tiểu luận về cách đánh dấu trọng âm từ Tiếng Anh (Hay lắm)

- The stress is placed on the second syllable in the following cases: The 2nd syllable contains long vowel or diphthong except / ou/ or ends with more than one consonant Nếu âm tiết th

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University of Language and international studies-VNU, Hanoi.

Post-graduate department

Training program: MA in English Linguistics

Course title : Principles of phonetics and phonology

Title assignmemt :

A research in to word stress patterns in English

By : Nguyen Dinh Hung

Date of birth : 24.02.1979

Place of birth : Khanh Thanh – Yen Thanh – Nghe Yen Thanh – Yen Thanh – Nghe Nghe

An

Group : PG 08

Tel : 0977.991.996

For : Assoc Prof Dr : Vo Dai Quang

Ha noi 2008—

Acknowledgement

First and foremost ,I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my lecterer, Assoc Prof Dr : Vo Dai Quang for his assistance and support

through this research

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I am also indebted to all my lecterers at Post-graduate department,

University of Language and international studies-VNU, Hanoi for their precious knowledge

I also would like to thank the teachers of English at Quy hop I , Nghe an

Uppersecondary school and Ngoc tao, Hanoi Uppersecondary school, who helped

me a lot in my research

Last but not least, I am grateful to the authors of the books I used as references

in my research whose ideas in their books provided me with useful theoretical background

Hanoi,September,2008

NguyÔn §×nh Hïng

i

NguyenDinhHung - PG 08- A research in to word stress patterns in English

Table Of content

Acknowledgement ……… ……… i

.Table of content……… ………… .ii

Part I ; introduction 1 Rational for choosing the topic……… ……… 1

2 Aims and objectives……… ……… 1

3 Scope of the research……… ……… 1

4 Method of the research……… ……… 1

Part II : Development Chapter I : Theoretical background……… ……… 2

1 Denifition……… ……… .2

2 Stress within word……… ……… 2

3 The nature of word stress………2

4 Knowledge to place the stress……… ……… 2

Chapter II : The rules of placement of stress within the simple words 1 Two-syllable words……….3

2 Three-syllable and more-than-three-syllable words……… 4

Chapter III : The complex words………7

1 Denifition……… ……… 7

2 Suffixes……… ……… ……… 7

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3 Prefixes ……… ……… ……… .8

4 Compound words ……… ……… .9

Chapter IV : Word class pairs ……… ……… 10

Part III: Conclusion ……… ……… ……… 11

1 Review of the research ……… ……… 11

2 Limitation and suggestions for further research ……….11

ii NguyenDinhHung - PG 08- A research in to word stress patterns in English

Part I: Introduction

1 Rational for choosing the topic

Nowadays, in this globalization and intergration era, comunication and cros- comunication have become a pivotal want and need of people all over the world

In Viet nam, English has long been considered a tool of international

comunication and together with its increasing importance, the need of learning English is becoming more urgent than ever But Vietnamese leanershave met a lot of difficulties in learning English,especially in pronunciation of English words.In order to pronounce correctly, speakers must know where the stress of the word is put on correctly

It is very difficult for listeners to listen the words that are pronounced without stress that means the speaker pronounces all the syllables equally,whereas word stress is the pronounced of syllable with more force than surrounding syllables

A stressed syllable is produced by using more air from the lungs Without

correct stress, it can be said that the words might be not understood, or the stress

is not put on correctly,the meaning of the word some times might be different From those reasons , I decide to do a research into word stress patterns in

English

2 Aims and objectives.

This research is mainly aimed at:

-Helping learners to have clear understanding about how to place the stress of a word

-Pointing out some rules of word stress placement

- Helping students pronounce the word correctly with correct stress placement

3 Scope of the research

The research will focus on English simple word stress for two-syllable, three syllable and more-than-three syllable words, the complex words and some special miniral words Other types of stresses will be ignored

4 Method of the research.

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The research is conducted by carefully reading and collecting information from various sources , More over, frequent talks with lecterers, collegues, also ,the research is carried out on the author ‘s personal experiences

1

Part II: Development

Chapter1 : Theoretical Background

1 Denifition:

+, “The degree of force which a speaker pronounces a sound or a syllable is called its stress.” ( Danied Jones , 1909:141)

+, “Stress is the pronouciation of aword or syllables A stressed word or syllable

is produced by using more air from the lungs.” ( Richard, J.C et all 1992:355) +, “Stress is concerned with the perception of realtive PROMINENCE We speak of “stress” when we are considering the prominence with which one part

of the word or of a longer utterance is distinguished from other parts ”

( Randolph Quirk Sidney Green baum.)

2 Stress within the word

This is a binary opposition – Yen Thanh – Nghestress verse no stress – Yen Thanh – Nghe though it is often

relevant to distinguish an intermediate or secondary stress We mark stress with

a high vertical stroke before the syllable carrying the stress

3 The nature of word stress.

The stress syllable has 4 following characteristics ( prominnece):

+ Loudness: The stressed syllable is pronounced louder than other syllable(s) + length : The stressed syllable is pronounced longer than non-stressed

syllable(s)

+ Picth : The stressed syllable is produced with higher picth

+ Quality : The stressed syllable is different about the quality from other

Eg: canal/ kə'næl/

Disagree/ [,disə'gri:]

4 Knowledge to place the stress

When we want to identify the placement of stress word , we should have a careful look at :

-Word forms : single words, derived words or compound words …

-The parts of speech of the words : Nouns, verds , adjectives………

-The numbers of syllables.

-The phonology structure of the syllables in the words.

Note: The stress word happens with the words withn more – Yen Thanh – Nghethan- two- syllable-

words

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Chapter II : The rules of placement of stress within the simle words.

1. Two-syllable words.

For two- syllable words, stress can be put either the first or the second syllable, not both

1.1 With verbs ,adjectives,adverbs and prepositions.

- The stress is placed on the second syllable in the following cases:

The 2nd syllable contains long vowel or diphthong ( except / ou/ ) or ends with more than one consonant (Nếu âm tiết thứ hai có chứa nguyên âm dài hay nguyên

âm đôi (trừ / ou/ hoặc tận cùng bằng hơn một phụ âm thì trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ hai)

Eg : apply[ə'plai](V)

agree [ə'gri:] (V)

attract [ ə'trổkt] (V)

alone [ ə'loun] (adv)

correct[kə'rekt] (a)

inside[in'said] (pre)

Ngoại lệ : honest['ɔnist], perfect['pə:fikt]

-The stress is placed on the 1st syllable for these cases : The 2nd syllable of the word contains short vowel or one consonant or /ou/ ( Nếu âm tiết thứ hai của từ

có chứa nguyên âm ngắn hoặc một phụ âm hoặc / ou/ thì trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất)

Eg : lovely [ 'lʌvli] (a)

Open [ 'oupən] (v)

follow [ 'fɔlou] (v)

sorry [ 'sɔri] (a)

rather['rɑ:đə] (adv)

1.2 With nouns

- The stress is put on the 1st syllable if the word has the 2nd syllable

containing with a short vowel (Đối với danh từ có hai âm tiết thì trọng âm

sẽ dợc đánh vào âm tiết thứ nhất nếu danh từ dó có âm tiết thứ hai có chứa nguyên âm ngắn)

Eg: product [ 'prɔdəkt] ; [ 'prɔdʌkt]

money [ 'mʌni]

-The stress is put on the 2nd syllable for other cases ( Trọng âm của danh từ có hai âm tiết sẽ đợc đánh vào âm tiết thứ hai cho các trờng hợp còn lại)

Eg : balloon[[bə'lu:n]

Design[di'zain]

Estate[is'teit]

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2. Three-syllable and more – Yen Thanh – Nghethan-three – Yen Thanh – Nghesyllable-words

2.1 With Verbs

-If the last syllable of the word contains a short vowel and ends with not more than one consonant, the stress will be placed on the preceding syllable (Đối

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với động từ có từ ba âm tiết – Yen Thanh – Nghe Nếu âm tiết cuối có nguyên âm ngắn và tận cùng không qúa một phụ âm thì trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết trớc đó )

Eg : encounter[in'kauntə]

determine[di'tə:min]

-If the last syllable of the word contains a long vowel or diphthong or ends with more than one consonant, the last syllable will be stressed (Đối với động từ

có từ ba âm tiết-Nếu âm tiết cuối có chứa nguyên âm dài hay nguyên âm đôi hoặc

là kết thúc bằng hơn một phụ âm thì trọng âm của từ đó rơi vào âm tiết cuối)

Eg :entertain [entə'tein] (v)

resurrect[rezə'rekt] (v)

-If the last syllable and the middle syllable of the word contain a long diphthong

or a vowel (which contains /i/ or /u/ or /ə/),the sress if the word must be put on the first syllable.(Đối với động từ có từ ba âm tiết-Nếu âm tiết cuối va âm tiết giữa có chứa nguyên âm đôi hoặc nguyên âm mà có chứa /i/ hoặc /u/ hoặc /ə/ , thì trọng

âm của từ đó phải đợc đánh vào âm tiết đầu tiên.)

Eg : advertise['ổdvətaiz]

speculate['spekjuleit]

Other speaking with three-syllable or more-than-three-syllable verds:(Nói cách khác, Đối với động từ có từ ba âm tiết)

-If the last syllable is the strong one , it will be stressed (Đối với động từ có từ ba

âm tiết ,nếu âm tiết cuối cùng là âm tiết mạnh,thì trọng âm của từ rơi vào âm tiết thứ ba đó)

Eg :entertain [entə'tein] (v)

resurrect[rezə'rekt] (v)

-If the last syllable is a weak one,the stress will be put on the middle one.(Đối với

động từ có từ ba âm tiết,nếu âm tiết cuối cùng là âm tiết yếu thì trong âm củ từ sẽ rơi vào âm tiếtngay trớc nó.)

Eg : encounter[in'kauntə]

determine[di'tə:min]

-If both the last and the middle syllable are the weak ones, the stress will be placed on the first one.(Đối với động từ có ba âm tiết ,nếu cả âm tiết cuối và âm tiết thứ hai đêu là âm tiết yếu ,thì trọng âm của từ dó sẽ đợc đánh vào âm tiết

đầu)

Eg : advertise['ổdvətaiz]

speculate['spekjuleit]

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2.2 With Nouns.

-If the final syllable contains a short vowel or [ou] ,it is unstressed; If the syllable preceding this final syllable contains along vowel or diphthong ,or if it ends with more than one consonant ,the middle syllable will be stressed.(Đối với danh từ có

từ ba âm tiết – Yen Thanh – NgheNếu âm tiết cuối có chứa nguyên âm ngắn hay [ou],thì âm tiết cuối

đó không mang trọng âm ,nếu âm tiết trớc âm tiết cuối có chứa nguyên âm dài hay nguyên âm đôi ,hay nó kết thúc bằng hơn một phụ âm ,thì trọng âm rơi vào

âm tiết giữa)

Eg : potato[pə'teitou]

Disaster[di'zɑ:stə]

statistics[stə'tistiks]

-If the final syllable of the word contains a short vowel and the middle syllable contains a short vowel and ends with not more than one consonant , the first syllable of the word will be stressed.( Đối với danh từ có từ ba âm tiết- Nếuâm tiết cuối của từ có chứa một nguyên âm ngắn và âm tiết giữa chứa nguyên âm

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ngắn và kết thúc không quá một phụ âm,thì trọng âm của từ đó sẽ đợc đánh vào

âm tiết thứ nhất )

Eg :quantity['kwɔntəti]

emperor['empərə]

cinema['sinimə]

-If the last syllable of the word contains a long vowel or diphthong and/ or ends with more than one consonant,the stressed of the word will be placed on the 1st

syllable (Đối với danh từ có từ ba âm tiết – Yen Thanh – NgheNếu âm tiết cuối cùng của từ có chứa nguyên âmdài hoặc nguyên âm đôi và / hoặc kết thúc nhiều hơn một phụ âm,thì trọng âm của từ đo sẽ đợc đánh vào âm tiết đầu)

Eg : intellec t['intəlekt]

Alkali ['ổlkəlai] (n) chất kiềm

Other speaking for three-syllable or more-than-three-syllable nouns:

-If the last syllable is the weak one or ends with [ou],and the 2nd syllable is a strong one , the stress will be put on the second one (Nói cách khác :Đối với danh từ có từ ba âm tiết , nếu âm tiết cuối cùng là âm tiết yếu hoặc [ou], và âm tiết thứ hai là âm tiết mạnh ,thì trọng âm sẽ rơi vào âm tiết thứ hai đó.)

Eg : potato[pə'teitou]

Disaster[di'zɑ:stə]

statistics[stə'tistiks]

-If both the last and the the second syllables are the weak syllables, the stress will

be placed on the first syllable.(Đối với danh từ có từ ba âm tiết,Nếu âm tiết thứ ba

và âm tiết thứ hai đều là âm tiết yếu , thì trọng âm của từ đó sẽ đợc đánh vào âm tiết đầu tiên.)

Eg :quantity['kwɔntəti]

emperor['empərə]

cinema['sinimə]

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2.3 With Adjectives.

The rules of placing stress for three or more-than – Yen Thanh – Nghethree – Yen Thanh – Nghesyllable-adjectives are similar to those of three or more than three syllable nouns.(Các quy luật đánh trọng âm từ đối với tính từ có từ ba âm tiết cung tơng tự nh quy luật đánh trọng

âm đối với danh từ có từ ba âm tiết )

Eg : opportune ['ɔpətju:n ]

Insolent ['insələnt]

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Chapter II : The complex word stress

1 Denifition

-The complex words are of two major types : words made from a basic stem word with the addition of an affix , and compound words

-Affixes are of two sorts in English:

+Prefixes ,which come before the stem

+Suffixes,which come after the stem

Affixes will have one of three possible effectson word stress:

-The affix itself receives the primary stress;

Eg : semicircle ['semisə:kl]

personality[,pə:sə'næləti]

-The word is stressed just as if the affix was not there

Eg : pleasant ['pleznt]

unpleasant [ʌn'pleznt]

- The stress remains on the stem, not the affix but it is shifted to a different syllable

Eg : magnet['mægnit]

Magnetic [mæg'netik]

2 Suffixes.

There are so many suffixes that it will not only be possible here to examine a small proportion of them; I will concentrate on those which are common and productive

2.1The suffixes carrying primary stress themselves:

- “ ain” ( for verbs) Eg : entertain [entə'tein]

- “ee” Eg : refugee [,refju:'dʒi:]

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- “eer” Eg : mountaineer [[,maunti'niə]

-“ese” Eg : Vietnamese [,vjetnə'mi:z]

-“ette” Eg : cigarette [sigə'ret]

-“esque” , “ique” Eg ; picturesque [pikt∫ə'resk] , unique[ju:'ni:k]

2.2 The suffixes that do not affect stress placement

-“able” comfort['kʌmfət] , comfortable['kʌmfətəbl]

-“age” anchor['æηkəkə] anchorage ['æηkəkəridʒ]

- “al” refuse [[ri'fju:z] refusal [ri'fju:zl]

-“en” wide [waid] widen ['waidn]

-“ful” wonder ['wʌndə] wonderful['wʌndəfl]

-“ing” amaze [ ə'meiz]

amazing [ə'meiziηkə ]

-“ish” child [t∫aild] childish ['t∫aildi∫]

( This is the rule for adjectives;verbs; with stems of more than one syllable

7

always have the stress on the syllable immediately preceding “ish” :

“like”, “less” ,”ly” , “ment”, “ness” , “ous” , “fy”, “wise”, “y”(adjectives or nouns)

2.2Suffixes that influen stress in the stem PRIMARY STRESS ON THE LAST SYLLABLE OF THE STEM;

-“eous” advantage [əd'vɑ:ntidʒ] advantageous[ədvən'teidʒəs]

-“graphy” photo ['foutou] photography [fə'tɔgrəfi]

-“ial” proverb [['prɔvə:b] proverbial [prə'və:biəl]

-“ic” climate ['klaimit] climatic [klai'mætik]

-“ion” perfect ['pə:fikt] perfection [pə'fek∫n]

-“ious” injure ['indʒə] injurious [in'dʒuəriəs]

-“ty” tranquil ['træηkəkwil] tranquillity [træηkə'kwiləti]

2.3 THE SUFFIXES ANCE , ANT AND ARY“ ” “ ” “ ”

When these suffixes are attacted to single-syllable stems ,the stress is almost always placed on the stem When the stem has two syllables,the stress is

sometimes on the first,sometimes on the second syllable of the stem.To explain this we need to use a rule based on syllable-structures, as was done for imple words in the previous part If the final syllable of the sten contains a long vowel

or diphthong , or if it ends with more than one consonant , that syllable receives stress

Eg : importance [im'pɔ:təns]

Centenary [sen'ti:nəri]

Military ['militri]

Otherwise,the syllable before the last one receives the stress :

importance [im'pɔ:təns] , Centenary [sen'ti:nəri] , Military ['militri]

I will not consider words with stem of more than two syllables

3 Prefixes

I will only deal briefly with prefixes Their effect on stress does not have the comparative regularity, independence and predictability of the suffixes , and there is no prefix of one or two syllables that always carries primary stress Consequently , the best tresment seems to be to say that stress in words with prefix is governed by the same rules as those for words without prefixes

4. Compound words

Compound words can be analysed in to words, both of which exist

independently as English words Some compounds are made of more than two words , but i will not consider these As with many of the distinctions being made in connection with stress , these are areas of uncertainty

Compouds are written in different ways ; sometimes they are written as one word , eg : “armchair”, “sunflower”, sometimes with the words separated by a

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hyphen, eg : “fruit-cake” and sometimes with two words separated by a space ,

eg : “desk lamp” , that pairs of words were to be treated as compounds

Some rules can be given , though ther are not completely reliable :

8

+ Compounds which are combines two nouns normally have the stress on the first element, as in :

Typewriter ['taip,raitə] , suitacse ['su:tkeis] , car-ferry ['kɑ:feri] , sunrise ['sʌnraiz], Tea-cup ['ti:kʌp] = Compounds with an adjectival first element and – Yen Thanh – Ngheed

morpheme at the end have no stress on the first element

Eg: bad-tempered [bæd'tempəd] , half-timbered [hɑ:f'timbəd] ,

heavy-handed [hevi'hændid]

+ Compounds in which the first element is a number in some forms also tend

to have final stress :

Eg : three-wheeler [θri:'wi:ləri:'wi:lə], second-class [sekənd'klɑ:s]

+ Compounds functioning as adverbs are usually final-stressed:

Eg : head-'first[], North-East[nɔ:θri:'wi:lə'i:st] , down-'stream

+ Finally, compounds which function as verbs and nave an adverbial first

element take final stress: Eg : down-'grade , bak-'pedal , ill-'treat

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Chapter III:

WORD CLASS PAIRS.

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