nghiên cứu một số đặc điểm sinh học, sinh hóa và kỹ thuật nuôi nghêu meretrix lyrata (sowerby) đạt năng suất cao

LUẬN VĂN TỐT NGHIỆP ĐỀ TÀI: “nghiên cứu số đặc điểm sinh học, sinh hóa kỹ thuật ni nghêu meretrix lyrata (sowerby) đạt suất cao.” MÅÍ ÂÁƯU T rong sn lỉåün g khai thạc thy sn hn g nàm trãn thãú giåïi thç âäün g váût Thán Mãưm (Mollusca) âọn g vai tr khạ quan trn g Theo ỉåïc täøn g sn lỉåün g thy sn ton thãú giåïi nàm 1987, thç âäün g váût Thán Mãưm âỉïn g thỉï hai våïi sn lỉåün g hån 7,5 triãûu táún âọ 7,25 triãûu táún thu âỉåüc tỉì biãøn , pháưn cn lải ráút nh 0,27 triãûu táún thu tỉì cạc thy vỉûc nỉåïc ngt Nhọm Hai Mn h V (Bivalvia) chiãúm âa säú våïi 65,4% täøn g sn lỉåün g Mollusca thu âỉåüc, bao gäưm cạc loi Trai (Clam), S våïi 2,1 triãûu táún dáùn âáưu trong nhọm Hai Mn h V, Háưu (Oyster) triãûu táún , Vẻm (Mussel) 0,9 triãûu táún (FAO, 1989) Cn g theo säú liãûu ca FAO (1996) täøn g sn lỉåün g thu âỉåüc tỉì ni träưn g thy sn ca thãú giåïi âảt 25,46 triãûu táún våïi täøn g giạ trë 39,83 tè USD, âọ sn lỉåün g ni träưn g cạc loi thüc Mollusca âỉïn g thỉï hai âảt 17,2% ca täøn g sn lỉåün g v âảt 12,2% täøn g giạ trë ca ton thãú giåïi (Hayashi, 1996) ÅÍ g ven biãøn Nam bäü ngưn låüi Mollusca cn g ráút låïn Sn lỉåün g khai thạc hn g nàm âảt khon g 80-100 ngn táún â gọp pháưn âạn g kãø viãûc cung cáúp thỉûc pháøm cho nhán dán (V Sé Tún v Nguùn Hỉỵu Phủn g, 1998), l ngưn thu nháûp chênh cho mäüt säú ngỉ dán g ven biãøn Mäüt nhỉỵn g âäúi tỉåün g khai thạc quan trn g nháút l Nghãu (chiãúm khon g 60%) Nghãu cọ tãn khoa hc l Meretrix lyrata (Sowerby, 1851) Chụn g phán bäú ri rạc åí g biãøn Nam Bäü, thỉåìn g åí gáưn cạc cỉía säng nåi cọ nãưn âạy cạt bn , g phán bäú táûp trung ca Nghãu l åí ven biãøn thüc hai tènh Tiãưn Giang v Bãún Tre Nghãu l loải thỉûc pháøm cọ giạ trë dinh dỉåỵn g cao, chỉïa khon g 56% protein theo trn g lỉåün g khä (Trỉång Qúc Phụ, 1998), thåm ngon âỉåüc nhiãưu ngỉåìi ỉa thêch Nghãu sinh trỉåín g nhanh, sỉïc sinh sn låïn , sn lỉåün g khai thạc hn g nàm tỉång âäúi cao Trỉåïc âáy nghãu ch úu âỉåüc tiãu thủ näüi âëa, nhỉng gáưn âáy â âỉåüc chãú biãún âäng lản h xút kháøu , vç thãú chụn g tråí thn h âäúi tỉåün g kinh tãú quan trn g ca ngỉ dán g ven biãøn Nam bäü, lm cho nghãư ni Nghãu phạt triãøn mản h nhỉỵn g nàm gáưn âáy Ni Nghãu l mäüt nghãư måïi, trçnh âäü k thût cn ráút tháúp mang cháút qun g canh l ch úu Cạc nghiãn cỉïu khoa hc vãư âäúi tỉåün g ny cn quạ êt i háưu chỉa âạp ỉïn g âỉåüc tçnh hçnh phạt triãøn ca nghãư ni Hån thãú nỉỵa, qun l ngưn låüi åí cạc âëa phỉång chỉa âỉåüc chàût ch, ngỉåìi â khai thạc ngưn låüi ny quạ mỉïc lm cho sn lỉåün g khai thạc gim, ngưn giäún g khan hiãúm dáưn Trỉåïc tçnh hçnh âọ chụn g täi tiãún hn h nghiãn cỉïu âãư ti: “Nghiãn cỉïu mäüt säú âàûc âiãøm sinh hc, sinh họa v k thût ni Nghãu Meretrix lyrata (Sowerby) âảt nàng sút cao” Mủc âêch nghiãn cỉïu ca âãư ti l xạc âënh mäüt säú âàûc âiãøm sinh hc ca Nghãu, kho sạt cạc khêa cản h k thût ca mä hçnh ni âang âỉåüc ngỉ dán ạp dủn g åí g ven biãøn Nam Bäü âäưn g thåìi âạn h giạ nhỉỵn g ỉu khuút âiãøm ca mä hçnh Dỉûa trãn cå såí ca nhỉỵn g nghiãn cỉïu vãư sinh hc v kãút qu âiãưu tra, âãư xút cạc gii phạp ni Nghãu nàng sút cao Näüi dung chênh ca lûn ạn bao gäưm nhỉỵn g nghiãn cỉïu vãư cạc ln h vỉûc sau: • Hçnh thại cáúu tảo • Phäø dinh dỉåỵn g v thỉïc àn chênh • Sinh trỉåín g • Sinh sn , ma vủ sinh sn v sỉû xút hiãûn nghãu giäún g trãn cạc bi tỉû nhiãn • Mäüt säú chè tiãu sinh l • Nhỉỵn g biãún âäøi thn h pháưn sinh họa cå thãø Nghãu qua cạc thạng nàm • Tçm hiãøu cạc khêa cản h k thût ca nghãư ni Nghãu ca ngỉ dán åí vng ven biãøn Tiãưn Giang, Bãún Tre Våïi nhỉỵn g näüi dung nghiãn cỉïu trãn, lûn ạn â trçnh by âỉåüc cạc âàûc âiãøm sinh hc ca Nghãu Kãút qu nghiãn cỉïu ny s l cå såí khoa hc ỉïn g dủn g vo thỉûc tiãùn sn xút Lûn ạn cn g â trçnh by cạc khêa cản h k thût ca nghãư ni Nghãu g Âäưn g Bàòn g Säng Cỉíu Long, nhỉỵn g ỉu âiãøm cn g nhỉỵn g tråí ngải v âãư xút hỉåïn g khàõc phủc nhỉỵn g nhỉåüc âiãøm, ci tiãún k thût ni Nghãu Chụn g täi hy g ràòn g kãút qu nghiãn cỉïu ca âãư ti s l cå såí khoa hc giụp cho viãûc qun l ngưn ti ngun, ci tiãún k thût v phạt triãøn nghãư ni Nghãu, náng cao cháút lỉåün g sn pháøm thu hoảch, gọp pháưn lm äøn âënh v tàng nàng sút ni Nghãu åí g ven biãøn Nam Bäü CHỈÅNG TÄØNG QUAN I CẠ C NGHIÃN CỈÏU VÃƯ SINH HC Hçnh thại cáúu tảo v phán loải T rong cạc cäng trçnh nghiãn cỉïu trỉåïc âáy vãư âàûc âiãøm hçnh thại, phán loải ca âäün g váût Thán Mãưm chè cọ mäüt säú cäng trçnh mä t mäüt säú loi thüc giäún g Meretrix nhỉ: Walter (1945) mä t ba loi Meretrix lusoria Chem, Meretrix petechialis Lam v Meretrix tripla; Pierre (1952) mä t mäüt loi Meretrix meretrix (Linnaeus); Anuwat (1995) mä t hai loi thüc giäún g Meretrix l Meretrix lusoria v M meretrix Ngoi cạc cäng trçnh trãn chỉa cọ cäng trçnh no mä t loi Nghãu Meretrix lyrata trỉì cäng trçnh ca Habe v Sadao (1966) v cäng trçnh ca Nguùn Chênh (1996) Tuy nhiãn cạc cäng trçnh ny chè mä t så lỉåüc bàòn g hçnh n h hçnh dản g bãn ngoi ca nghãu (xem Hçnh 1) Hçnh 1: Hçnh dảng Nghãu Meretrix lyrata, (Habe & Sadao, 1966) Theo mä t ca hai tạc gi trãn, vë trê phán loải ca Meretrix lyrata sau: Ngn h Thán Mãưm : Mollusca Låïp Hai Mn h V : Bivalvia Bäü Mang Tháût : Eulamellibranchia Phán Bäü : Heterodonta Liãn h Ngao : Veneracea H Ngao : Veneridae Giäún g Ngao : Meretrix Loi Nghãu : Meretrix lyrata (Sowerby, 1851) Vãư màût cáúu tảo , cọ nhiãưu tạc gi nghiãn cỉïu vãư hçnh thại cáúu tảo chung ca Bivalvia nhỉ: Purchon (1977), Thại Tráưn Bại (1978) Theo mä t ca Quayle v Newkirk (1989) thç cáúu tảo h Veneridae khäng khạc nhiãưu so våïi cạc loi Bivalvia khạc v âỉåüc trçnh by qua hçnh sau: Hçnh 2: Hçnh thại cáúu tảo chung ca nhọm Nghãu Veneridae (Quayle & Newkirk 1989) Ngoi cạc cäng trçnh nghiãn cỉïu kãø trãn, cho âãún chỉa cọ cäng trçnh no nghiãn cỉïu k vãư hçnh thại cáúu tảo loi nghãu Meretrix lyrata Phán bäú Theo Habe (1966) thç g phán bäú ca Nghãu l g biãøn áúm Táy Thại Bçnh Dỉång tỉì biãøn Âi Loan âãún Viãût Nam ÅÍ Viãût Nam Nghãu phán bäú ch úu åí g ven biãøn Nam Bäü bao gäưm G Cäng Âäng (Tiãưn Giang), Bçnh Âải, Ba Tri, Thản h Phụ (Bãún Tre), Cáưu Ngang, Dun Hi (Tr Vinh), Vénh Cháu (Sọc Tràng), Vénh Låüi (Bảc Liãu), Ngc Hiãøn (C Mau) (Nguùn Hỉỵu Phủn g, 1996) Vn g cọ sn lỉåün g cao nháút l ven biãøn thüc tènh Tiãưn Giang v Bãún Tre (Nguùn Chênh, 1996) Cạc âàûc trỉng phán bäú ca Nghãu cn g â âỉåüc mäüt säú tạc gi nghiãn cỉïu cho tháúy Nghãu phán bäú åí g triãưu tháúp , thåìi gian phåi bi tỉì 2-8 giåì/ngy Âäü sáu cỉûc âải tçm tháúy Nghãu lục nỉåïc rn g l 1,5-2,5 m Nghãu phán bäú åí g cọ nãưn âạy cạt mën âãún cạt trung cọ pha láùn bn ln g (10-18%), vo ma mỉa bn ln g bao ph nãưn âạy bi Nghãu (1,5-2,5 cm) Âäü màûn tỉì 7-25%o, nhiãût âäü l 26-32 oC, cạc úu täú mäi trỉåìn g âàûc trỉng ca bi Nghãu biãún âäøi theo ma r rãût, chụn g âãưu phủ thüc vo lỉåün g mỉa l trn qua g rỉìn g ngáûp màûn âäø cạc bi nghãu (Nguùn Tạc An v Nguùn Vàn Lủc, 1994) Dinh dỉåỵng Theo Purchon (1977), Thại Tráưn Bại (1978b), Quayle v Newkirk (1989) thç giai âoản áúu trn g thỉïc àn ca nhọm Bivalvia l Vi Khøn (Bacteria), to Silic (Diatoms), mn b hỉỵu cå (Detritus) Ngun Sinh Âäün g Váût (Flagellata) cọ kêch thỉåïc nh khon g 10µ hồûc nh hån He v Wei (1984) nghiãn cỉïu vãư thỉïc àn v táûp àn ca áúu trn g Ruditapes philippinarum cho tháúy chụn g thêch àn to Silic âån bo säún g âạy (benthic Diatoms) Khi cho áúu trn g àn häùn håüp giỉỵa to âạy v Chaetoceros sp, áúu trn g sinh trỉåín g nhanh v tè lãû säún g âảt 80% Áúu trn g àn häùn håüp ca to Dicrateria zhanjiangensis v Chaetoceros sp cn g cho kãút qu tỉång tỉû Máût âäü thỉïc àn nỉåïc 25000-50000 tãú bo /lêt thç ráút täút cho áúu trn g Ngoi tạc gi cn thỉí nghiãûm cho áúu trn g àn to Platymonas sp âäng lản h v sáúy khä, to âäng lản h cho kãút qu täút hån Helm v Laing (1987) nghiãn cỉïu sỉí dủn g loi to Màõt Isochrysis affgalbana v loi to Silic Chaetoceros calcitrans lm thỉïc àn cho áúu trn g Crassostrea gigas, C rhizophorae, Mercenaria mercenaria v Tapes semidecussata Thê nghiãûm tiãún hn h tỉì giai âoản áúu trn g chỉỵ D âãún thn h áúu thãø Kãút qu to Silic Chaetoceros cho sinh trỉåín g täút åí cạc nhọm thỉí nghiãûm, âọ to Isochrysis chè täút cho M mercenaria v T semidecussaca Laing (1987) ỉång loi áúu trn g Bivalvia bãø tưn hon 50 lêt våïi thỉïc àn l to tỉåi, thỉïc àn nhán tảo v khäng cho àn Kãút qu tè lãû sinh trỉåín g (tênh theo khäúi lỉåün g khä) l 64% âäúi våïi nghiãûm thỉïc to tỉåi, 54% âäúi våïi thỉïc àn nhán tảo v háưu áúu trn g khäng tàng trỉåín g khäng cho àn Riisgard (1988) nghiãn cỉïu trãn âäúi tỉåün g Mercenaria mercenaria, áúu trn g Veliger àn âỉåüc to cọ âỉåìn g kênh trung bçnh l 4µm v áúu trn g ngy tøi cọ thãø àn To cọ âỉåìn g kênh täúi âa l 6µm Laing (1991) xỉí dủn g to khä v to tỉåi Skeletonema costatum âãø ni áúu thãø (Juvenile) ca Tapes philippinarum Kãút qu dn g häùn håüp 70% to khä v 30% to tỉåi cho sinh trỉåín g täút hån l chè cho àn mäüt loải Giai âoản trỉåín g thn h thỉïc àn ca loi Bivalvia nọi chung v Nghãu nọi riãng l mn b hỉỵu cå lå lỉín g nỉåïc v phiãu sinh thỉûc váût Theo Nguùn Hỉỵu Phủn g (1996) thç thn h pháưn thỉïc àn chênh ca Nghãu g Tr Vinh l mn b hỉỵu cå chiãúm tỉì 75-90%, to chiãúm tỉì 10-25% Trong thn h pháưn to , to Silic chiãúm 90-95%, to Giạp chiãúm 3,3-6,6%, cn lải l to Lam, to Lủc, to Vn g Ạn h chiãúm 0,8-1% Nguùn Ngc Lám v Âon Nhỉ Hi (1998) nghiãn cỉïu dinh dỉåỵn g ca S Huút Anadara granosa cho tháúy thỉïc àn ca S l mn b hỉỵu cå (93%) v to (7%), ngoi cn tçm tháúy Ngun Sinh Âäün g Váût rüt ca S Tintinnopsis v Cocliella Trong thn h pháưn to Silic chiãúm 92%, to Giạp chiãúm 4% v cạc nhọm khạc chiãúm 4% Trong cạc nghiãn cỉïu vãư dinh dỉåỵn g thç âa säú âãưu táûp trung nghiãn cỉïu vãư thỉïc àn ca áúu trn g sn xút giäún g nhán tảo , mäüt säú êt nghiãn cỉïu vãư táûp dinh dỉåỵn g v thỉïc àn chung cho nhọm Bivalvia giai âoản trỉåín g thn h Cạc nghiãn cỉïu háưu thỉûc hiãûn trãn nhiãưu âäúi tỉåün g, chè cọ nháút mäüt nghiãn cỉïu vãư thỉïc àn ca Nghãu (Meretrix lyrata) g biãøn Tr Vinh åí giai âoản trỉåín g thn h Sinh trỉåíng Nhiãût âäü n h hỉåín g âãún hoảt âäün g sinh l v chi phäúi âãún sinh trỉåín g ca sinh váût cho nãn háưu hãút cạc nghiãn cỉïu âãưu táûp trung tçm hiãøu mäúi quan hãû giỉỵa nhiãût âäü v sinh trỉåín g ca Bivalvia Nhỉỵn g nghiãn cỉïu ban âáưu ca nghiãưu tạc gi trãn âäúi tỉåün g Crassostrea, Mercenaria v Mytilus nhàòm xạc âënh khon g nhiãût âäü täúi ỉu cho sinh trỉåín g v nhiãût âäü trụ âäng Mäüt säú nghiãn cỉïu khạc â nãu lãn khon g nhiãût âäü täúi ỉu cho sinh trỉåín g ca Crassotrea virginica, Mercenaria mercanaria, Mytilus californianus v Tivela stultorum, nhiãût âäü ngoi khon g täúi ỉu täúc âäü sinh trỉåín g s gim (Vakily, 1992) Mercenaria mercenaria ni åí cỉía cäún g ca mäüt trảm thy âiãûn (nhiãût âäü nỉåïc áúm hån) låïn nhanh gáúp âäi so våïi nhỉỵn g cạ thãø khạc (Ansell, 1968), äng cn g cho ràòn g åí phêa Bàõc M mercenaria chè sinh trỉåín g ma h åí phêa Nam sỉû sinh trỉåín g diãùn quanh nàm Mäúi tỉång quan giỉỵa täúc âäü sinh trỉåín g v nhiãût âäü åí phêa Bàõc r hån åí phêa Nam Ngoi nhiãût âäü thç thỉïc àn cn g cọ vai tr quan trn g sinh trỉåín g Tỉång tỉû, Gilbert (1973) so sạn h täúc âäü sinh trỉåín g ca Macoma balthica âiãưu kiãûn biãún âäün g låïn ca thåìi tiãút Kãút qu cho tháúy kêch thỉåïc täúi âa v sinh trỉåín g gim, tøi th tàng âi tỉì vé âäü tháúp âãún vé âäü cao Nhiãût âäü cn g tháúp ma sinh trỉåín g cn g ngàõn ÅÍ g nhiãût âäü tháúp , M balthica dn g nhiãưu nàng lỉåün g âãø hä háúp hån l nàng lỉåün g cho sinh trỉåín g v ngỉåüc lải Angell (1986) nghiãn cỉïu sinh trỉåín g ca loi Crassostrea paraibanensis cho tháúy âiãưu kiãûn âáưy â thỉïc àn, täúc âäü sinh trỉåín g nhanh nhiãût âäü tàng, chụn g âảt 15cm chiãưu cao sau mäüt nàm ÅÍ g Âäng Bàõc Venezuela, Háưu âảt cåỵ thỉång pháøm (6cm) khon g thåìi gian khäng âáưy thạn g MacDonald v Thomson (1988) cho ràòn g qưn thãø Placopecten magellanicus säún g åí g nỉåïc sáu cọ kêch thỉåïc cạ thãø täúi âa nh hån so våïi qưn thãø säún g åí g nỉåïc näng Kãút qu nghiãn cỉïu loi M balthica v Patinopecten caurinus cn g cho kãút qu tỉång tỉû Modassir (1990) nghiãn cỉïu sinh trỉåín g v sỉïc sn xút ca Meretrix casta åí cỉía säng Mandovi (ÁÚn Âäü) cho tháúy täúc âäü sinh trỉåín g trung bçnh l 3mm/thạn g, sỉïc sn xút trung bçnh l 31,38g/m2/nàm (theo váût cháút khä) v tè säú B/P l 3,4 Ho (1991) nghiãn cỉïu sinh trỉåín g ca Meretrix lusoria ni ao v bãø th giäún g cåỵ 1g (15,9mm chiãưu di) våïi máût âäü khạc tỉì 60 âãún 360 con/m2 Sau 11 thạn g ni, Nghãu âảt 16,7g (40,2mm) åí lä ni ao Nghãu ni bãø âảt 8,3 g (31,7mm) v 3,9 g (24,6mm) åí máût âäü 60 v 360 con/m2 17 Nguùn Anh Tún Cáøm nang k thût ni thy sn nỉåïc låü NXB Näng Nghiãûp, 1994, 180tr 18 V Sé Tún, Hỉïu Thại Tuún Ván v - Mäüt chè tiãu âãø nghiãn cỉïu âàûc âiãøm sinh trỉåíng ca S Läng Anadara antiquata vng biãøn Bçnh Thûn Tuøn Táûp Bạo cạo Khoa Hc Häüi Nghë Sinh Váût Biãøn Ton Qúc Láưn Thỉï I (2728/10/1995), 1997, trang 270-275 Ti liãûu tiãúng Anh: 19 Akarte S.R., V.V Hiwale, U.H Mane Acute toxicity of monocrotophos to the estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix from Ratnigiri coast (India) Journal of Advance Zoology 1986, 7(1): 57-59 20 Akihiko Shirota The plankton of South Vietnam (freshwater and marine plankton) Overseas Technical Cooperation Agency Japan 1966, 416 p 21 Alcazar S.N Spawning and larval rearing of tridacnid clams in the Philippines Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific, 1988 No.9, 125-128 ACIAR Monograph Series, No.9 Canberra, Australia, Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research 22 Alcazar S.N., E.P Solis and A.C Alcala Serotonin-induced spawning and larval rearing of the China clam, Hippopus porcelanus Rosewater (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) Aquaculture 1987, 66:3-4, 359-368; 14 ref 23 Angell C.L Culturing of spiny oyster, Sacostrea in Ambon, Indonesia Journal of the World Mariculture Society 1984, 15:433-441 24 Angell C.L The Biology and culture of Tropical Oysters ICLARM Studies and Reviews 13, 42 p Published by International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines 1986 115 25 Ansell A.D The rate of growth of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) throughout the geographical range J Cons CIEM 1968, 31(3): 369-409 26 Anuwat Nateewathana Taxonomic account of commercial and edible molluscs excluding cephalopods, of Thailand Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 1995, No 15: 93-116 27 Appeldoorn R.S Sex ratio in the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria Nautilus 1984, 98:2, 61-63 28 Bell L.J and J.C Pernetta Reproductive cycles and mariculture of giant clams in Papua New Guinea Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific 1988, No.9, 133138; ACIAR Monograph Series, No.9 Canberra, Australia, Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research 29 Berg C.J., Jr.J Krzynowek, P Alatalo and K Wiggin Sterol and fatty acid composition of the clam, Codakia orbicularis, with chemoautotrophic symbionts Lipids 1985, 20:2, 116-120; 39 ref 30 Bisker R., M Gibbons and M Castagna Predation by the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau (Linnaeus) on blue crabs and mud crabs, Predators of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758) Journal of Shellfish Research 1989, 8:1, 25-31; 28 ref 31 Blanco G.J., D.K Villaluz and H.R Montalban The cultivation and biology of oysters at Bacoor Bay, Luzon Philippines Journal of Fisheries 1951, 1(1):33-53 32 Blanco G.J The stake (patusok) method of oyster farming in the Dagatdagatan Lagoon, Rizal Province Philippines Journal of Fisheries 1956, 4(1): 21-30 116 33 Braley R.D Reproductive condition and season of the giant clams Tridacna gigas and T derasa utilising a gonad biopsy technique Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific 1988, No 9, 98-103; 1988, No.9, 125-128; ACIAR Monograph Series, No.9 Canberra, Australia, Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research 34 Breber P On-growing of the carpet-shell clam (Tapes decussatus): two years’ experimence in Venice Lagoon Aquaculture 1985, 44:1, 51-56; ref 35 Broom M.J The Biology and Culture of Marine Bivalve Molluscs of Genus Anadara ICLARM Stud Rev 12, 37 p Published by International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines 1985 36 Castagna M Methods of growing Mercenaria mercinaria from postlarval to preferred-size seed for field planting Aquaculture 1984, 39: 355-359; 12 ref 37 Chen H.C and R.R Zall Clam derived proteinases United States Patent 1987, US 4677069 35 p 38 Chen I.M Comparison of the effect of copper on respiration and its accumulation in tissue in the hard clam Meretrix lusoria Zoological Studies 1995, 34(4): 235-240 39 Cheong L and F.Y Chen Preliminary studies on raft method of culturing green mussels, Perna viridis (L.) in Singapore Singapore Journal of Primary Industries 1980, 8(2): 119-133 40 Chin P.K and A.L Lim Oyster culture development in Sabah Sabah Society Journal 1977, 6(3): 107-115 117 41 Chin T.S and H.C Chen Bioaccumulation and distribution of mercury in hard clam, Meretrix lusoria (Bivalvia: Veneridae) Comparative Biochemitry and Physiology C Comparative Pharmacology and Toxicology 1993, 106(1): 131-139 42 Chun S.K., D.S Chang, C.K Park, Y.G Kim and Y.G Rho Basic studies for the production of the hard clam Meretrix lusoria (Roding) in Jeonnbug farming area Bulletin of Fisheries Research and Development Agency 1981, No.26, 7-36; 41 ref 43 Chung E.Y., Y.G Kim and T.Y Lee A study on sexual maturation of hen clam Mactra chinensis Philippi Bulletin of the Korean Fisheries Society, Korea Republish 1987, 20:6, 501-508; 14 ref 44 Clayton W.E.I and T.T Pobran A Pacific oyster stake culture pilot project in Bristish Columbia Bristish Columbia Marine Resource Branch, Fisheries Development Report 1981, No 33, 33pp 45 Comps M and D Chagot A new parasitosis in the clam Ruditapes decusatus L Comptes Rendus de l’ Academie des Sciences, III Sciences de la Vie 1987, 304:1, 41-44; 12 ref 46 Copland J.W and J.S Lucas (Editors) Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific ACIAR Monograph 1988, No.9, 274 pp.; ref Canberra, Australia, Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research 47 Curtin L Oyster farming in New Zealand New Zealand Marine Department, Wellington, NZ Fisheries Technical Report 1971, 72, 99 pp 118 48 Dillon R.T.Jr and J.J Manzi Hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, broodstocks: genetic drift and loss of rare alleles without reduction in heterozygosity Aquaculture 1987, 60:2, 99-105; 35 ref 49 Diter A and C Dufy Polyploidy in the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum II Chemical induction of tetraploid embryos Aquatic Living Resources 1990, 3:2, 107-112; 22 ref 50 Downing S.L and S.K Jr Allen Induced triploidy in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas: optimal treatments with cytochalasin B depend on temperature Aquaculture 1987, 61:1, 1-15: 43 ref 51 Dufy C and A Diter Polyploidy in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum Chemical induction and larval performances of triploids Aquatic Living Resources 1990, 3:1, 55-60: 17 ref 52 Gayanilo C D.F Pauly & P Sparre The FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessement tools (FISAT) User’s Guide FAO computerized Information Series (Fisheries) No.8 Rome, FAO 1996 126 p 53 Gervis M.H and N.A Sims The Biology and culture of pearl oysters (Bivalvia: Pteriidae) ICLARM Stud Rev 21, 49 p Published by Intrenational Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management , Manila, Philippines 1992 54 Gibbons M.C.and M Castagna Serotonin as an inducer of spawning in six bivalve species Aquaculture 1984, 40:2, 189-191; ref 55 Gilbert M.A Growth rate, longevity and maximum size of Macoma balthica (L.) Biol Bull 1973, 145: 119-126 56 Giselle P and B Samonte Oyster and Mussel Farming in Western Visayas, Philippines NAGA, The ICLARM Quarterly, July 1992, pp 46-48 119 57 Gosling E.M and A Nolan Triploidy induction by thermal shock in Manila clam, Tapes semidecussatus Aquaculture 1989, 78:3-4,223-228; 14 ref 58 Gustafson R.G., R.L Creswell, T.R Jacobsen and D.E Vaughan Larval biology and mariculture of the angelwing clam, Cyrtopleura costata Aquaculture 1991, 95:3/4, 257-279, 57 ref 59 Habe Tadashi & Kosuge Sadao Shell of the World in colour Osaka Japan The Tropical Pacific 1966, Vol 2, 2-147 60 Hameed P.S Chemical composition of crystalline in some bivalve molluscs off PortoNovo coast (India) Indian Journal of Marine Science 1986, 15(1): 61-62 61 Hayashi M World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture (annual report) Internet: http://www.fao.org/docrep/w9900e/w9900e02.htm 1996, p 3-24 62 He J.J and X.M Wei A study on food and feeding habit of the clam spat Journal of Fisheries of China 1984, 8:2, 99-106, ref 63 Helm M.M and I Laing Preliminary observations on the nutritional value of ‘Tahiti Isochrysis’ to bivalve larvae Aquaculture 1987, 62:3-4, 281-288; 20 ref 64 Heslinga G.A., F.E Perron and O Orak Mass culture of giant clams (F tridacnidae) in Palau Aquaculture 1984, 39, 197-215; 25 ref 65 Hidu H., C Conary and S.R Chapman Suspended culture of oyster: biological fouling control Aquaculture 1988, 22(1-2): 189-192 120 66 Hirai S., T Kisimoto, A.L Kadam, H Kanatani and S.S Koide Induction of spawning and oocyte maturation by 5-hydroxytryptamine in the surf clam Journal of Experimental Zoology 1988, 245: 3, 318-321; 10 ref 67 Hirata T., I Kubota, N Iwasawa, I Takabatake, T Ikeda and Y Muneoka Structures and action of Mytilus inhibitory peptides Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1988, 152(3): 1376-1382 68 Ho J.S and G.X Zheng Ostrincola koe (Copepoda, Myicolidae) and mass mortality of cultured hard clam (Meretrix meretrix) in China Hydrobiologia 1994, 284(2): 169-173 69 Ho J.S and I.H Kim Copepod parasites of a commercial clam (Meretrix meretrix) from Phuket, Thailand Hydrobiologia 1995, 308(1): 13-21 70 Ho Y.D Growth of hard clam, Meretrix lusoria cultured in ponds in Taiwan Journal of The Fisheries Society of Taiwan 1991, 18(4): 273-278 71 Humphrey J.D Disease risks associated with translocation of shellfish, with special reference to the giant clam, Tridacna gigas Giant Clams in Asia and the Pacific [edited by Copland, J.W.; Lucas, J.S.] 1988, 241-244, 18 ref ACIAR Monograph Series, No.9 Canberra, Australia, Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research 72 Ifon E.T and I.B Umoh Biochemical and nutritional evaluation of Egreria radiata (clam), a delicacy of some riverine peasant populations in Nigeria Food-Chemistry 1987, 24:1, 21-27; 13 ref 73 Imai T Aquaculture in shallow seas: Progress in Shallow Sea Culture Translated from Japanese Published for the National Marine Fisheries Service and the National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, USA by Amerind Publishing Co., Pvt., Ltd., New Deli, India 1977, 615pp 121 74 Jayabal R and M Kalyani Reproductive cycles of some bivalves from Vellar estuary, east coast of India Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 1986, 15(1): 59-60 75 Jayabal R and M Kalyani Biochemical studies in the hard clam Meretrix meretrix from Vellar estuary, east coast of India Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 1986, 15(1): 63-64 76 Jenkins R Mussel Cultivation in the Marlborough Sounds (New Zealand) David Jones Ltd., Wellington, NZ 1979, 75 pp 77 Kalyanasundaram K and K Ramamoorthi Larval development of the clam Meretrix meretrix (Linnaeus) Mahasagar Bulletin of The National Institute of Oceanography 1987, 20(2): 115-120 78 Kamara A.B Preliminary studies to culture mangrove oysters, Crassostrea tulipa, in Sierra Leone Aquaculture 1982, 27:285-294 79 Kassner J and R.E Malouf An evaluation of “spawner transplants” as a management tool in Long Island’s hard clam fishery Journal of Shellfish Research 1982, 2:2, 165-172; 24 ref 80 Karunasagar I., H.S.V Gowda, M Subburaj and M.N Genugopal Outbreak of paralytic shellfish poisoning in Mangalore west coast of India Current Science (Bangalore) 1984, 53(5): 247-249 81 Kenedy V.S and L Van Huekelem Gametogensis and larval production of the introduced Asiatic clam, Corbicula sp (Bivalvia; Corbiculidae), in Maryland Biological Bulletin Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass 1985, 168:1, 50-60; 26 ref 122 82 Kim J.H., S.R Chung and K.H Jeune Lectin from marine shells: IX Purification and carbohydrates specificities of lectin, MLA-1, from the hemolymph of Meretrix lusoria Korean Biochemical Journal 1990, 23(3): 328-334 83 Korringa P Farming of Cupped Oyster of Genus Crassostrea Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, Netherlands 1976a , 224 pp 84 Korringa P Farming of Flat Oyster of Genus Ostrea Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, Netherlands 1976b, 238 pp 85 Kulkarni B.G and M Borkar ATPase activity in the clam, Meretrix casta var ovum (Hanley) acclimated to different salinities Geobios (Jodhpur) 1988, 15(4): 162-165 86 Laing I The use of artificial diets in rearing bivalve spat Aquaculture 1987, 65:3/4, 243-249, 13 ref 87 Laing I and P.F Millican Dried-algae diets and indoor nursery cultivation of Manila Clam juveniles Aquaculture 1991, 95:1-2, 75-87, 33 ref 88 Licciardello J.J., D.L D'Entremont and R.C Lundstrom Radio-resistance of some bacterial pathogens in soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) and mussels (Mytilus edulis) Journal of Food Protection 1989, 52:6, 406-411; 23 ref 89 Lo C.F., M.S Lin, S.M Liu, C.H Wang and G.H Kou Viral interference in TO-2 cells infected with IPN virus isolated from clam, Meretrix lusoria Gyobyo Kenkyu: Fish Pathology 1990,25:3, 133-140; 12 ref 123 90 Lo C.F., Y.W Hong, S.Y Huang and C.H Wang The characteristics of the virus isolated from the gill of clam Meretrix lusoria Fish-Pathology 1988, 23:3, 147-154; 22 ref 91 Luttmer S.J and F.I Longo Sperm nuclear transformations consist of enlargement and condensation coordinate with stages of meiotic maturation in fertilized Spisula solidissima Developmental Biol 1988,128:1, 86-96; 56 ref 92 MacDonald B.A and R.J Thompson Intraspecific variation in growth and reproduction in latitudinally differentiated populations of the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin) Biol Bull 1988, 175(3): 361-371 93 Medcof J.C Oyster farming in the Maritimes Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin 1961, 131 94 Modassir Y Ecology and Production of benthic bivalve Meretrix casta (Chemnitz) in Mandovi estuary, Goa (India) Indian Journal of MarineSciences 1990, 19(2): 125-127 95 Mottet M.G A review of the fishery biology and culture of scallops State of Washington, Department of Fisheries 1979, Technical Report No.39 100 pp 96 Nash W.J., R.G Pearson and S.P Westmore A histological study of reproduction in the giant clam Tridacna gigas in the north-central Great Barrier Reef Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific 1988, No.9, 89-93; ACIAR Monograph Series, No.9 Canberra, Australia, Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research 124 97 Nguyen Ngoc Lam & Doan Nhu Hai Gut content of blood cockle, Anadara granosa (L.), with emphasis on Diatoms, Travinh, South Vietnam Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 1988, 18(1): 77-82 (1998) 98 Paillard C., L Percelay, M le Pennec and D le Picard Pathogenic origin of the “brown ring” in Tapes philippinarum (Mollusca, Bivalve) Comptes Rendus de l’ Acedemie des Sciences, -III Sciences de la Vie 1989, 309:7, 235241; ref 99 Patel B., J.P Chandy and S Patel Do selenium and glutathione inhibit the toxic effects of mercury in marine lamellibranchs Science of The Total Environment 1988, 67(2-3): 147-166 100 Patel B and K Anthony Uptake of cadmium in tropical marine lamellibranchs, and effects on physiological behavior Marine Biology (BERLIN) 1991, 108(3): 457-470 101 Purchon R.D The Biology of Mollusca Second Edition, PERGAMO Press 1977, Vol.57, 560p 102 Quayle D.B Pacific oyster raft culture in Bristish Columbia Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin 178 1971, 34 p 103 Quayle D.B Tropical oysters: culture and methods International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, TS17e 1980, 80 p 104 Quayle D.B Pacific oyster culture in Bristish Columbia Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin 218 1988, 241 p 105 Quayle D B & G.F Newkirk Farming Bivalve Molluscs Methods Study and Development Advances in World Aquaculture Published by The World 125 Aquaculture Society in Association with The International Development Research Center 1989, volume I, 294p 106 Reid R.G.B., P.V Frankboner and D.G Brand Studies on the physiology of giant clam Tridacna gigas Linnẹ Feeding and digestion Comparative Biochemitry and Physiology,-A 1984, 78:1, 95-101; 23 ref 107 Renard P and J.C Cochard Effect of various cryoprotectants on Pacific oyster Crassotrea gigas Thunberg, Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum Reeve and King scallop Pecten maximus (L) embryos: influence of the biochemical and osmotic effects Cryo-letters 1989, 10:3, 169-180; 12 ref 108 Riisgard H.U Feeding rates in hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) veliger larvae as a function of algal (Isochrysis galbana) concentration Journal of Shellfish Research 1989, 7:3,377-380; 17 ref 109 Round F.E The ecology of algae Cambrigde University Press The first published 1981, 653 p 110 Sadiq M., T.H Zaidi and I.A Alam Bioaccumulation of mercury by clams (Meretrix meretrix) collected from the Saudi Coast of the Arabian Gulf Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability 1992, 4(1): 1-8 111 Sadiq M and I.A Alam Bioaccumulation of mercury by clams (Meretrix meretrix) collected from the Saudi Coast of the Arabian Gulf Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability 1992, 4(1): 9-17 112 Sadiq M., I.A Alam and H Al Mohanna Bioaccumulation of nickel and vanadium by clams (Meretrix meretrix) living in different salinity along the 126 Saudi coast of the Arabian Gulf Environmental Pollution 1992, 76(3): 225231 113 Schell S.C Graffilla pugetensis n.sp (Order Neorhabdocoela: Graffillidae), a parasite in the pericardial cavity of the bent-nose clam, Macoma nasuta (Conrad, 1837) Journal-of-Parasitology 1986, 72:5, 748-759, 18 ref 114 Shimura S and R Kuwabara Trichocola japonicus sp Nov., a mytilicolid copepod parasitic in the short neck clam (Tapes philippinarum) from Lake Hamana, Japan Fish Pathology 1984, 18:4,191-197; ref 115 Shumway S.E Factors affecting oxygen consumption in the coot clam Mulinia lateralis (Say), Ophelia 1983, 22:2, 143-171; 89 ref 116 Shpigel M and R Fridman Propagation of the Manila clam (Tapes semidecussatus) in the effluent of fish aquaculture ponds in Eilat, Israel Aquaculture 1990, 90:2, 113-122; 12 ref 117 Sparre P and S.C Venema Introduction to tropical fish stock assessment Part Manual FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No 360.1, Rev Rome, Fao 1998 470p 118 Taguchi H Biosynthesis and metabolism of trigonelline, and physiological action of compound Vitamins 1988, 62:10, 549-557, 22 ref 119 Tisdell C.A Aquaculture as a use of the coastal zone: environmental and economic aspects Giant clam farming as a development Discussion Paper in Economics, Department of Economics, University of Queensland 1989, No.20, 22 pp.; 15 ref 127 120 Tisdell C.A and K Menz Socioeconomic considerations in giant clam mariculture Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific [edited by Copland, J.W.; Lucas, J.S.] 1988, No.9, 246-249, ACIAR Monograph Series, No.9 Canberra, Australia, Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research 121 Tisdell C.A Giant clams in the Pacific the socio-economic potential of a developing technology for their mariculture Development and social change in the Pacific Islands [edited by Couper, A.D.] 1989, 74-88;BLDSC, London, UK; Routledge 122 Trinidad Roa M.J Spawning and larval rearing of giant clams in Pangasinan, Philippines Giant clams in Asia and the Pacific 1988, No.9, 120-124; ACIAR Monograph Series, No.9 Canberra, Australia, Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research 123 Rajendran N., N Rajendran, O Matsuda and V.K Venugopalan Acute toxicity of organochlorine pesticides to fish and shellfishes of tropical estuary Journal of Faculty of Applied Biological Science Hirishima Unuversity 1989, 28(1-2): 37-48 124 Truong Quoc Phu Clam farming in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam The ICLARM Quarterly October 1996, Vol.19 No.4, 60-62 125 Vakily J.M The Biology and culture of Mussels of Genus Perna ICLARM Stud Rev 17, 63 p Published by International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines 1989 126 Vakily J.M Determination and Comparison of Bivalve Growth, with Emphasis on Thailand and Other Tropical Areas ICLARM Tech Rep 36, 128 125p Published by International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines 1992 127 Ventilla R.F The scallop industry in Japan Advances in Marine Biology 1982, 20:310-382 128 Ventilla R.F Recent developments in the Japanese oyster culture industry Advances in Marine Biology 1984, 21: 57 p 129 Vo Si Tuan & Nguyen Huu Phung Status of bivalve exploitation and farming in the coastal waters of South Vietnam Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication 1998, 18(1): 171-174 130 Walker R.L Feasibility of mariculture of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnẹ) in coastal Georgia Journal-of-Shellfish-Research 1983, 3:2, 169-174 131 Wang Z.C., J.M Liu, A Zhu, W.J Li and Y.C Shen A Preliminary survey on the biology of Mactra chinensis in the outfall of Yalu Jiang River Journal of Fisheries of China 1984, 8:1, 33-44; ref 132 Watters K.W and T.E Prinslow Culture of mangrove oyster, Crassostrea rhizophorae Guiding, in Puerto Rico Proceedings of the World Mariculture Society 1975, 6:221-236 133 Winberg G.G Methods for Estimation of Production of Aquatic Animals Academic Press London and New York 1971, 175p 134 Xu X., L.M Qian, J.Y Li and H.R Huang The reproductive phase of the gonads in Mollusca (Corbicula fluminea Muller) in Shanghai Diansan Lake Acta-Zoologica-Sinica 1988, 34:4, 320-324; ref 129