Câu hỏi bằng tiếng anh chủ đề Biến đổi khí hậu
Question 1: Weather and Climate??? Weather is the fluctuating state of the atmosphere around us, characterised by the temperature, wind, precipitation, clouds and other weather elements Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place over a short period of time “Climate” refers to the average weather in terms of the mean and its variability over a certain time-span and a certain area climate refers to the weather pattern of a place over a long period, long enough to yield meaningful averages Question 2: The climate system is an interactive system consisting of five major components: • The atmosphere, • The hydrosphere, • The cryosphere, • The land surface and the biosphere, • Forced or influenced by various external forcing mechanisms Question 3: • The four layers of the atmosphere, in order from lowest to highest elevation, are: – the troposphere, – the stratosphere, – the mesosphere, – the thermosphere Question 4: Greenhouse Gase Greenhouse Gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ozone (O3), which absorb and emit infrared radiation Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil), solid waste, trees and wood products, and also as a result of certain chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement) Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere (or "sequestered") when it is absorbed by plants as part of the biological carbon cycle Question 6: Distinguish between Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change • Adaptation: In human systems, the process of adjustment to actual (thực tế) or expected climate and its effects, in order to moderate (vừa phải) harm or exploit(Khai thác) beneficial opportunities In natural systems, the process of adjustment to actual climate and its effects; human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate • Mitigation (of climate change) Climate mitigation is any action taken to permanently eliminate or reduce the long-term risk and hazards of climate change to human life, property The term mitigation refers to efforts to cut or prevent the emission of greenhouse gases It differs from climate change Adaptation and Mitigation may require us to use new technologies, clean energy sources, change people's behaviour, or make older technology more energy efficient Question 7: What is El Nino? The term El Nino refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction linked to a periodic (chu ky) warming in sea surface temperatures across the central and east-central Equatorial Pacific Happens every 2-7 years Duration: normally 11 months Effect of El Nino to Vietnam: - Typhoon: decrease about 27% - Tempareture: increase - Precipitation: decreas - Sea level: decrease - Salty level: increase - Flow of revier: decrease about 20% Question 8: What is La Nina? La Nina episodes (giai đoạn) represent periods of below-average sea surface temperatures across the east-central Equatorial Pacific Duration: normally 14 months Effect of El Nino to Vietnam: - Typhoon: increase - Tempareture: decrease - Precipitation: increas - Sea level: increase - Salty level: decrease - Flow of revier: increase Question 9: What is Climate Extreme? Situation/phenomena(hiện tượng)? • • • Extreme weather includes unexpected, unusual, unpredictable severe or unseasonal weather The extreme weather depending on the longitude, latitude, topography and atmospheric conditions Extreme weather may cause damage to people, property and serious social unrest - Phenomena: Flood, sea-level rise, temperature increase, salinization, drought, storm more and more,… Question 10: Các sinh vật ngoại lai di cư BĐKH ảnh hưởng ntn hệ sinh thái? TL: Làm phong phú hst, BL: Sự cân hệ sinh thái bị thay đổi phát triển nhanh sinh vật môi trường Question 11: Tại Việt Nam nước dễ bị tổn thương BĐKH? - Vị trí địa lý: + Đường bờ biền dài 3260km, Có mặt giáp biển.( Viet Nam has the coastline of 3,260 kilometers) + Địa hình chủ yếu đồi núi ( Terrain are primaly mountains and hills) - Khí hậu (climate): Nhiệt đới gió mùa (Vietnam in the northern regions have a humid subtropical climate) - Developing Counttry: Bad condition economic, Bad condition education it isn’t enough capable of finance and technology to apply solution in the climate change mitigation The knowledge of climate change in Vietnam have still limited Question 12: Cause of Climate Change • Earth's temperature depends on the balance between energy entering and leavingthe planet’s system • The cause changes in Earth’s energy balance: Variations in the sun's energy reaching Earth Changes in the reflectivity of Earth’s atmosphere and surface Changes in the greenhouse effect, which affects the amount of heat retained by Earth’s atmosphere Two main cause: Natural processes and human activities • The burning of fossil fuels, The conversion of land, Green house gas emissions from activities industry Vietnam is a developing country, so the production and consumption of energy increase, especially in industry, transportation, urbanization and increasing GHG emission … (human) • Volcanic activity, The Earth's orbit around the Sun (Nature) Question 13: Làm để thích ứng với BĐKH? - Nâng cao sở hạ tầng + Đắp đê + Trồng rừng ngập mặn - Dự báo trước để ứng phó theo kịch BĐKH Predict to adapt and mitigate following CC Senario -Nghiên cứu giống Research many new breeds Question 14: What is the CC senario? - A climate change scenario is a plausible description of future climate, based on a set of climatic relations, being developed to be used in studies of the consequence of climate change induced by anthropogenic activities and often used as inputs for impact assessments (Kịch BĐKH mô tả đáng tin khí hậu tương lai dựa mối liên hệ chặt chẽ diễn biến tự nhiên,trong nghiên cứu hậu BĐKH bị tác động hoạt động người sử dụng việc đánh giá tác động.) - Producing Senario: Climate, environment, Sea-level rise, land-use and Land Cover, Socioeconomic Question 15: How many type of Climate change Senario are there? - There are four types of Senario: A1, A2, B1, B2 + low emission scenario (B1) + medium emission scenario (B2) + high emission scenario (A2), A1 Question 16: Primary energy (PE) and Secondary energy? • Primary energy (PE) is an energy form found in nature It is energy contained in raw fuels, and other forms of energy received as input to a system Primary energy can be nonrenewable or renewable • Secondary energy should be used to designate all sources of energy that results from transformation of primary sources Question 17: What is fossil fuel? • A hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived fromthe accumul ated remains of ancient plants and animals and used as fuel Question 18: Renewable energy Renewable energy is defined as energy that is collected from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale: Solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, Bio-energy, geothermal,… Question 19: What is climate change??? Climate change is a long-term shift in weather conditions identified by changes in temperature, precipitation, winds, and other indicators Question 20: Impact Of Climate Change On Biology Question 21: Impact of climate change to water resources Ocean Acidity: Higher acidity affects the balance of minerals in the water Less snowpack Melting glaciers The rivers: Less snowpack and earlier snowmelt will reduce the amount of water flowing into the rivers (lượng băng tan chay làm giảm lượng nước chảy vào sông) Hurricanes and other tropical storms: higher temperatures and increased evaporation, climate change causes other types of storms to get stronger Water Quality: Freshwater resources along the coasts face risks from sea level rise As the sea rises, saltwater moves into freshwater areas And Drought can cause coastal water resources to become more saline as freshwater supplies from rivers are reduced Question 22: the impacts of climate change on human health Exposure to extreme heat can lead to Heat stroke; Dehydration; Cardiovascular; Respiratory; Cerebrovascular disease Air Quality Impacts: respiratory problems; lung diseases;… Vectorborne Diseases: Lyme disease; West Nile Virus People can become ill if exposed to contaminated drinking or recreational water Affect food safety and nutrition Question 23: the impact of climate change to land resource and forestry Question 24: the impact of climate change on agriculture Soil processes: influenced by changes in soil water balance Crops Grasslands and livestock: Increase in disease transmission by faster growth rates of pathogens in the environment; be exposed to higher incidences of heat stress, thus influencing productivity Weeds, pests and diseases: evolve rapidly to overcome control measures, Question 25: Vulnerability Vulnerability can be seen the loss, degradation of the system, the level of tolerance, recover, its response to the effects from the outside (hazards and human activities) ... more,… Question 10 : Các sinh vật ngoại lai di cư BĐKH ảnh hưởng ntn hệ sinh thái? TL: Làm phong phú hst, BL: Sự cân hệ sinh thái bị thay đổi phát triển nhanh sinh vật môi trường Question 11 : Tại... Land Cover, Socioeconomic Question 15 : How many type of Climate change Senario are there? - There are four types of Senario: A1, A2, B1, B2 + low emission scenario (B1) + medium emission scenario... low emission scenario (B1) + medium emission scenario (B2) + high emission scenario (A2), A1 Question 16 : Primary energy (PE) and Secondary energy? • Primary energy (PE) is an energy form found