Tài liệu về danh từ, đại từ và mạo từ (8)

Khóa h c Luy n thi Qu c gia PEN-C: Môn Ti ng Anh (Cô Nguy t Ca) DANH T Danh t ki n th c liên quan (Ph n 2) VÀ CÁC KI N TH C LIÊN QUAN (PH N 2) (TÀI LI U BÀI GI NG) Giáo viên: NGUY T CA ây tài li u kèm v i Bài Danh t ki n th c liên quan (Ph n 2) thu c khóa h c Luy n thi Qu c gia PEN-C: Môn Ti ng Anh (Cô Nguy t Ca) thu c Hocmai.vn th c liên quan, B n c n k t h p xem tài li u gi ng có th n m v ng ki n I COUNTABLE & UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (Danh t đ m đ c/ không đ m đ c) 1.1 S gi ng/ khác nhau: M t danh t có đ đ m đ c (countable) ho c Ệhông đ m đ c (uncountable) Countable nouns Uncountable nouns Có th dùng s t tr c danh t đ m đ c: Không th dùng s t tr c danh t không đ m One banana, two beaches, three songs đ c Danh t đ m đ c có th s (singular) ho c s Danh t không đ m đ c ch có nh t m t d ng nhi u (plural) E.g.: accident – accidents E.g.: rice – rices Có th dùng m o t a/ an tr c danh t đ m đ c Không th dùng m o t a/an tr c danh t không s ít: đ m đ c, nh ng có th dùng a… of… Các danh t A laptop có th chia làm nhóm An engineer * Ch đ n v A piece of information/ music: m t chút thông tin/nh c A loaf of bread: m t bánh mì A drop of water: m t gi t n c A game of tennis: m t ván qu n v t A bar of chocolate: m t sô cô la * Ch v t ch a/ đ ng A bowl of rice: m t bát c m A cup of coffee: m t tách cà phê A glass of beer: m t c c beer A bottle of fruit juice: m t chai n A carton of milk: m t h p s a Không th dùng danh t đ m đ c s m t (thi u a/an/ the/ tính t s h u…) There’s been an accident (Not “There’s been accident”) Có th dùng danh t đ m đ c s nhi u m t mình, Hocmai.vn – Ngôi tr ng chung c a h c trò Vi t c hoa qu * Ch đ n v đo l ng A litre/ liter of water: m t lít n c A gallon of gas: m t ga-lông x ng (US, gallon = 3,8 liters) A metre/ meter of fabric: m t mét v i Có th dùng danh t không đ m đ c m t (mà không c n the/ some/ tính t s h u kèm) Can you hear music? T ng đài t v n: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | - Khóa h c Luy n thi Qu c gia PEN-C: Môn Ti ng Anh (Cô Nguy t Ca) Danh t ki n th c liên quan (Ph n 2) ta dùng v i ngh a “nói chung” Accidents can be prevented Ta dùng some any v i danh t đ m đ c s nhi u: We sang some rock songs (dùng câu kh ng đ nh) Did you buy any apples? (dùng câu ph đ nh/ h i) Ta dùng some any v i v i danh t không đ m đ c: We listened to some music (dùng câu kh ng đ nh) Did you buy any apple juice? (dùng câu ph đ nh/ h i) Ta dùng much little/ a little v i danh t không Ta dùng many few/ a few v i danh t đ m đ mđ c đ c s nhi u * Much: We didn‟t much shopping * Many: They didn‟t take many photos * Few + danh t đ m đ c s nhi u: r t ít, không đ * Little + danh t không đ m đ c: r t ít, không đ đ (có tính ph đ nh, hàm ý chê) đ (có khuynh h ng ph đ nh, hàm ý chê) I have few books, not enough for reference reading I have little money, not enough to buy groceries * A few + danh t đ m đ c s nhi u: có m t chút, * A little + danh t không đ m đ c: có m t chút, đ đ đ đ I have a few records, enough for listening I have a little money, enough to buy groceries 1.2 M t danh t v a đ m đ       c, v a Ệhông đ m đ Countable ( m đ c) Did you hear a noise just now? (= a particular noise) I bought a paper to read (= a newspaper) There‟s a hair in my soup! (= one single hair) You can stay with us There is a spare room (= a room in a house) I had some interesting experiences while I was away (= things that happened to me) Enjoy your holiday Have a good time! c       Uncountable (Không đ m đ c) I can‟t work here There‟s too much noise (not „too many noises‟) I need some paper to write on (= material for writing on) You‟ve got very long hair (not „hairs‟) (= all the hair on your head) You can‟t sit here There isn‟t room (= space) They offered me the job because I had a lot of experience (not „experiences‟) I can‟t wait I haven‟t got time 1.3 Coffee/tea/beer/juice v.v (nh ng th c u ng) th ng Ệhông đ m đ c: E.g I don‟t drink coffee very often But they can be countable when you are thinking of a cup / a glass etc So you can say: Nh ng chúng có th đ m đ c n u b n ngh m t tách/m t ly v.v Vì v y b n có th nói: E.g (in a hotel) Two teas to 222 1.4 Có m t s danh t Ệhông đ m đ c ti ng Anh nh ng ệ i đ m đ c ngôn ng khác accommodation behaviour damage luck permission traffic luggage bread furniture advice progress weather Hocmai.vn – Ngôi tr ng chung c a h c trò Vi t T ng đài t v n: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | - Khóa h c Luy n thi Qu c gia PEN-C: Môn Ti ng Anh (Cô Nguy t Ca) Danh t ki n th c liên quan (Ph n 2) baggage scenery chaos information news work Nh ng danh t th ng không đ m đ c, v y: * b n không th dùng a / an v i chúng * (b n không th nói a bread, an advice v.v ) Chúng th ng không th s nhi u (ta không nói breads, advices v.v ): I‟m going to buy some bread or a loaf of bread (not „a bread‟) Enjoy your holiday! I hope you have good weather (not „a good weather‟) Where are you going to put all your furniture? (not „furnitures‟) * News không đ m đ c, không ph i th s nhi u: The news was very depressing (not „the news were‟) * Travel (danh t ) ngh a „s nói chung‟ B n không th nói „a travel‟ v i ý ngh a m t cu c hành trình hay m t chuy n đi: We had a very good journey (Not „a good travel‟) 1.5 Hãy so sánh nh ng danh t đ m đ c Ệhông đ m đ Countable ( m đ c)  I‟m looking for a job  What a beautiful view!  It‟s a nice day today  We had a lot of bags and cases  These chairs are mine  It was a good suggestion c sau: Uncountable (Không đ m đ c)  I‟m looking for work (not „a work‟)  What beautiful scenery!  It‟s nice weather today  We had a lot of luggage (not „luggages‟)  This furniture is mine  It was good advice II POSSESSIVE NOUNS (HI N T NG S H U CÁCH C A DANH T ) Nhi u ng i g p khó kh n phân bi t gi a danh t s h u danh t s nhi u Danh t s h u đ i t ch rõ quy n s h u ho c m t s m i quan h t ng t đ i v i m t khác Danh t s nhi u ch nhi u h n m t ng i, đ a m hay v t Look for the Apostrophe Possessive nouns typically include an apostrophe For example: E.g.: Jennifer‟s imagination ran wild as she pictured the accident (Trí t ng t ng c a Jennifer lo n lên cô y nh l i/ h i t ng l i c nh v tai n n) The kitten‟s toy is a plastic mouse ( ch i c a mèo m t chu t nh a) Hãy ngh đ n nh ng d u nháy đ n nh m t móc ho c tay v n đ ch quy n s h u c a đ i t ng/v t th N u móc nh ho c tay n m vào 's' ho c t ti p theo, danh t đ n gi n ch s nhi u Rule 1: L p danh t s h u s Thêm m t d u nháy đ n + s v i h u s B n s s d ng quy t c nhi u nh nhi u nh ng không thêm 's' Nh ng t nh ng t nh v y Nh ng danh t s danh t • Danh t s ít: kitten‟s toy- đ ch i c Hocmai.vn – Ngôi tr h t vào danh t s danh t s nhi u mà không k t thúc t, v y ph i đ c bi t ý đ n Ti ng Anh có m t s t s nh children- tr em, sheep- c u, women- ph n men- nam gi i nhi u đ c coi nh nh ng danh t s hình thành s h u c a a mèo,Joe‟s car- xe c a Joe ng chung c a h c trò Vi t T ng đài t v n: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | - Khóa h c Luy n thi Qu c gia PEN-C: Môn Ti ng Anh (Cô Nguy t Ca) Danh t ki n th c liên quan (Ph n 2) • S nhi u không k t thúc b ng s: Women‟s dresses- Nh ng chi c áo dài c a ph n , sheep‟s pastuređ ng c c a nh ng c u, children‟s toys- đ ch i tr em Rule 2: L p s h u c a danh t s nhi u Thêm m t d u nháy đ n ch đ danh t s nhi u mà k t thúc b ng s B n không c n ph i thêm 's' vào danh t s nhi u mà k t thúc v i ch 's' n gi n ch c n gài d u nháy đ n vào cu i đ cho bi t r ng danh t s nhi u hi n m t danh t s h u s nhi u • Companies‟ workers • Horses‟ stalls • Countries‟ armies Rule 3: i v i danh t có g ch n i s nhi u c a danh t ghép Các t ghép t đ c hình thành có d u g ch n i gi a th ng gây r c r i Thêm „ + s đ k t thúc t ghép ho c t cu i m t danh t có g ch n i • My mother-in-law‟s recipe for meatloaf is my husband‟s favorite (Công th c bánh mì th t c a m ch ng n yêu thích c a ch ng tôi.) • The United States Post Office‟s stamps are available in rolls or in packets (Tem b u Hoa K có s n d ng cu n ho c gói.) Rule 4: Cho bi t s h u hai danh t đ c n i v i B n có th vi t v hai ng i ho c hai đ a m ho c nh ng u mà chia s s s h u c a m t đ i t ng N u hai danh t chia s quy n s h u, ch s h u nh t m t l n, danh t th hai Thêm „ + s đ ch danh t th hai E.g.: Brad and Angelina‟s latest film Rule 5: Cho bi t s h u hai danh t đ c tham gia, quy n s h u riêng bi t i u khó kh n nh t quy t c, nh ng may m n thay, b n s có th ch c n quy t c không th ng xuyên Khi hai danh t ch quy n s h u, nh ng ch s h u riêng bi t, m i danh t đ c d u nháy đ n + s • Lucy‟s and Ricky‟s dressing rooms were painted pink and blue (Each owns his or her own dressing room, and they are different rooms) Lucy phòng thay đ c a Ricky đ c s n màu h ng màu xanh (M i ng i s h u phòng thay đ riêng c a mình, phòng c a h khác nhau) • Senator Obama‟s and Senator Clinton‟s educations are outstanding (Each senator owns his or her education, but they attained separate educations) N n giáo d c c a Th ng ngh s Clinton n n giáo d c c a Th ng ngh s Obama đ u xu t s c (M i th ng ngh s s h u n n giáo d c riêng c a mình, nh ng h đ t đ c m t n n giáo d c riêng bi t) III NO/NONE/ANY 3.1 B n có th dùng nh ng t ph đ nh đ u câu hay m t mình: No - none - nothing - nobody/no one nowhere No cars are allowed in the city centre None of this money is mine „What did you say‟? „Nothing.‟ Nobody (or No one) came to visit me while I was in hospital Hocmai.vn – Ngôi tr ng chung c a h c trò Vi t T ng đài t v n: 1900 58-58-12 - Trang | - Khóa h c Luy n thi Qu c gia PEN-C: Môn Ti ng Anh (Cô Nguy t Ca) „Where are you going‟? Danh t ki n th c liên quan (Ph n 2) „Nowhere I‟m staying here.‟ 3.2 B n c ng có th dùng nh ng t sau m t đ ng t , nh t sau be have The house is empty There‟s nobody living there She had no difficulty finding a job 3.3 No/nothing/nobody v.v = not + any/anything/anybody v.v : We haven‟t got any money (= We‟ve got no money.) I didn‟t say anything (= I said nothing.) She didn‟t tell anybody about her plans (= She told nobody ) The station isn‟t anywhere near here (= is nowhere near here) 3.4 Khi b n dùng no/nothing/nobody v.v không dùng đ ng t ph đ nh (isn’t, didn’t, can’t v.v ): I said nothing (not „I didn‟t say nothing‟) Nobody tells me anything (not „Nobody doesn‟t tell ‟) 3.5 Chúng ta c ng dùng any/anything/anybody v.v (không dùng not) có ngh a it doesn‟t matter which/what/who So sánh no- any-: What you want to eat? „ Nothing I‟m not hungry.‟ I‟m so hungry I could eat anything (= it doesn‟t matter what) The exam was extremely difficult Nobody passed (= everybody failed) The exam was very easy Anybody could have passed (=it doesn‟t matter who) 3.6 No none Chúng ta dùng no + danh t No = not a ho c not any: We had to walk home because there was no bus (= there wasn’t a bus) I can‟t talk to you now I‟ve got no time (= I haven’t got any time) There were no shops open (= there weren’t any shops open) 3.7 Chúng ta dùng none m t (không có danh t ): „How much money have you got?‟ - „None.‟ (= no money) All the tickets have been sold There are none left (= no tickets left) 3.8 Ho c dùng none of None of these shops/ none of my money/ none of it/them/us/you Sau none of + t s nhi u (none of the shops, none of them v.v ) b n có th dùng đ ng t s hay s nhi u ng t s nhi u th ng đ c dùng h n: None of the shops were (or was) open 3.9 Sau nobody/no one b n có th dùng they/them/their: Nobody phoned, did they? ( = did he or she) The party was a disaster Nobody enjoyed themselves (= himself or herself) No one in the class did their homework (= his or her homework) Giáo viên: Nguy t Ca Ngu n Hocmai.vn – Ngôi tr ng chung c a h c trò Vi t T ng đài t v n: 1900 58-58-12 : Hocmai.vn - Trang | -