Lý thuyết và 432 Bài tập về Câu gián tiếp CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT Reported speech I- PHÂN BIỆT CÂU TRỰC TIẾP VÀ CÂU GIÁN TIẾP - Câu trực tiếp là câu nói của ai đó được trích dẫn lại nguyên văn
Trang 1Lý thuyết và 432 Bài tập về Câu gián tiếp
CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT (Reported speech)
I- PHÂN BIỆT CÂU TRỰC TIẾP VÀ CÂU GIÁN TIẾP
- Câu trực tiếp là câu nói của ai đó được trích
dẫn lại nguyên văn và thường được để trong
dấu ngoặc kép (“… ”)
Ví dụ:
+ Mary said “ I don’t like ice-cream” (Cô ấy
nói rằng: “Tôi không thích kem”.)
Ta thấy trong dấu ngoặc kép là lời nói trực tiếp
của Mary và nó được trích dẫn lại một cách
nguyên văn
- Câu gián tiếp là câu tường thuật lại lời nói của người khác theo ý của người tường thuật và ý nghĩa không thay đổi
Ví dụ:
+ Mary said that she didn’t like ice-cream
(Mary nói cô ấy không thích kem.)
Ta thấy câu nói của Mary được tường thuật lại theo cách nói của người tường thuật và ý nghĩa thì vẫn giữ nguyên
II- CÁC CÁCH TƯỜNG THUẬT TỪ CÂU NÓI TRỰC TIẾP SANG CÂU NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
Ta cần phân tích cấu trúc của câu trực tiếp và câu gián tiếp qua các ví dụ sau:
- My mother said “I want you to study harder.” (Mẹ tôi nói “Mẹ muốn con học hành chăm chỉ
hơn.)
Ta có: - Động từ “said” được gọi là “Động từ giới thiệu”
- Động từ “want” là động từ chính trong câu trực tiếp
- “I” là chủ ngữ trong câu trực tiếp
- “you” là tân ngữ trong câu trực tiếp
- My mother said / told me that she wanted me to study harder (Mẹ tôi nó bà ấy muốn tôi học
hành chăm chỉ hơn)
Ta thấy các thành phần như “động từ giới thiệu”, động từ chính, các đại từ (I/you/…) trong câu trực tiếp khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp đều phải biến đổi
Vậy những thành phần nào cần biến đổi, và biến đổi như thế nào, ta sẽ đi vào từng loại câu cụ thể
1 Các thành phần cần biến đổi trong câu gián tiếp:
* Các đại từ: Ta cần thay đổi đại từ sao cho phù hợp với ngữ cảnh trong câu
* Thay đổi thì của câu:
Thì của các động từ trong lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi theo một nguyên tắc chung là lùi về quá khứ
Trang 2Quá khứ tiếp diễn -> Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
Tương lai đơn: will/ shall -> would/ should
Tương lai gần: be going to -> was/were going to
* Thay đổi một số động từ khuyết thiếu:
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp
* Thay đổi Đại từ
Các đại từ nhân xưng và đại sở hữu khi chuyển từ lời nóitr ực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp thay đổi như bảng sau:
Trang 3* Các trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn, thời gian:
In two day’s time / two days after The day before / the previous day Two day before
The following week The previous week / the week before
The previous year / the year before
2 Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép là một câu trần thuật (là một câu khẳng định và mang nghĩa kể
lại, trần thuật lại điều gì đó)
- Ta cần biến đổi các đại từ cho phù hợp với ý nghĩa của câu
- Các động từ giới thiệu thường dùng là: say (that), tell sb (that)
* Nếu động từ giới thiệu chia ở các thì hiện tại, hoặc tương lai:
-> ta không cần lùi thì động từ chính trong câu gián tiếp
Ví dụ:
- She says “I don’t want to stay at home every day.”
-> She says / tells me that she doesn’t want to stay at home every day
Ta thấy trong dấu ngoặc kép là một câu trần thuật, và động từ giới thiệu “says” chia thì hiện tại đơn nên động từ trong câu trực tiếp không lùi thì (giữ nguyên thì) trong câu gián tiếp Các đại từ cần thay đổi cho phù hợp nghĩa là: I -> she
* Nếu động từ giới thiệu chia ở các thì quá khứ:
-> Ta cần lùi thì động từ chính trong câu gián tiếp
Ví dụ:
- She said “My father is travelling in America”
-> She said that her father was travelling in America
Ta thấy động từ giới thiệu “said” chia quá khứ đơn nên động từ trong câu trực tiếp (chia ở hiện tại tiếp diễn) phải lùi thì trong câu gián tiếp (thì quá khứ tiếp diễn)
3 Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu hỏi
* Nếu trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu hỏi không có từ hỏi
-> Trong câu gián tiếp thêm “if” hoặc “whether” và mệnh đề theo sau biến đổi về dạng khẳng định -> Động từ giới thiệu thường sử dụng: ask, wonder
Ví dụ:
- She said “Do you want to go with me?”
-> She asked if I wanted to go with her
- Mary said “Do you go to school by bus, Peter?”
-> Mary asked Peter whether he went to school by bus
* Nếu trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu hỏi có từ hỏi (what/where/when/how/who/…)
Trang 4-> Trong câu gián tiếp phải biến đổi mệnh đề sau từ hỏi về dạng khẳng định
-> Động từ giới thiệu thường sử dụng: ask, wonder, want to know
Ví dụ:
- He asked “what time will you come?”
-> He asked what time I would come
3 Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu mệnh lệnh thức
-> Ta xét nghĩa của câu rồi sử dụng các cấu trúc cho phù hợp
* Khi câu mệnh lệnh thức trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa yêu cầu, đề nghị ai đó làm gì ta
có thể sử dụng các cấu trúc sau:
- tell/ ask/ require/ request/ demand + sb + to do st: Yêu cầu, đề nghị hay đòi hỏi ai làm gì
Ví dụ:
- She said to me “close the door!”
-> She asked me to close the door
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa ra lệnh ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau:
-> He offered to make me a cup of coffee
*Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa khuyên bảo ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau:
- advise sb to do st: khuyên ai đó nên làm gì
Ví dụ:
- He said to me “You should go to bed early”
-> He advised me to go to bed early
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa mời mọc ta sử dụng cấu trúc sau:
- invite sb to do st
Ví dụ:
- My friend said “Will you go the zoo with me?”
-> My friend friend invited me to go to the zoo with her
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép là câu cảm thán ta sử dụng động từ “exclaim”
Ví dụ:
- She said “What an intelligent boy!”
-> She exclaimed that the boy was intelligent
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa xin lỗi ta sử dụng cấu trúc:
- apologize (to sb) for st/ for doing st: xin lỗi (ai) về điều gì/ vì đã làm gì
Ví dụ:
- She said "I'm sorry I'm late."
-> She apologized for being late
* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa nhắc nhở ta sử dụng cấu trúc:
- remind sb to do st: Nhắc nhở ai làm gì
Ví dụ:
- My mother said "Don't forget to bring your umbrella."
-> My mother reminded me to bring my umbrella
Trang 5* Khi trong dấu ngoặc kép mang nghĩa buộc tội ai đó ta sử dụng cấu trúc:
- accuse sb of st/ doing st: Buộc tội ai về điều gì/ vì đã làm gì
Ví dụ:
- She said "No one else but you did it."
-> She accused me of doing it
Trang 6BÀI TẬP
Bài 1: Viết lại các câu sau sử dụng cách nói gián tiếp
1 “Open the door,” he said to them
-He told them
2 “Where are you going?” he asked her
-He asked her where
3 “Which way did they go?” he asked
7 “He’s not at home”, she said
-She said that
8 “Is the bus station far away?” the girl asked
-The girl wanted to know
9 “Don’t stay out late, Ann” Tom said
-Tom told Ann
10 “Please let me borrow your car,” he said to her
-He asked
11 “Jean, have you seen my gloves?” Thomas asked
-Thomas asked Jean
12 Don’t leave the window open, Mary”, I said
-I told Mary
13 “I’ll have a cup of tea with you,” she said
She said that
14 “I’ll pay him if I can” she said
-She said that
15 “What are you going to do next summer?” she asked
- She asked us
16 “I’ll phone you tomorrow,” he told Jack
-He told Jack that
17 “Can I sit beside you, Jean?” Tom asked
-Tom asked Jean
18 “I want a camera for my birthday,” he said
-He said that
19 “Don’t keep the door locked,” he said to us
-He told us
20 “How long are you going to stay?” I asked him
Trang 7-I asked him how long
21 “Are you going by train?” she asked me
-She wanted to know
22 “Don’t use too much hot water,” she said to us
-She asked us
23 “Will you come to my party?” she said to me
-She invited me
24 “Don’t do it again,” she said to them
She told them
25 “ Did Mr Brown send the potatoes to you?” she asked
29 “Why didn’t I get a computer before?” thought the office manager
-The office manager wondered
30 “You had better not lend him any more money, Elizabeth,’’ said John
-John advised Elizabeth
31 “You stole my best cassette, Amanda!” said John
-John accused
32 “ You damaged my bicycle, John!” said Mary
-Mary accused
33 “When was your little boy born?” said the nurse to Mrs Bingley
-The nurse asked Mrs Bingley
34 “You should take more exercise, Mr Robert,” the doctor said
-The doctor advised
35 “Will I find a job?”, Tim said to himself
-Tim wondered
36 “I’m sorry I gave you the wrong number,” said Paul to Susan
-Paul apologized
37 “When is the first day of your holiday, Peter?” Martha asked
- Martha asked Peter when
38 “Can I have a new bicycle?” said Anna to her mother
-Anna asked
39 “Don’t leave the house until I get back, William”, his mother said
- William’s mother told
40 “Don’t bite your nails,” said Mrs Rogers to her son
-Mrs Rogers told
41 “I’ve seen the film three times, Mary” said George
Trang 8-George said
42 “I’m sorry, Angela,” said Martin, “I’m afraid I’ve damaged your car
-Martin apologized
43 “Have you had enough for lunch?” the landlady asked us
-The landlady asked
44 “ John, please don’t tell anyone my new address,” said Mary
-Mary asked
45 “Breakfast will not be served after 9 30” said the notice
-The notice said that
46 “Where is the best place to buy souvenirs?”
-I asked
47 “Don’t forget to bring your passport with you tomorrow”
- She reminded me
48 “Do not write on the wall,” said the teacher to the boys
-The teacher told the boys………
49 “How many jobs have you had since 2000?” the interviewer asked Mr Simpson
- The interviewer asked
50 “Why didn’t you report the incident to the police?” the officer asked the frightened witness
- The officer wanted to know
Bài 2:
She asked
Martin asked us
He asked
The mother asked her daughter
She asked her boyfriend
She wanted to know
He wanted to know
The teacher wanted to know
She asked me
10 "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me
My friend asked me
Bài 3:
Trang 91 "What's the time?" he asked
→ He wanted to know
→ She asked me
→ She asked him
→ The teacher wanted to know
→ She wanted to know
→ He asked me
10 "Have you tidied up your room?" the mother asked the twins
→ The mother asked the twins
Bài 4
1 "Stop talking, Joe," the teacher said
→ The teacher told Joe
2 "Be patient," she said to him
→ She told him
3 "Go to your room," her father said to her
→ Her father told her
4 "Hurry up," she said to us
→ She told us
5 "Give me the key," he told her
→ He asked her
6 "Play it again, Sam," she said
→ She asked Sam
7 "Sit down, Caron" he said
→ He asked Caron
8 "Fill in the form, Sir," the receptionist said
→ The receptionist asked the guest
9 "Take off your shoes," she told us
→ She told us
10 "Mind your own business," she told him
Bài 5:
→ She told him
→ He told me
Trang 103 "Don't talk to me like that," he said
→ He told her
→ She warned him
→ The chemistry teacher told his students
→ He advised her
10 "Don't hurt yourselves, boys," she said
→ She told the boys
→ She told him
→ She told John
→ They told her
10 "Meet me at the cinema." he said
Trang 114 "Say hello to Jim," they said
→ They asked me
→ He said
→ She told the boys
→ She asked him
→ He said
→ He wanted to know
10 "Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience
→ The stuntman advised the audience
Bài 8:
→ She said
→ She told Ben
→ She asks Peter
5.”Don’t touch anything in this room”, the man said to the children
The man ordered
Trang 126.”I must go home to make the dinner”, said Mary
Mary
7.”Are you going to Ho Chi Minh City next week?” Tom asked me
Tom asked
8.”Have you finished your homework?” Mom asked
Mom asked if
9.She said to me: “I can’t do it by myself”
She told me that
10.”Does your brother live in London,Nam?”Lan asked
Lan wanted to know if
11.”Don’t repeat this mistake again.” his father warned him
His father warned him
12.”Give me a smile” The photographer said to me
15.”Who has written this note?” the boss asked the secretary
The boss asked
16.”I have just received a postcard from my sister,” my friend said to me
My friend told me
17 “This story happened long ago” he said
Trang 138 I’ll live in town till my husband returns from the expedition and when he returns, we'll
go to the seaside together," she said
1 Jane said to Bill, “When do you expect to finish your assignment?"
2 The man said to the boy: "Can you show me the way to the bank?"
3 Fred asked the postman: "Are there any letters for me today?"
4 Henry said to the librarian, "How many books can I borrow at a time?"
5 John asked his friend, "How did you manage to know my phone number?"
6 “These old buildings might have already disappeared by the time I am back next year?" he said
7 The boys said to the old woman: "What can we do to help you?"
8 The guests said to the doorman: "Where should we leave our coats?"
9 Tom asked his brother: "Why did you advise them to go sight-seeing on foot?"
10 I asked the children: "Who took away the magazines from my desk?"
Bài 13:
1 Rose said, "I was just leaving the office when I came face to face with a stranger."
2 Ann asked her brother, "Do you expect to be admitted to the university?"
3 Richard asked Jane, "What are you planning to do tomorrow?"
4 She asked her boyfriend "Is it true that your father fought in the last war?"
5 Jane said to me, "Where have you been all this time?"
6 Mary said to her husband, "Did you see my handbag anywhere?"
7 The inspector said to the woman, "What were you doing at 7 o'clock yesterday evening?"
8 The passenger said to the taxi-driver: "Hurry up!" and he added "I must be at the station on time."
9 Tom said to himself: "Why I haven't thought of this before?"
Trang 1410 Father said: "The taxi is coming now Is everyone ready?"
10 "Could you ring up the station and find out when the train comes in?" said Tom
Tom said to me
Bài 15:
1 "Be careful Don't go too near the edge of the cliff," she said to the boys
2 "Please, please come to help me with the assignment," my friend said to me
"I wouldn't buy that sort of raincoat if I were you," my friend said to me
4 "Would you mind moving your bicycle?" said the janitor "It's in the way."
5 "Could I take out another book, please," I said to the librarian
6 "Remember to leave the window open when you're using the gas stove," my mother said to me
7 "Wear your school badge or they won't let you into the classroom." my teacher said to me
8 "Would you like to come over to my house for a slide show?" my friend said to me
9 "Show me your driver's license, will you?" the policeman said to the drunken driver
10 "Do come again next weekend," the host said to the visitor
Trang 151 Tom said to the girl: "When did you have this picture taken?"
2 "Shall we go somewhere for a cup of coffee after class?" Tom said
3 John said to Mary, "Why don't you wear your hair a little longer."
4 "Would you like another cup of tea?" the landlady said to the guest
5 My sister said to me, "What about going to see Aunt Mary on Sunday?"
6 She asked me, "Have you ever seen a flying saucer?"
7 James said: "Do you want me to type this letter for you?"
8 Alfred said to John, "I didn't use your cassette player! Someone else did, not me."
9 Father said, "I was the superintendent while this school was being built."
10 The woman said, "If I had a gas stove, it would save me a lot of time."
6 “Breakfast is served between 7.00 and 9.00.”
The receptionist explained ………
7 “I went to Oxford University in the 1960s,” he said
He boasted ………
8 “I’ve never been to America,” she said to me
She told ………
Bài 19:
Trang 161 “Do you want to go out for a meal?” she asked
4 “Where have you come from?” the customs officer asked
The customs officer asked me ………
5 “How long are you going to be on holiday?” she asked
She wanted to know ………
6 “When do you have to go to work?” she asked
4 “How did you know my name?” the nurse asked the doctor
The nurse wanted to know ………
5 “Do you have an appointment?” said the clerk
The clerk asked ………
6 “Have you seen my car keys?” said Bernard to his wife
Bernard wondered ………
7 “Why didn’t Isobel phone me?” asked her brother
Isobel’s brother wanted to know ………
8 “Will you carry my briefcase for me please, James” said Richard
Richard asked ………
9 “When can I see the doctor?” Charles asked the receptionist
Trang 1934 “When we’ve finished this game we’ll have supper.” They said to me
Trang 20………
Bài 22:
1 Julia said that she _ there at noon
A is going to be B was going to be C will be D can be
2 He _ that he was leaving way that afternoon
A told me B told to me C said me D says to me
3 She said to me that she to me the Sunday before
A wrote B has written C was writing D had written
4 I _ him to sell that old motorbike
A said to B suggested C advised D recommended
5 My parents reminded me the flowers
A remember to plant B plant C to plant D planting
6 I asked Martha to enter law school
A are you planning B is she planning C was she planning D if she was planning
7 Nam wanted to know what time
A does the movie begin B did the movie begin C the movie begins D the movie began
8 I wondered _ the right thing
A whether I was doing B if I am doing C was I doing D am I doing
9 The scientist said the earth the sun
A goes round B is going around C went around D was going around
10 Peter said that if he rich, he _ a lot
A is – will travel B were- would travel
C had been – would have travelled D was – will travel
11 They said that they had been driving through the desert
A the previous day B yesterday C the last day D Sunday previously
12 He asked the children _too much noise
A not to make B not making C don’t make D if they don’t make
13 The man said that money _ the passport to everything
A will be B is C was D can be
14 The teacher said Columbus _America in 1942
A discovered B had discovered C was discovering D would discover
15 John said he _ her since they school
Trang 21A hasn’t met – left B hadn’t met - had left C hadn’t met left D didn’t meet – has left
16 The woman asked get lunch at school
17 Laura said that when she _ to school, she saw an accident
A was walking B has walked C had been walking D has been walking
18 He asked, “Why didn’t she take the final exam?” - He asked why the final exam
A she took B did she take C she hadn’t taken D she had taken
19 Ba said he some good marks the semester before
A gets B got C had gotten D have got
20 They told their parents that they _ their best to do the test
A try B will try C are trying D would try
21 She asked me where I _ from
A come B coming C to come D came
22 She _ me whether I liked classical music or not
A ask B asks C asked D asking
23 He asked me who the editor of that book
A was B were C is D has been
24 He wants to know whether I _ back tomorrow
A come B came C will come D would come
25 I wonder why he _ love his family
A doesn’t B don’t C didn’t D hasn’t
26 They asked me how many children _
A if I had B had I C I have D have I
27 Thu said she had been _ the day before
A here B there C in this place D where
28 The student said that the English test _ the most difficult
A is B was C will be D have been
29 He wanted to know _ shopping during the previous morning
A if we had been going B that if we had been going C we were going D that we were going
30 He asked me _ Robert and I said I did not know _
A that did I know / who were he B that I knew / who he had been