A Thesis Submitted For The Degree Of Doctor Of Philosophy Of The University Of Surrey

HOME ECONOMICS SUBJECT DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION BY BRENDA M PRATT A thesis Doctor (B A submitted of Philosophy Department of Hons., for the degree the University of Educational University March Cert of Surrey 1990 Studies Ed ) of of Surrey ABSTRACT The aims of this 1) the implications, clarify the development of develop 2) school syllabuses review so rightly and profession preventing several secondary its Design recent and Technology under is individuals their construe development the Economists techniques survey practice was derived A case study repertory grid of norms from the elements the the in the school subject in support from its the and survival for requirements as its main (1963) G Kelly's psychological way in personal was used by the 1988 Act the new professional be lost of opinion, thinkers, of to technique grid technique of in to high- order some individual "averaging" representative of of which Home large scale professional results Home Economics Teachers' was undertaken elicitations Reform The A pool both meeting recognizes world development fundamental operationalization which base knowledge Home Economics eliminate uses repertory author's and profession's Education the the and educationalist recent subjects otherwise four of practice professional of would which the those Constructs Personal of light study This methodology theory has been with The empirical to attempts inclusion eventual feminist the in shows, The discipline's curriculum school to up to the of pupils and static by both which of Home Economics development unresponsire discipline educators historic criticised largely remained practice, practice of professional the development subject of gender-stereotyped, subject, has some aspects to inform sixteen, the Home Economics school by Home Economics age of An initial for of a Home Economics profession; a model of be used, could that are to: study In using this the conclusion understanding of as a basis for pool these teachers' shared perceptions of that the contribution to the development ments for Design recommendations of understanding the subject, and Technology especially within schools, in relation might can make to the require- are discussed are made as to how such developments practice of professional Finally, be implemented TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES 12 ABBREVIATIONS USED 14 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 15 CHAPTER 16 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Aims 1.2 Justification 1.3 Background 1.4 Structure Research the of 16 Study the Research of to the Research 16 Study 18 Study 23 the Thesis of 26 References CHAPTER 29 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Home Economics in development of the An overview of H Ec school 2.3 2.3.1 29 HOME ECONOMICS AS A SCHOOL SUBJECT School: the 2.3.1.1 to 32 the subject The socio-political within background which subject Subject Educators' development 37 framework 38 identity Communities of education is established as the basis professional for development 40 Page No 2.3.1.2 Subject communities' 42 the use of academic model to access prestige and power 2.3.2 The attempt pressures teaching 2.3.3 44 to meet the socio-economic of rapid of specific The potential change through social the subjects value educational of 46 the subject 2.4 50 Summary 53 References CHAPTER 59 HOME ECONOMICS SUBJECT CONTENT 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 The origins 60 3.3 The effects and Vocational 3.4 of subject content of developments training in upon Educational the 3.3.1 The effects of Educational 3.3.2 The effects of Vocational The Design and Technology thinking 77 subject Proposals: 77 thinking 80 training a place for 82 Home Economics defined 85 References CHAPTER HOME ECONOMICS DISCIPLINARY AND PROFESSIONAL 93 DEVELOPMENTS 4.1 93 Introduction Page No 4.2 Overview disciplinary of 4.2.1 A model of disciplinary-professional developments and professional 93 95 development 4.2.2 The disciplinary development of Home Economics 101 4.2.3 The Professional development of Home Economics 108 4.2.4 Complementary 117 and development professional 4.3 of disciplinary nature International contributions complementary nature to disciplinary of 118 the understanding and professional developments 4.4 Key factors professional for H Ec school in disciplinary 122 and developments References CHAPTER 124 BACKGROUNDTO THE EMPIRICAL and 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Formulation trial of 131 STUDY: Selection a methodology 131 of issues research and method of data 137 collection issues 5.2.1 Research 5.2.2 The sele ction 137 of Repertory Grid as a Research 138 Method 5.2.2.1 Considerations of validity 138 and reliability 5.2.2.2 The use of Repertory 5.2.2.3 Repertory Grid Grid Technique: Technique 144 Trial 151 Use Page No 5.2.3 Data Collection 5.2.3.1 171 Procedures the 172 for the 178 with the for Procedures Data Collection Research Issues concerned with H Ec, professional understanding practice., 5.2.3.2 Data Collection Procedures Research concerned Issues development 5.2.3.3 of H Ec school for Procedures concerned standing Issues the Research the contribution with the research practice to the subjects' job their of of under- roles 182 References CHAPTER 181 THE PROFESSIONAL HOME ECONOMIST : ANALYSIS OF A JOB ROLES SAMPLE OF TWELVE INDIVIDUALS' 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Presentation 191 191 of results from contact gained H Ec with 191 professionals 6.3 Discussion of H Ec professionals' Focus-ed Grid 195 of Individuals' Focus-ed Grids 195 Authority 195 of a women's 206 Elicitations 6.3.1 Discussion Gwen: Home Economist _ Mary: Social with a local Work Department Journalist: home section magazine Dee: Home Economist: Management Retail Food Store Chain 215 Page No Home Help organizer Jess: 226 a Local with Authority Emma: Household Ava: Administrator house of school Research officer department residential -a in a home economics of a higher 243 256 education institution Lou: Home Economist Social 6.4 Discussion 6.4.1 Vera: of Individuals' Local Ena: Fay: Assistant for 274 for 274 Housing Division Home Economist Organisation 265 274 Interviews Home Improvements Authority with an Independent concerned in electricity Authority H Ec professionals with Area Officer, a Local Department Services of interviews Discussion with Buyer a National with 280 the use of the home household Residential requirements 286 Care Association Sue: Stoves Pat: Home Economist Authority 6,5, Tabulation professional of Project Social the descriptive practice 29 Manageress - management Services statements in a Local 298 Department of H Ec, 303 Page No CHAPTER A CASE STUDY OF A GROUP OF H EC EDUCATORS USING A POOL OF ELEMENTS DESCRIPTIVE 313 OF SOME ASPECTS OF H EC PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE AS THE BASIS FOR A GROUP REPERTORY GRID ELICITATION 7,1 Introduction 7.2 Selection 313 of descriptive elements professional 7.3 some aspects of H Ec educators' 7.3.2 pool of of H Ec selection the researcher elicitations 316 of elements 316 Sociogrid The H Ec educators' from provided The shared construing of pool 328 the group 341 Summary CHAPTER 347 CONCLUSIONS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Principal Chapters 8.3 of provided 314 practice Discussion 7.3.1 7.4 the researcher Principal Chapters 347 conclusions 2,3 8.4 Consideration 8.5 Future the literature from the empirical : study : 352 and of the research developments from this methods used 356 study 358 362 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES 347 and conclusions 5,6 from RGT trial Letter Teachers' sheet to H Ec professionals Focused Grids 374 375 376 Page No LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Timescale 4.1 Classification 4.2 Degree Course Titles 1988 4.3 Career in Home Economics in 4.4 the literature Career in of Study 99 106 (Categories as charted 111 based on U S A in Home Economics opportunities the literature Career 34 sources) literature 4.5 of Fields Opportunities literature in Home Economics of Developments (Categories as charted 112 based on U K sources) in Home Economics opportunities employment of graduate Home Economists, (First 113 Unpublished sources) 5.1 Key documents Education concerned 1963-1989 5.2 Re-grouping of Summary findings 5.3 Elicitation Procedures Repertory Grid Grid 5.5 The Group individual 5.6 the Figure (Trial of Trial elicitations 5.1 Anna : Elements 141 and Program Analysis Analysis 5.4 in 132 Home Economics with for Stage) 153 Subjects construct 152 shown 156 and Constructs 162 statements Mode Grid (role descriptions) (Raw Grid) Home Economics from to 16 Curriculum matters Department of Education and An H M I Science H M S London series (1985c) 11-16 Curriculum [The Red book[ ditto (1977b) ditto in Education document (1977a) [The Green A P U.: D E S & C O I (1985b) H M S O London Schools: N M S O London a consultative Paperj[ What is it how it - H M S O works A leaflet National D E S London Curriculum Proposals D E S London (1986) Design and Technological Activity: a framework for assessment* ditto (1987), ditto The Education H M S O Reform Act H M S O (1988) D E S and Welsh Office (1988) Curriculum National Interim Technology ditto Design (1989) National Design Report for and Technology D E S Elizabeth London and Ages to 16 Curriculum house, H M S O London The Design Council (1986) Design Education Forum Seminar Report Designing: some case accounts The Design 28.1.86 Design and Technology Working Group (1988) Interim D E S and Welsh Office Easterby-Smith in Report: Design and Technology Shaw M L G (1981) Recent Advances in Personal Psychology Eden, P (unpub 1987) Career Progression Home Economics ditto., Home Economists in Academic Press Construct the Field and Careers I (1988a) and Careers (1988b) Education Department (1870) of for NATHE Ltd Hamilton House, London Modus (8) Home Economists ditto 365 Act pps 310-312 Modus (1) The Education Council pps 27-29 H M S O Equal Opportunities Report of a working the E O C Equal Opportunities Commission in Home Economics by convened party E O C Quay Street, Manchester in EOC/ILEA Quay Street, Manchester 10.11.1982 "(1982) Equal Boys? Equal Opportunities Commission, Opportunities Conference Whats it for paper Inner London Education Authority and Schools Council (1982) in Home Economics party convened by Equal Opportunities Commission (1982) Equal Opportunities Report of a working the E O C Evans, Yates, Raising Perceptual Awareness with Women and Girls Jones, K J and in Work E C Quay Street, Manchester Further Unit Education J (1986) F Fransella, and Bannister, D A Manual'for Repertory Grid Technique Academic Press (1977) P^ R C Goldsmith, (1983) An empirical analysis of the Home Economics Research Journal Home Economics Research Journal 11 (3) I F Goodson, (1983) Gordon, Lawton, P D and School Subjects and Curriculum Curriculum Change in the Centuries and Twentieth Change Nineteenth pps 207-214 Croom Helm Hodder & Stoughton (1979) Gray, E D (1971) Careers in home economics Hou secraf November reprint for Green, A G H J Jenkins, and Daniels, C E J (1988) Home Economics: Future Grice, M K and O'Leary, B Pratt, (1989) Option Choices or Compulsion Factors influencing the up-take by pupils at age 13+ of Home Economics, Textiles The relationand Child Development ship of the above to an appreciation of subsequent career opportunities 366 Teaching the t 1971 C R A C Hobsons Publishing plc NATt{E Ltd Hamilton House, London Ha11, A (1958) Home Economics: Making and Home Harvey, J (1971) Research into the Teaching of Home Economics in Great Stage Careers and Practice Britain Wiley & Son day conference University of Surrey Birds Eye Foods 27.11.1971 Health Education Council (8.12.1983) Hirst, ditto P, (1974) (1979) Knowledge Human Movement, Education Knowledge for differences (1975) M (1982) Headmaster's School Diary H E C Oxford Street, London Routledge Paul and The Curriculum Curricula girls H M I Holt, Education Home Economics and Health 'The Practice of Home and Potential in the Community ' Working Economists Summary of day workshops & Kegan and Journal of Philosophy of Education 13 T 79 pps 101-8 boys and H M S O of Candlewick The Times Educational Supplement 13,8.82 11-16: Home Economics Home Economics Committee of ' H M Inspectorate Curriculum Hutchinson, V G (1977) A study of opinions concerning and content of Home Economics Secondary School method in D E S Information Division, London Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics (4) pps 325-348 I F H E (1963) International jth Home Economics chanzina world Conference Report: Education to meet conditions and needs ditto Proceedings the First R, D Badir ed v (1988) of Home Economics All-Africa ditto (Quarterly) Internationale Federation Economie Familiale Institute of Home Economics Information Canada and Family pour I F H E Paris I H E Ltd Vauxhall Bridge Leaflet Rd London (1982) Johnson, K for SEC/O U (1986) I F H E Edmonton, Conference Theme: Economic Security in Africa Survival I F H E England Home Economics for Teachers 367 G C S E.: A guide The Open University Press A Jokelainen, (1985) How to improve Economics the Image of Home Journal of'Consumer Studies and Home Economics (2) Joseph, Sir, K (13.1.1984) Speech to the N U T North England Conference The Times Educational Supplement 13.1.1984 of Personality Kelly, G (1963) A Theory Kreutz, S (1981) College Faculty perception of the importance view of a comprehensive of Home Economics and an orientation for graduate students to the field Layton, D ;, (1973) Science Leese, S (1981) The problematical in education nature Focus: and Promise oriented a family of Home Economics: perspective of for W.W.Norton U S A G Allen London of dance Women in Mahoney, M (1982) Polanyi: Tacit Knowing Economics Education Mannheim, K (1952) Essays on the Sociology Manpower Services Review of Vocational Qualifications in England and Wales Macmillan: New York Polytechnic of the South Bank, London, Department of Sociology Paper Occasional the Making Matheson, (1907) in Board of Education of Training Women Part and Home of-Knowledge for the Home Duties III The domestic in Germany and training of girls Austria Special Reports on Educational Subjects Vol 19 368 & Unwin Ltd Seminar (unpublished) I E D University of Surrey 1981 April Tasmanian School of Advanced Education M Ed Routledge H M S O Commission and Department of Education and Science (1986) School & Co Ltd Home Economics Research Journal 1O (1 pps 49-55 the People S and Lippeatt, Brown, H I (1965) Love, C Smith, D and A-M Turnbull, (1980) M C 217- 219 H H S O London Mathieson,, A R (1979) Home Economics Future the - Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics (2) pps 205-219 A M (1988) Miller, Group Needs of Home Economists Recipes M W (circa for The Home Economist (3 pps 51-52 Win McClare & Co The Albion Press, Leeds war time Cookery 1916) UKFHE responses NATHE (1987) to the Curriculum the National Nelson, T (1878) ed new Domestic Economy: classbook Newsholme,., A and Scott, M E (1899) Domestic Economy Nisbet, S (1957) Nixon, J ed (1981) Purpose A in for Proposals for girls Hamilton London House, T Nelson & Son Swann, Sonnenschein & Co Ltd the Curriculum Guide to Action 'Teachers' NATHE University London Research Grant of McIntyre Norris, M (1982) Beginners' Repertory guide to the use of Grid in research Sociology Department, University of Surrey Paper Occasional Notter and Firth (1897) Practical Domestic Longman, Green & Co Hygiene Home Economics: Teachers' the Basic Course NuffieldChelsea Guide to Hutchinson Education (1982) N W Curriculum Development Project Domestic Holmes Subjects McDougall (1967) Oppenheim, A N (1966) Questionnaire Measurement E Paulson-Box, P Turner, and (1989) The resourcing Design Heinemann London and Attitude of Home Economics Modus 17.1 Phenix, P H (1964) Realms of Meaning Phillips, E M (1989) Use and abuse of a PCP approach 369 p 27-29 McGraw HL11 & Co the Repertory Grid: The Psychologist 12 (5) pps 194-198 Pillow, Mrs (1897) in Education Department Domestic' Economy Teaching in Reports Special on Educational Vol 1.1896-7 M Polanyi, (1966) The Tacit Pope, Keen, Personal Education M L and T R England Subjects Dimension Construct ' H M S O Anchor Psychology Press Academic and Press (1981) J Pratt, J Bloomfield, and Seale, C (1984) Option Choice: Opportunities? Ravenhill, A (1905) School Training of Women* for Board Education Part I Science of for The Teaching in the U S A as a Career I Richarz, (1982 and 1983) Zur Geschichte ditto New concept of household a school subject in H H S O Domestic of Domestic Science NFER - Nelson the Home duties H Reynard, (1947) (1979) of Equal a question Southern Syndicate der Haushaltslehre education Editorial Ltd Hauswirtschartliche Bildung Autumn 182 Spring '83 as UNESCO (1979) Robertson, (27.2.1984) op cit G B S Rowntree, (1901) Ryle, (ist 1949) G (1963) published Saks, M (1983) Middle-class Poverty: 'wrong' menus a study The Concept of Town Life A critique to the Ökonomische Schmucker, Prof H (1961) Lage der Familie Die Deutschland in der Bundesrepublik Schools Council (1973) Approaches 370 to Nutrition Nelson Penguin of Mind Removing the blinkers? of recent contributions sociology of professions Evening News Monday, 27.2.84 Education Books The Sociological Review 31 (1) '83 Ferdinand Stuttgart Encke Schools Council Macmillan Education - Schools Council Aims and Objectives Education of Home Economics Schools Council Macmillan Education - Curriculum Schools Council Macmillan Education - (1973) ditto Needlework on the School (1977) Schools Council Project (1979) Scott, M E (1967) Home and Family 8-13 Forbes of F L Calder Science The History of Domestic College Pubs F L Calder Liverpool College, 1875-1965 Secondary Examination Council (1985) G C S E The National Secondary Examination Council (1988) Report of working party: Home Economics Draft Grade Criteria S E C & B B C Education (1987) A Guide Shaw, M L G ed (1981) Recent advances Technology H Sillitoe, (1933) A History Subjects Smith, F (1923) Standing Conference on University entrance (1986) Stone, D (1976) Criteria: Home Economics to the G C S E of Life and Work of Shuttleworth Qualifying for The National: college Sir Construct of Domestic James Kay- University the story Entrance of a pioneer as a Profession Tate, M T (2nd ed 1973) (ist ed 1961) Home Economics Thorne, E S (1977) The Sociology of Home Economics with to the economic reference particular status of women 371 S E C Newcombe House, London Broadcasting Support Services in Personal the teaching S E C London Academic Press Methuen & Co Ltd Chivers Standing Conference University on Entrance Robert Hale & Co London McGraw Hill D Phil University Sheffield of Timpson, M (1979) Home Economics: field Timpson, M (1984) A Fundamental S Toulmin, (1972) Human Understanding A M Turnbull, (1978) Home Economics: a curriculum UNESCO (1972) World Survey of Home and Family Formal Education Education within ditto New Trends Vo 1.1 in Home Economics Education The nature in General and role Education ed Hutchinson, V (1979) UNESCOin co-operation with the Ministry of Education, Jordan Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics ( a socio-practical Step to Status Modus '84 2() Vol Clarendon Oxford the disintegration of of Home Economics Press, M Ed Polytechnic of the South Bank, London UNESCO Ed - 74/WS/48 Paria 29.10.74 UNESCO Conference 29.11 - 3.12 UNESCO ED - 82/WS/22 1980 (1980) U K Federation for Response to the proposals Curriculum National for the NATHE Ltd., Hamilton House Home Economics (1987) V B Vincenti, (1981) of the Philosophy of Home from Brown M and Paolucci B A History Economics (July 1979) (Workshop, Home Economics FE 840) Michigan State University, of Family Ecology WalkerOverend, Carpenter, Moffit, Gothard, Mann, Burgwin, Morris Vlth edition (1897) Domestic Economy for Whitfield, (1971) R C Disciplines Wilkinson, (1977) M Lessons of State Department Teachers, the Curriculum from Europe 372 Defined D Phil Pennsylvania University 8206520 T Nelson & Son McGraw Hill Centre Policy for Studies framework for the analysis in Home Economics Wilson, S W and Vainest E (1985) A theoretical of practice Y E S The 14-18 Curriculums CPVE, YTS, TVEI? Yoxall, A (1913) Ziman, J (1968) History of Economy, teaching Public Knowledget of Science 373 Integrating of Domestic Social Dimension Nome Economics Research Journal 13 (4)185, Youth Education Service Ltd A T D S Hamilton House, London Cambridge University Press Appendix ELEMENTS E G BISCUITS d 41 61 40 M It) Co 4) PZ w v 93 a -4.4 41 d A 10 93 to bo a c) r ä B C cn A D 0 d > V ýi a0 "A to w a ca x E F G H I J D GH Ordinary have every day 5 1 Special have as a treat C AE 1 Chocolate coated Plain not rich G AC Good for savoury food as well Very sweet DE B Difficult to make N/A 1 N/A N/A N/A 1 1 1 1 Easy to make AC Buy in a shop 374 Only homemade Appendix UNIVERSITY TII Guildford Surrey G2 U5 XH HOME ECONOMICS OF SURREY Telephone (0483) 571281 859331 Telex DEPARTMENT Head of Department: ProfessorRJ Irving 23rd March, 1983 BP/SJ ** Sent to all on attached list I am a mature teacher presently undertaking postgraduate research between new developnents of training into the relationship and professional employment associated with Home EcCnCmics and the teaching of the subject at secondary education level For this work I need to contact a number of people whose training fron been different that normally has experience and professicnal frau Ms Economics Hare associated with , being has sanecne with as your name and address me given such experience that I would need with The contact interview to explore your thinking to Home Economics relation you would be in the form of an in training work and about your that such a request would make demands on your time, I appreciate but hope that you feel able to offer me help, especially as the is in background the of country with yours people such as a number limited if you feel able to help, or even just interested, please drop me a line with a telephone number so that I can contact you If you to know I enclose a not feel able to help, I would be grateful stamped addressed envelope Thank you for your time Yours sincerely, 375 Brenda Pratt Appendix Co +1 b H 41 td) W " 924 1-4 w 41 x Co vO 4-f ) 93o N :i iß.1 W 0) O 0) H Q to u " 41 " ww ý d bi) Gl ý Co :0 4-4 j r+ >% " C '-1 41 0 >% "14 ö W N ofW p K u Co aj 43 u Q! w 4.1 O> 14 CS -4 Co ý 'U w1 V.4 -0 -0 41 FS 93 C N OA u w 8.- H O wd u u ,0 a! Q 'U m Cl N 4.1 Ou ^J y 'U 3N C V) 1.1 Co HA uu (0 ') 42 < Co 44 0 a 1-1 Ä C +º Co c ".4 u ! w4 w CL al m OO 41 N 00 O 41 q 01 41 äý 0 93 - -1 b1 -4 N M N ci "4 "4 N r4 M " %t eýf N ý1 ý1 ri ßf1 "1 ý-1 ý7 N U1 -4 -4 1t1 ý-d ý-1 ýT vl N v1 Iti - N vl in M v1 -4 -1 M r-1 d 9-1 U1 M -1 N M -d N M N -7 0.4 M u1 M in KM b4 W u m) u4 t ý'! A 10 C) d N 4j b N r4 'v d gS a 47 OF S 41 Co Vl v! A XL " 'U V) d e0 Co r4WM 41 -1 41 41 u ýw w4 u2 a Ä d! a1 N ö x U O tz Co i V :1 N 41 'L7 r4 1' r4 41 ~ ýý " N g: , u a 0Z Co " ý Co i 1+ "v 4, a Co u0 -4 i 04 3o M 9) C) >% w -4 o > bO C dr o0 o WCo13 W-4 u Co 0« + ' "4 m c #1 XL) ü 14 - 41 t0 1.+ N> " in wd 41 91 Co 10 ci -+ H ud0 ca w N 44 44 10 w N 4) )4 p s ' Co OJ 0/ tj H in A w U 0) ttl w T CL L CO tu M p a i : + " H 4-i x Co $J u u ý CL c26 14 G! "4 p, u >e a! 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