Bài Giảng Phân Tích & Thiết Kế Hệ Thống Hướng Đối Tượng

1 751*I HC HNG HI VIT NAM KHOA CễNG NGH THễNG TIN B MễN H THNG THễNG TIN -*** - BI GING PHN TCH & THIT K H THNG +1*,7NG TấN HC PHN : PHN TCH & THIT K H TH1*+1*,7NG M HC PHN : 17407 75ẻ1+ ơ27O : I HC CHNH QUY DNG CHO SV NGNH : CễNG NGH THễNG TIN HI PHềNG - 2011  Ni dung &KQJ0{KuQKLWng 1.1 S phỏt trin cDP{KuQKLWng 1.2 Nn tng cDP{KuQKLWng 1.3 Phn t FEQWURQJP{KuQKLWng &KQJ/SYjLWng &En v LWng 2.2 Mi quan h giDFiFLWng &En v lp 2.4 Mi quan h gia cỏc lp 2.5 S WQJWiFOn ca lSYjLWng &KQJ6 phõn loi (Classification) 3.1 Tm quan trng ca s phõn loi ;iFnh cỏc lSYjLWng &KQJ3KkQWtFKWKLt k h thQJKQJLWng s dng UML (Unified Model Language) 4.1 Ngụn ng mụ hỡnh thng nht (UML) 4.2 Cỏc biX (Diagrams) &KQJ4X\WUuQKSKkQWtFKYjWKLt k 5.1 Nn tng 4X\WUuQKYP{9zQJi ca trin khai phn mm 5.3 Quy trỡnh vi mụ: Quỏ trỡnh phõn tớch v thit k &KQJ0t s bi toỏn c th 6.1 H thQJLu khin: Qun lý h thng giao thụng 6.2 ng dng mQJOi: H thng theo dừi k ngh Trang 5 12 12 12 13 15 15 16 16 16 18 18 23 37 37 37 40 44 44 46 Tờn hc phn: Phõn tớch & Thit k h thQJKQJLWng Loi hc phn: B mụn ph trỏch ging dy: H thng Thụng tin Khoa ph trỏch: CNTT Mó hc phn: 17407 Tng s TC: TS tit Lý thuyt Thc hnh/ Xemina T hc Bi ln ỏn mụn hc 45 30 15 0 Hc phn hFWUc: Phõn tớch v Thit k h thng Hc phn tiờn quyt: Khụng yờu cu Hc phn song song: Khụng yờu cu Mc tiờu ca hc phn: Cung cp cỏc kin thFFEn v phõn tớch, thit k h thng thụng tin tin hc hoỏ theo mụ hỡnh KQJLWng s dng UML Ni dung ch yu: 3KQJSKiSOXn phõn tớch thit k h thQJKQJLWng; Nguyờn tc v cụng c mụ hỡnh hoỏ h thng; Thit k v FjLt h thQJKQJLWng; Cỏc vớ d minh ho Ni dung chi tit: PHN PHI S TIT 7ầ1&+1*0C TS LT TH BT KT &KQJ0{KuQKLWng 2 1.1 S phỏt trin cDP{KuQKLWng 1.2 Nn tng cDP{KuQKLWng 1.3 Phn t FEQWURQJP{KuQKLWng &KQJ/SYjLWng 2 &En v LWng 2.2 Mi quan h giDFiFLWng &En v lp 2.4 Mi quan h gia cỏc lp 2.5 S WQJWiFOn ca lSYji Wng &KQJ6 phõn loi (Classification) 3.1 Tm quan trng ca s phõn loi ;iFnh cỏc lSYjLWng &KQJ3KkQWtFKWKLt k h thQJKQJi 18 16 Wng s dng UML (Unified Model Language) 4.1 Ngụn ng mụ hỡnh thng nht (UML) 4.2 Cỏc biX (Diagrams) &KQJ4X\WUuQKSKkQWtFKYjWKLt k 2 5.1 Nn tng 4X\WUuQKYP{9zQJi ca trin khai phn mm 5.3 Quy trỡnh vi mụ: Quỏ trỡnh phõn tớch v thit k &KQJ0t s bi toỏn c th 6.1 H thQJLu khin: Qun lý h thng giao thụng 6.2 ng dng mQJOi: H thng theo dừi k ngh Nhim v ca sinh viờn: Tham d cỏc bui hc lý thuyt v thc hnh, lm cỏc bi tSc giao, lm cỏc bi thi gia hc phn v bi thi kt thỳc hc phQWKHR~QJTX\nh Ti liu hc tp: Grady Booch, Robert A.Maksimchuk, Michael W.Engle, Bobbi J.Young, Ph.D, Jim Conallen, Kelli A.Houston, Object-Oriented Analysis And Design with Application, Third Edition Robert V Stumpf, Lavette C Teague, Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design with UML, Pearson Prentice Hall RjQ9Q%DQPhõn tớch v thit k h thQJKQJLWng, Nh xut bQ+4*+j Ni, 2006 4 NguyQ9Q9, Phõn tớch v thit k cỏc h thng thụng tin hiQi, Nh xut bn Thng Kờ, H Ni, 2002 Hỡnh thc v tiờu chuQiQKJLiVLQKYLrQ: - Hỡnh thc thi: thi vit - Tiờu chuQiQKJLiVLQKYLrQFQF vo s tham gia hc ca sinh viờn cỏc bui hc lý thuyt v thc hnh, kt qu lm cỏc bi tSc giao, kt qu ca cỏc bi thi gia hc phn v bi thi kt thỳc hc phn 7KDQJLm: 7KDQJLm ch A, B, C, D, F LPiQKJLiKc phn: Z = 0,3X + 0,7Y Bi ging ny l ti liu chớnh thc v thng nht ca B mụn H thng Thụng tin, Khoa Cụng ngh 7K{QJWLQYjFGQJ ging dy cho sinh viờn Ngy phờ duyt: 7Ung B mụn / / &+1*,: 0é+ẻ1+,71* 6SKiWWULQFDP{KuQKLWQJ Trong mc ny chỳng ta kho sỏt s phỏt trin ca cỏc cụng c giỳp chỳng ta hiu s thnh lp v cỏc nột ni bt ca k thuW KQJ L Wng Trong quỏ trỡnh phỏt trin cụng ngh phn mm chỳng ta cú th ý v nghiờn cXWKHRKng sau: - Phỏt triQFiFFKQJWUuQKQK tLFiFFKQJWUuQKOn - S phỏt trin ca cỏc ngụn ng lp trỡnh bFFDRKQ Hu ht tt c FiFFKQJWUuQKSKn mPQJj\FjQJzLKi cao vo phc tSKQ&KtQKLu Qj\mWK~Fy vic nghiờn cXWURQJOQKYc cụng ngh phn mPPjc bit quan tõm ti s phõn tớch, trXWng v t chc cho h thQJL{LYLLu ny, vic phỏt trin cỏc ngụn ng lp WUuQKFQJmiSQJc phn no v gii quyt yờu cu phc ca h thng :HQJHUmSKkQORi mt s ngụn ng lp trỡnh bc cao ph bin v sp xp theo th t tựy thuc v mt s c tớnh ca tng loi ngụn ng: - Th h ngụn ng th nht (1954 -195) FORTRAN I Biu thc toỏn hc ALGOL 58 Biu thc toỏn hc Flowmatic Biu thc toỏn hc IPL V Biu thc toỏn hc - Th h ngụn ng th hai (1959 1961) FORTRAN II Cỏc th tc con, tỏch riờng r cỏc mụ hỡnh phc ALGOL 60 Cu trỳc khi, kiu d liu COBOL Mụ t d liu Lisp Con tr, - Th h ngụn ng th ba (1962 1970) PL/1 FORTRAN + ALGOL + COBOL ALGOL 68 K tha nghiờm ngt t ALGOL 60 Pascal K thDQJLn t ALGOL 60 Simula Lp, trXWng d liu - *LDLRn (1970 - 7URQJJLDLRn ny cú rt nhiu ngụn ng NKiFQKDXXc phỏt minh Tuy nhiờn cú mt s ngụn ng VDXmc s dng rng rói: C Hiu qu, cú th thFWKLXc FORTRAN 77 Theo chun ANSI Pascal K thDQJLn t ALGOL 60 Simula Lp, trXWng d liu - *LDLRQKQJLWng (1980 1990) Smalltalk Ngụn ng KQJLWng C++ Phỏt trin t C v Simula Ada83 MQKKQ3DVFDO Eiffel Phỏt trin t Ada v Simula - *LDL Rn Framework (1990 ngy nay): Nhiu ngụn ng mL Xc phỏt trin v yờu cu cn phi tuõn theo mt tiờu chuQQjRy'RyGQn vic lp trỡnh theo cỏc Framework Visual Basic D dng phỏt trin cỏc giao diQ cho cỏc ng dng Windows Java K tha t Oak Python Ngụn ng kch bQ KQJ i Wng J2EE DD WUrQ FiF )UDPHZRUN F En ca Java NET DDWUrQFiFLWng Framework FEn ca Microsoft Visual C# Visual Basic NET Visual Basic cho Framework ca Microsoft NET Bõy gi chỳng ta xem xột cu trỳc ca mi th h ngụn ng lp trỡnh Trong hỡnh 1-1, chỳng ta cú th thy kin trỳc ca cỏc ngụn ng lp trỡnh th h th nhWYju thi kỡ th V kin trỳc, chỳng c xõy dng bi cỏc khLFEn v cỏc phQc liờn kt vLQKDXQKWK no Trong hỡnh ny, chỳng ta cú th thy rng cỏc khLFEQ xõy dng lờn cỏc ng dQJOjFiFFKQJ trỡnh Cỏc ng dQJc vit bi nhng ngụn ng Qj\WK{QJWKng c thit k vLFiFFKQJ trỡnh v d liu ton cF&iFPLWrQWUrQKuQKY núi rQJFiFFKQJWUuQKSK thuc vo cỏc kiu d liu khỏc Trong sut quỏ trỡnh thit k d liu ca mWFKQJWUuQKFRQFyWK tỏch bit vi d liu ca cỏc chQJWUuQKFRQNKiF Mt li mt phn cDFKQJWUuQKFyWK nh Kng ti ton b h thng bi vỡ cu trỳc d liu ton cFc s dng cho tWFiFFiFFKQJ trỡnh Khi chỳng ta cn chnh sa mt h thng ln, khú cú th trỡ tớnh ton ca thit k gc Kin trỳc ca ngụn ng lp trỡnh cuLJLDLRQYjXJLDLRn GiDQPFXLFQJWKuFiFFKQJWUuQKFQJc cụng nhn l trung gian giDYn YjPi\WtQK&KQJWUuQKu tiờn, gi c gi l th tFFiFFKQJWUuQKFRQF xuWWURQJJLDLRQQKQJQyYQFKDFFRLQKOjPt abstraction thLLPy 6XESURJUDPVFiQKJLiQKOjPWKng tip cQ tỏch cỏc chFQQJFDFKQJWUuQK Cỏc subprogram cú th phc v QKOjPWNWKXt túm tt cú hờ qu quan trng Th nht, cỏc ngụn ng lSWUuQKc h tr vi nhiu cỏc truyn tham s khỏc Th hai, nn tng ca lp trỡnh cu trỳc l sp xp, b WUtU}UjQJWK{QJTXDFiFFKQJWUuQKFRQ7K EDSKQJSKiS cu trỳc th hiQFXLm, cung cSFiFQKKQJ cỏc nh thit k c gng xõy dng mt h thng phc tSWK{QJTXDFiFFKQJWUuQKQK KQc coi l cỏc khLFKQJWUuQKFEn Kin trỳc lSWUuQKWURQJJLDLRn ny ch mWYjLLu khụng phự hp ca cỏc ngụn ng WUc y Kin trỳc ngụn ng lp trỡnh cuLJLDLRQXJLDLRn Kin trỳc ca ngụn ng lp trỡnh cuLJLDLRn th 7URQJJLDLRn ny, vic phõn tớch thit k FiFFKQJWUuQKPDQJWtQKTX\P{On ngy cng nhiXYjzLKi nhiXi, nhiu nhúm phai tham gia cựng mt lỳc, vy rt cn thit phi chia FKQJWUuQKUDWKjQKFiFSKQNKiFQKDX'RyKuQKWKjQKYLFFKLDFiFFKQJWUuQKUDWKjQK cỏc module nh QKc hin th KuQKGLk\ Kin trỳc ngụn ng lp trỡnh ca cuLJLDLRn Kin trỳc cDLWQJFEn v ngụn ng lSWUuQKKQJLWng TrXWng húa d liu l quan trQJ kim soỏt s phc ca d liu 1QWQJFDP{KuQKKQJLWQJ Thit k h thQJ WKHR Kng cu trỳc giỳp nhng nh lp trỡnh viờn xõy dng cỏc h thng phc s dng thuW WRiQQKOjFiFNKL F EQ7QJW, thit k h thQJWKHRKQJi WQJJL~SQJi lSWUuQKYLrQNKDLWKiFc nhQJLm mnh cDLWQJFEn v ngụn ng lSWUuQKKQJi tng, s dng lSYjLWQJQKOjFiFNKi xõy dQJFEn Trờn thc tP{KuQKLWQJmE chi phi bi mt s tỏc nhõn, khụng ch l ngụn ng lp WUuQK KQJ L Wng Thc v\ QK m WKo lun phQ WUc, nn tQJ P{ KuQK KQJ i Wng, P{ KuQKL WQJm FKng mỡnh l mt khỏi nim thng nht khoa hc mỏy tớnh, khụng ch thớch hp vi ngụn ng lp trỡnh m cũn thớch hp vi thit k giao diQQJLGQJF s d liu, v c vi kin trỳc ca mỏy tớnh Nguyờn nhõn ca viFFDFKXng ph bin yOjKQJL WQJJL~S FK~QJWDi phú vi cỏc k tha phc nhiu loi h thng khỏc Phõn tớch v thit k KQJLWQJWKHRyDUDV phỏt trin tiờn tiQKQ1yNK{QJSKi v cỏc cu trỳc cDFKQJWUuQK mc thit k WUFy7X\QKLrQKu ht cỏc lp trỡnh viờn NK{QJc hun luyn kht khe k QQJSKkQWtFKYjWKLt k KQJLWng &iFSKQWFDP{KuQKLWQJ Hu ht cỏc lp trỡnh viờn lm vic trờn mt ngụn ng v s dng ch mt phong cỏch lp trỡnh H lp trỡnh theo mụ hỡnh mu ca ngụn ng m h s dng Phong cỏch lSWUuQKF[HPQKOjPt cỏch t chFFKQJWUuQKGa trờn mt s cỏc mụ hỡnh ca lp trỡnh v ngụn ng mYLWUDFKQJWUuQKPt cỏch rừ rng Theo thng kờ thỡ cú mt s kiu lSWUuQKVDXk\ +ng th tc Cỏc thut toỏn +QJLWng Cỏc lSYjLWng +ng Logic Cỏc mFtFK +ng lut Cỏc luW,IôWKHQ +ng rng buc Cỏc quan h bt biNK{QJi Khụng cú mt kiu lp trỡnh no m tt nhWi vi tt cỏc cỏc loi ng dng Vớ d: Lp trỡnh WKHRKng th tc thỡ tWi vi vic thit k FiFFKQJWUuQKOLrQTXDQWi viFWtQKWRiQôT WUc tLQD\mYjDQJWn ti nhiXSKQJSKiSc ỏp dQJ phõn tớch thit k mt h thng thụng tin Mt nhQJSKQJSKiSyOjKng th tc, c s dng vic gii quyt cỏc vQ ca h thng hin ti hoc cho vic xõy dng mt h thng mi Cú nhiXSKQJSKiS c s dng cho vic thit k v phỏt trin h thng thụng tin bao gm: Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), Rapid Application Development (RAD), Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 3KQJ SKiS 6'/& c s dng ph bin nhW y Oj 6WUXFWXUHG 6\VWHP $QDO\VLV DQG 'HVLJQ 3KQJSKiSFu trỳc cho phộp nh phõn tớch chia nh h thng phc thnh cỏc h thng nh KQU}UjQJKQYjTXQOờFQJG GjQJKQ 3KQJSKiS22$'FK yXOjSKkQWtFKWKHRKQJLWQJKQOjKng th tFQKOj SKQJSKiS66$'0WLWng l mWQJLa Lm hay mt s vWc mụ t hay tn ti h thQJPjFyLu cn quan tõm: - &iLJu phõn bit, nhn biWQynh danh ca nú v ton b cỏc thuc tớnh) 30 6 Use Case xõy dng mt h thQJLu quan trng l phi x OờYjWKHRG}Lc nhQJKjQKYLng +jQKYLQJQJKDOjQKng hnh vi ca h thQJNKLFKQJWUuQKFKy hoc hoWng Vỡ vy ch FyKjQKYLWQKWKuNK{QJ xõy dng lờn mt h thng m chỳng ta cn phi cú c QKQJKjQKYLng Trong UML FyV xõy dQJKjQKYLng ca h thQJYjV use case l mt s y Cú nhng tỏc nhõn bờn v bờn ngoi h thQJc biWQKOjQKng actors Vỡ th V use case bao gm cỏc actors, use case v cỏc mi quan h giDFK~QJ6 Qj\c s dQJ xõy dng lờn h thng hoc cỏc h thng ca ng dng MWV use case biu th mt chc QQJULrQJELt ca h thng Vỡ th xõy dng ton b h thng thỡ chỳng ta cn phi xõy dng nhiXKQmWV use case MFtFK MFtFKFDV 8VHFDVHOj nm bt cỏc khớa cQKng ca h thQJ1yFGQJ thu thp nhng yờu cu ca h thng bao gm nhng tỏc nhõn bờn hoc bờn ngoi Nhng yờu cu ny phn ln l yờu cu thit k Vỡ vy phõn tớch h thQJ thu thp nhng chc QQJFyWK FiFXVHFDVHc chun b YjFiFWiFQKkQDFWRUV F[iFnh Cú th túm tt cỏc mFtFKFa vic s dQJV XVHFDVHQKVDX - FGQJ thu thp cỏc yờu cu ca h thng - c s dQJ cú cỏi nhỡn khỏch quan t bờn ngoi ca h thng - ;iFnh cỏc yu t bờn v bờn ngoi QKKng ti h thng - Ch UDWQJWiFJLa cỏc yờu cu v cỏc tỏc nhõn V V 8VHFDVHQKWK no? 6 XVHFDVHF[HPQKOjSKkQWtFK\rXFu mc cao ca h thng vỡ vy, yờu cu ca h thQJc phõn tớch cỏc chFQQJc thu thp li use case 7URQJV tỏc nhõn, cỏc tỏc nhõn cú th OjQJi dựng, cỏc ng dng bờn khỏc, hoc cỏc ng dng bờn ngoi Vỡ vy v V use case ta cQ[iFnh mt s phn t sau - ChFQQJc biu diQQKPt use case - Cỏc tỏc nhõn - Quan h gia cỏc use case v tỏc nhõn Khi v V use case chỳng ta cn chỳ ý mt s Lm sau: - Tờn ca use case rt quan trng Chn tờn cho cú th [iFQKc chFQQJ c thc hin - t tờn cho cỏc tỏc nhõn mt cỏch d nh - Ch cỏc mi quan h Yjc lSWURQJV - S dng note yờu cu lm rừ mt vQ quan trQJQjRy 31 Tip theo vớ d trờn, ta v V XVHFDVH th hin h thng quQOờQt hng Trong vớ Qj\ WD [iF QK c use cases (Order, SpecialOrder, NormalOrder) v mW WiF QKkQ y Oj Customer 6SHFLDO2UGHUYj1RUPDO2UGHUXVHFDVHVc suy t Order use cases Vi vy chỳng cú quan h m rng vi MWLm quan trQJNKiFOj [iFnh ranh gii ca h thng Tỏc nhõn customer nm ngoi h thQJF[HPQKOjQJi dựng ngoi h thng 6 WQJWiF Ngay t FiLWrQOjV WQJWiFFKXQJWDFQJFyWK hiXFV Qj\FGQJ miờu r cỏc kiXWQJWiFJLa cỏc thnh phn khỏc mụ hỡnh Vỡ v\WQJWiFOjPt phn cDKjQKYLng ca h thng +jQKYLWQJWiFc biu din UML bQJV c biWQKOj6HTXHQFHGLDJUDP v Collaboration diagram Sequence diagram nhn mnh v cỏc chui thụng bỏo v collaboration diagram nhn mnh v cu trỳc t chc cDFiFLWng m gi v nhn thụng bỏo MFtFK MFtFKFa biX WQJWiFOjKuQKGXQJKjQKYLWQJWiFFa h thng Hỡnh dung cỏc KjQKYLWQJWiFl cụng vic khú Vỡ vy gii phỏp l s dQJFiFP{KuQKNKiFQKDX nm bt c cỏc din mo khỏc cDTXiWUuQKWQJWiF y Oj Yu WL VDR VHTXHQFH Yj FROODERUDWLRQ GLDJUDP c s dQJ nm bt bn chW ng QKQJNKiFYi di chuyn Vỡ vy mFtFKFa viFGQJV WQJWiFFyWK c miờu t ngn gQQKVDX - nm bWFiFKjQKYLng ca h thng - mụ t lung thụng bỏo h thng - mụ t cu trỳc t chc cDFiFLWng - Mụ t s WQJWiFJLDFiFLWng 32 V V WQJWiFQKWK no? 1KFK~QJWDmWKo lun t WUc mFtFKFDV WQJWiFOj nm bt nhng din mo WKD\i ca h thng Vỡ v\ nm bt nhng din mo WKD\i chỳng ta cn hiu cỏi gỡ l din mRQJYjQyFKuQKGXQJQKWK no Din mRng cú th FQKQJKDQKOjFKp nhanh li din mo ca h thQJDQJFKy ti cỏc thLLm riờng bit Chỳng ta cú loLV WQJWiFWURQJ80/0WOjV trỡnh t YjFiLNKiFOjV cng tỏc Chỳng ta cn phL[iFnh cỏc thLQJVWUc v V: - &iFLWQJWURQJTXiWUuQKWQJWiF - Cỏc lung thụng bỏo giDFiFLWng - Trỡnh t WURQJyFiFWK{QJEiRc truyQL - T chFLWng Vớ d: Chỳng ta thc hin v V WQJWiFFKREjLWRiQK thng quQOờQt KjQJ6 v XWLrQOjV trỡnh t v th OjV cng tỏc 6 trỡnh t: i vL V trỡnh t s Fy  L Wng cn quan tõm (Customer, Order, 6SHFLDO2UGHUYj1RUPDO2UGHU u tiờn, khỏch hnh s gi mWQt hng tLLWng Order LWng s gi mt lnh xỏc nhn confirm() tL6SHFLDO2UGHULWng SpecialOrder s gi mt lnh Dispatch() ti chớnh nú 6 cng tỏc: BiX ny biu din cỏch t chFFiFLWng 33 6 statechart MFtFKFa vic s dQJV Statechart l miờu t cỏc trng thỏi khỏc ca mt thnh phn h thng Cỏc trng thỏi l l riờng bit, c th i vi mt thnh phQLWng ca mt h thng Vic s dQJV VWDWHFKDUWFQJWK hiQc cỏc trng thỏi ca tng thnh phn, LWng h thQJFLu khin bi cỏc s kin v ngoi h thQJQKWK no MFtFK 6 trng thỏi l mWWURQJV 80/FGQJ xõy dQJOrQWtQKQQJng ca mt h thQJ6 trQJWKiLQKQJKDFiFWUng thỏi khỏc ca mWLWng sut vũng i ca nú V nhng trQJWKiLQj\FWKD\i bi cỏc s kin Vỡ v\V trng thỏi rt hu ớch vic xõy dng lờn h thQJWiFng tr li H thng WiFng tr li cú th FQKQJKDQKOjPt h thQJPjiSWU li cỏc s kin bờn ngoi v bờn 6 trng thỏi mụ t luQJLu khin t trQJWKiLu tiờn ti trng thỏi khỏc Cỏc trng thỏi FQKQJKDQXKOjPWLXNLrQWURQJyPWLWng tn tLYjLWQJyWKD\i mt vi s kiQc gõy Vỡ vy mFtFKTXDQWUng nht cDV trng thỏi l xõy dng vũng i ca mWLWng t khi to ti kờt thỳc Túm li, mFtFKFDV trng thỏi ca th mụ t túm tWQKVDX - 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