jennings is said _ his memory a to have been lost b to be lost c to have lost d to lose RELATIVE CLAUSES (MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ) I Ví dụ định nghĩa: + I have just bought a book It is about the history of the English language => I have just bought a book which is about the history of the English language + Laura has just won the first prize in the city’s piano contest She is my best friend => Laura, who is my best friend, has just won the first prize in the city’s piano contest + Last year we visited a house Shakespeare was born there => Last year we visited the house where Shakespeare was born * Mệnh đề quan hệ (MĐQH) mệnh đề phụ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ trước * MĐQH thường bắt đầu đại từ quan hệ (ĐTQH)-chỉ người/sở hữu, vật/sự việc- trạng từ quan hệ (TTQH)-chỉ địa điểm, thời gian, lí II Các ĐTQH TTQH: Who: người (làm S O) – đứng sau danh từ người EX: + We met some local people They were very helpful => We met some local people who are very helpful Whom: người (làm O) – sau danh từ người làm O MĐQH Whom đứng sau giới từ Chủ yếu dùng văn viết trường hợp giao tiếp trang trọng EX: The man was very friendly We talked to him => The man whom (who) we talked to was very friendly = The man to whom we talked was very friendly Whose: sở hữu Whose đứng sau danh từ người vật thiết sau phải kèm theo danh từ (trong trường hợp sở hữu vật dùng: the N of which) EX: Do you know a word? Its meaning is similar to ‘courteous’ => Do you know the word whose meaning is similar to ‘courteous’? (Do you know the word the meaning of which is similar to ‘courteous’?) Which: vật (làm S O) – đứng sau danh từ vật Which đứng sau giới từ That: thay cho who, whom which MĐQH xác định Thường dùng trường hợp sau: sau cụm từ người vật; sau cụm danh từ có chứa ‘the only’, so sánh tuyệt đối, ‘all’, ‘some’, ‘any’, …; cấu trúc nhấn mạnh: It’s … that … Where: nơi chốn (= in/at/on/… - which) EX: The restaurant was comfortable We had dinner in it (there) => The restaurant where we had dinner was comfortable = The restaurant in which we had dinner was comfortable When: thời gian (= in/at/on/… - which) EX: I will never forget a day The disastrous storm swept off almost everything of mine on this day => I will never forget the day when the disastrous storm swept off almost everything of mine = I will never forget the day on which the disastrous storm swept off almost everything of mine Why: lý (= for – which) EX: Do you know the reason? He decided to quit his passion for this reason (for it) => Do you know the reason why he decided to quit his passion? = Do you know the reason for which he decided to quit his pasion? III MĐQH xác định MĐQH không xác định (Definite and non-definite relative clauses) MĐQH xác định: EX: Can you lend me the book which you told me about yesterday? (Xác định rõ sách bạn kể cho nghe ngày hôm qua) * MĐQH xác định cần thiết câu để xác định rõ danh từ mà bổ nghĩa Nếu lược bỏ câu không rõ nghĩa.) * Khi viết dấu phẩy MĐQH xác định MĐ câu MĐQH không xác định: EX: Ha Long Bay, which is one of the wonders of the world, is among the most famous tourist attractions in Vietnam (Chỉ bổ sung thêm thông tin cho danh từ mà bổ nghĩa danh từ xác định.) * MĐQH không xác định bổ sung thêm thông tin cho danh từ mà bổ nghĩa Nếu lược bỏ, câu rõ nghĩa * Khi viết có dấu phẩy MĐQH không xác định MĐ MĐQH xen vào câu * MĐQH không xác định thường thấy trường hợp sau: sau danh từ tên riêng; sau cụm từ có từ định: this these, that, those; sau cụm từ có tính từ sở hữu: my, our, your, his, … RELATIVE CLAUSES - EXERCISES I Cirle the best option to complete each sentence: The scientist _ invention was a success became famous A who B whose C which D that The man _ you met at the party was a famous film star A who B that C whom D all are correct My neighbour, _ brother is an actor, gave me some theatre tickets A who B whom C which D whose We are talking about the writer _ latest book is one of the best-sellers this year A which B who C whom D whose The people _ called me yesterday want to buy your house A who B whose C whom D which A newspaper _ is published every day is called a daily newspaper A who B which C that D b and c That is the man _ told me the bad news A who B whom C whose D which Bologna in Northern Italy is the place _ Guglielmo Marconi was born A there B where C what D which The boy _ eyes are brown is my friend A who B whose C which D whom 10 My uncle _ you met yesterday is a lawyer A which B what C whose D whom II Fill the blanks with Relative pronoun or Relative adverbs, put commas when they are needed The book …………………… I need can’t be found in the library Here is the beach …………………… is the safest for swimmers Do you know the American woman …………………… name is Margaret Mitchell? Jim …………………… I have known for ten years is one of my closest friends That woman …………………… name I don’t remember is a doctor Children enjoy reading the books …………………… have coloured pictures The noise …………………… he met woke everybody up I know a place …………………… roses grow in abundance We must find a time …………………… we can meet and a place …………………… we can talk 10 The teacher with …………………… we studied last year no longer teaches in our school 11 Mr Brown …………………… is only 34 is the director of this company 12 Let me see all the letters …………………… you have written 13 Is there anyone …………………… can help me this? 14 Alexander Flemming …………………… discovered penicillin received the Nodel Prize in 1945 15 We saw many soldiers and tanks …………………… were moving to the front III Combine each pair of sentences below The officer wasn’t very friendly I spoke to him yesterday ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… The dog was very frightened The boys threw stones at it ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… The road was built in 1980 We are driving on it ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… Did you see the letter? It came yesterday morning ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… The man called the police His wallet was stolen ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 6 My father goes swimming everyday You met him this morning ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… I love my parents’ house I was born in that house ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… The town is small I grew up there ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… I’ll never forget the day I first met you then ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 10 The picture was beautiful She was looking at it ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 11 This is the house We often stay in this house in the summer ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 12 This is Mrs Jones Her son won the championship last year ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 13 You sent me a present Thank you very much for it ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 14 Mary and Margaret are twins You met them yesterday ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 15 I like standing at the window I can see the park from this window ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 16 I not know the reason She left school for it ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 17 The police want to know the hotel Mr.Foster stayed there two weeks ago ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 18 The man is a famous actor You met him at the party last night ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 19 There are some words They are very difficult to translate ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 20 The woman was a secretary We were waiting for her ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 21 Sandra works in advertising You were talking to her ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 22 The man is very young You are driving his car ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 23 Who is the woman? Our teacher is talking to her? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 24 The day was rainy She left on that day ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 25 The city was beautiful We spent our vacation there ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………… [...]... you told me about yesterday? (Xác định rõ chính là quyển sách bạn đã kể cho tôi nghe ngày hôm qua) * MĐQH xác định cần thiết trong câu để xác định rõ danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa Nếu lược bỏ câu sẽ không rõ về nghĩa.) * Khi viết không có dấu phẩy giữa MĐQH xác định và MĐ chính của câu 2 MĐQH không xác định: EX: Ha Long Bay, which is one of the wonders of the world, is among the most famous tourist attractions... friend, has just won the first prize in the city’s piano contest + Last year we visited a house Shakespeare was born there => Last year we visited the house where Shakespeare was born * Mệnh đề quan hệ (MĐQH) là mệnh đề phụ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ ngay trước nó * MĐQH thường bắt đầu bằng một đại từ quan hệ (ĐTQH)-chỉ người/sở hữu, sự vật/sự việc- hoặc một trạng từ quan hệ (TTQH)-chỉ địa điểm, thời gian, lí... cho danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa vì danh từ đó đã được xác định.) * MĐQH không xác định chỉ bổ sung thêm thông tin cho danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa Nếu lược bỏ, câu vẫn rõ về nghĩa * Khi viết có dấu phẩy giữa MĐQH không xác định và MĐ chính khi MĐQH xen vào giữa câu * MĐQH không xác định thường thấy trong các trường hợp sau: sau danh từ chỉ tên riêng; sau cụm từ có các từ chỉ định: this these, that, those; sau... you get your heating _ every year? a checking b check c be checked d checked 20 Claude Jennings is said _ his memory a to have been lost b to be lost c to have lost d to lose RELATIVE CLAUSES (MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ) I Ví dụ và định nghĩa: + I have just bought a book It is about the history of the English language => I have just bought a book which is about the history of the English language + Laura has ... week - English will have been being taught by me for years by next week Một số câu bị động đặc biệt: • Cấu trúc câu bị động nhờ làm làm gì: S + (have) + Ochỉ người + V + Ochỉ vật / S + (get) + Ochỉ... lý cho câu bị động Ovật Ex: My friend gave me a present on my birthday  A present was given to me by my friend on my birthday/ I was given a present on my birthday by my friend • Bị động với... allowed + to V Ex: He lets me drive his car  I am allowed to drive his car • Bị động động từ ý kiến, thông báo: Các động từ : Say, think, believe, suppose (giả sử), report (thông báo), suspect(nghi