Câu Điều Kiện Ngữ Pháp Và Bài Tập Luyện Thi Đại Học

Câu điều kiện gồm có hai mệnh đề: một mệnh đề nêu lên điều kiện được gọi là mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện If - clause và một mệnh đề còn lại nêu lên kết quả được gọi là mệnh đề chính Main clause

Câu điều kiện gồm có hai mệnh đề: một mệnh đề nêu lên điều kiện được gọi là

mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện (If - clause) và một mệnh đề còn lại nêu lên kết quả được gọi

là mệnh đề chính (Main clause)

Ví dụ: If it rains, I will stay at home

(= I will stay at home if it rains.)

If- clause: If it rains Main clause: I will stay at home

Lưu ý:

- Hai mệnh đề trong câu điều kiện có thể hoán đổi vị trí cho nhau

- Nếu mệnh đề điều kiện (If – clause) đứng ở đầu câu thì mệnh đề này được ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính (Main clause) bằng dấu phẩy (,)

Trong tiếng Anh có ba loại câu điều kiện chính: câu điều kiện loại 1,2, và 3 Tuy nhiên cần lưu ý các loại biến thể khác trong câu điều kiện

A TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Các loại câu điều kiện)

I Conditional sentence: type 1 (Câu điều kiện loại 1)

Future simple S + will +

V (bare inf.)

Ex: If I find her address, I will send her an invitation

If Mary does not feel better tomorrow, she will see a doctor

Lưu ý: Ngoài cách dùng trên ta còn có các cách dùng khác sau đây:

1 Diễn tả sự cho phép với can:

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

( CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN ) (Tài liệu Tổng Ôn kiến thức thi THPT Quốc Gia 2016 Môn Tiếng Anh )

Nguồn : https://www.facebook.com/groups/tienganh.cohuong.thayphuc.hocmai/

Ex: If you finish your homework, you can go out

2 Diễn tả sự khuyên bảo với should:

Ex: If you want to become a good student, you should study hard Với

cách dùng mở rộng này ta có thể dùng cấu trúc sau:

Present simple If + S + V/ V- s/es

Future simple

S + can/must/should… + V (bare inf.)

3 Diễn tả sự việc có thể xảy ra nhưng rất hiếm:

Ex: If I should find any dust on the chair, I will slap your face (với

những trường hợp này, thì sau if ta nên dùng thêm “should”) 4

Dùng với thì hiện tại hoàn thành:

Ex: If you have finished the report, let’s go for a walk

5 Dùng trong câu mệnh lệnh:

If + S + V/V-s/es, + V (bare inf.) + O

Ex1: If you go to the Post Office, mail this letter for me

Ex2: Please call me if you hear anything from Jane

Ex3: If Tom comes, give him this grammar book II

Conditional sentence: type 2 (Câu điều kiện loại 2)

1 Cách dùng:

- Diễn tả những hành động, sự việc không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại; hoàn toàn trái

ngược với thực trạng ở hiện tại

S + would + V (bare inf.)

Ex1: If I had a lot of free time, I would go swimming

(= I haven’t got free time, so I won’t go swimming.)

Ex2: If Tom were here, he would know the answer

(= Tom isn’t here, so he doesn’t know the answer.) Ex3:

I would call him if I knew his phone number

(= I don’t know his phone number, so I won’t call him.)

Lưu ý:

- Past Subjunctive: (Quá khứ giả định) là hình thức quá khứ đơn của động từ nhưng ngoại trừ động từ “to be” chúng ta chỉ dùng một hình thức WERE cho tất cả các ngôi

- Theo ngữ pháp truyền thống chúng ta dùng “were” cho tất cả các ngôi,

nhưng theo ngữ pháp hiện nay “was” cũng được chấp nhận cho ngôi he, she, it và I

- Biến thể cơ bản: COULD và MIGHT có thể thay thế cho WOULD để chỉ khả năng:

Ex1: If he tried, he might succeed in his job

(= He might succeed in his job if he tried.)

Ex2: My father could speak Spanish well if he lived in Spain

(If my father lived in Spain, he could speak Spanish well.) Ex3:

If John worked hard, he could pass his exam

(John could pass his exam if he worked hard.) III

Conditional sentence: type 3 (Câu điều kiện loại 3)

If + S + had + V (past participle)

Perfect Conditional S + would have +

V(past participle)

Ex1 If I had known the answer, I would have told her

Ex2 I would have gotten the scholarship if I had studied harder

Lưu ý: Các biến thể cơ bản:

- Dùng chỉ sự chủ quan, sự cho phép với could

Ex1: If I had taken part in the competition last week, I could have won a prize

Ex2: If you had finished your homework last night, you could have gone to the

cinema

- Dùng chỉ khả năng khách quan với might

Ex: If it had rained much, the last crop might have been better

Ngoài ba loại câu điều kiện nêu trên còn có các loại điều kiện đặc biệt sau đây: IV Conditional sentence: type zero (Câu điều kiện loại 0)

1 Cách dùng:

- Chúng ta dùng câu điều kiện loại 0 khi kết quả là luôn luôn đúng, hoàn toàn chắc chắn hoặc là một sự thật Chúng ta không quan tâm hành động, sự việc là quá khứ, hiện tại hay tương lai

2 Cấu trúc:

Present simple If + S + V/ V- s/es

Present simple

S + V/ V- s/es

Ex: If you heat the ice, it smelts

Hãy xem những ví dụ sau đây:

Present simple Present simple

If I miss the 8 o'clock bus, I am late for work

If I am late for work, my boss gets angry

If people don't eat, they get hungry

V Mixed conditional sentence: type 3 and 2 (Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 3 và 2)

Ex1: If he had worked harder at high school, he would be a university student now (Nếu anh ra học hành chăm chỉ hơn, thì giờ đây anh ta đã là một sinh viên rồi.)

Ex2: If I had taken his advice, I would be rich now

(Nếu tôi làm theo lời khuyên của anh ấy thì giờ đây tôi đã giàu rồi)

IV Mixed conditional sentence:type 2 and 3(Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp loại 2 và 3)

Ex1: If I were you, I would have learned English earlier

Ex2: If he did not love her, he would not have married her

Đối với đối tượng học sinh khá, giỏi tôi mở rộng cho các em lượng kiến thức nâng cao sau:

B CÁC CÁCH DIỄN ĐẠT KHÁC CỦA CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN

Ex: Go away or I will call the police = If you don’t go away, I will call the police

Ex: Without water, life wouldn’t exist

= If there were no water, life wouldn’t exist

Ex: Unless you work hard, you will fail the exam

= If you don’t work hard, you will fail the exam

4 Supposed (that) / Supposing (that)

Provided (that) / Providing (that)

Ex1: Supposed that he were in Hanoi now, I would visit him

Ex2: You can go home late provided that you do the homework

Ex: If only I were 10 cm taller, I would become a basketball player

8 Cách sử dụng will, would, could, should trong một số trường

hợp khác Thông thường các trợ động từ này không được sử dụng

với if trong mệnh đề điều kiện của câu điều kiện, tuy nhiên vẫn có

một số ngoại lệ như sau: a If you (will/would): Nếu vui lòng

Thường được dùng trong các yêu cầu lịch sự “Would” lịch sự hơn “will” Ex: If you will/would wait for a moment, I will go and see if Mr Conner is

here b If + Subject + Will/Would: Nếu chịu - Để diễn đạt ý tự nguyện

Ex: If he will listen to me, I can help him

- “Will” còn được dùng theo mẫu câu này để diễn đạt sự ngoan cố: Nếu nhất

định…

Ex: If you will turn on the music loudly so late tonight, no wonder why your

neighbours complain

c If you could… : Xin vui lòng

- Diễn đạt lịch sự một yêu cầu mà người nói cho rằng người kia sẽ đồng ý như là một lẽ đương nhiên

Ex: If you could open your book, please

d If + Subject + should + + command: Ví phỏng như

- Diễn đạt một tình huống dù có thể xảy ra được song rất khó

Ex: If you should find any difficulty in using that TV, please call me

9 Cách sử dụng if trong một số trường hợp khác

a If then: Nếu thì

Ex: If she cannot come to us, then we will have to go and see her

b If dùng trong dạng câu suy diễn logic (không phải câu điều kiện):

- Động từ ở các mệnh đề diễn biến bình thường theo thời gian của chính nó

Ex1: If you want to learn a musical instrument, you have to practice

Ex2: If you did not do much maths at school, you will find economics difficult to understand

Ex: If that was Marry, why didn’t she stop and say hello?

c If should = If happen to = If should happen to

- Diễn đạt sự không chắc chắn

Ex: If you should happen to pass a supermarket, perhaps you could get some eggs

d If was/were to

- Diễn đạt điều kiện không có thật hoặc tưởng tượng (gần giống câu điều kiện không có thật ở hiện tại)

Ex1: If our boss was/were to come in now, we would be in real

trouble ( If the boss came in now, we would be in real trouble.)

Ex2: What would we do if I was/were to lose my job

- Hoặc có thể diễn đạt một ý lịch sự khi đưa ra đề nghị

Ex: If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down

Lưu ý: Cấu trúc này tuyệt đối không được dùng với các động từ tĩnh tại hoặc chỉ trạng thái tư duy

Correct: If I knew her name, I would tell you

Incorrect: If I was/were to know her name, I would tell you

e If it + to be + not + for: Nếu không vì, nếu không nhờ vào

- Thì hiện tại:

Ex: If it wasn’t/weren’t for the children, that couple wouldn’t have any thing to talk about

- Thì quá khứ:

Ex: If it hadn’t been for your help, I don’t know what to do

Lưu ý: Not đôi khi được thêm vào những động từ sau if để bày tỏ sự nghi ngờ, không chắc chắn (Có nên hay không )

Ex: I wonder if we shouldn’t ask the doctor to look at Mary

f It would if + subject + would (sẽ là nếu – không được

dùng trong văn viết) Ex1: It would be better if they would tell

everybody in advance Ex2: How would we feel if this would happen

to our family

g If +S + would + have + V(pp), + S + would + have + V(pp):

- Dùng trong văn nói, không dùng trong văn viết, diễn đạt điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ

Ex1: If I’d have known, I’d have told you

Ex2: If she’d have recognized him it would have been funny

h If + preposition + noun/verb (subject + be bị lược bỏ) Ex1:

If in doubt, ask for help

= If you are in doubt, ask for help

Ex2: If about to go on a long journey, try to have a good night sleep

= If you are about to go on a long journey, try to have a good night sleep

k If dùng với một số từ như any/anything/ever/not

- Để diễn đạt ý phủ định

Ex1: There is little if any good evidence for UFOs

(There is little evidence, if there is any at all, for UFOs)

Ex2: I’m not angry If anything, I feel a little surprised

- Cách nói này còn diễn đạt ý kiến ướm thử: Nếu có Ex1: I’d say he was

more like a father, if anything

Ex2: He seldom if ever travel abroad

Ex3: Usually, if not always, we write “cannot” as one word

l If + Adjective = although (cho dù là) nhưng nghĩa không mạnh bằng although - Dùng để diễn đạt quan điểm riêng hoặc vấn đề gì đó không quan trọng

Ex1: His style, if simple, is pleasant to read

Ex2: The profits, if little lower than last year’s, are still extremely wealthy

- Cấu trúc này có thể thay bằng may , but

Ex: His style may be simple, but it is pleasant to read

10 Hình thức đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện

a Type 1:

If-clause = Should + S (+not) + V(bare-inf.)…

Ex1: If he has money, he will buy a new car

 Should he have money, he will buy a new car

Ex2: If Linda does not do her homework, she will be punished

 Should Linda not do her homework, she will be punished

b Type 2:

Ex1: If he knew the answer, he would tell you

 Were he to know the answer, he would tell you

Ex2: If I were you, I would go abroad for studying

 Were I you, I would go abroad for studying

c Type 3:

Ex: If they hadn’t gone to Huong pagoda by coach, they would not have got carsick

 Had they not gone to Huong pagoda by coach, they would not have got carsick

CÁC DẠNG BÀI TẬP VỀ CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN

A DẠNG BÀI TẬP TỰ LUẬN

If-clause = Were + S (+not) + to V…

If-clause = Had + S (+ not) + V (pp)…

I Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses

(Conditional sentences: Type 1)

Example: If he runs, he will get there in time

The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail

1 David will leave for Rent tomorrow if the weather (be) fine

2 What will you do if you (not / go) away for the weekend ?

3 The game (start) if you put a coin in the slot

4 If you (be) scared of spiders, don’t go into the garden

5 We’ll have to go without John if he ( not arrive)……….soon

6 Please don’t disturb him if he (be) busy

7 If she (accept) your card and roses, things will be very much hopeful

8 If a holiday (fall) on a weekend, go to the beach

9 If she (come)……… late again, she’ll lose her job

10 If he (wash)……… my car, I’ll give him $20

11 He’ll be late for the train if he (not start)……… at once

12 If I lend you $100, when you (repay)……… me?

13 Unless I have a quiet room I (not be able)……… to do any work

14 If we leave the car here, it (not be)……… in anybody’s way

15 Someone (steal)……… your car if you leave it unlocked

16 Unless he (sell)……….more, he won’t get much commission

17 If you come late, they (not let)……… you in

18 If you (not go)……… away I’ll send for the police

19 If he (eat) all that, he will be ill

20 What (happen) if my parachute does not open?

* ANSWER KEY

II Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses

(Conditional sentences: Type 2)

Example: If I had a map, I would lend it to you

If I were you, I would love him

= Were I you, I would love him

1 If I knew his address, I (write) to him

2 If the sun (be) shining now, we would go to the beach

3 If you (paint)……….the walls white, the room would be much brighter

4 If he knew that it was dangerous he (not come)………

5 I (buy)……… shares in that company if I had some money

6 If you drove more carefully, you (not have)………… so many accidents

7 If I (be)……… you, I (not worry)……… about going to university

8 If I (have)………any money, I would give you some

9 Mary doesn’t study hard She (not pass)……….… the examination unless she worked harder

10 What you (buy)……….if your father gave you $200?

11 If I ( know)……… his phone number, I would call him

12 We would need less money if we ( live)……….in the country

13 How (you/ feel)……… if you were in my position?

14 If he (get) up earlier, he’d get to work on time

15 If I (be) you, I (tell) them the truth

16 They would go to the beauty spot if they (have) time

17 If we (have) a car, we would drive to work every day

18 Where you (choose) if you could live anywhere in the world ?

20 If I (pass) the exam, he would be astonished

21 I wouldn’t agree with him if he (tell) me about his plan

22 If she (elect) the Prime Minister, she would invest more on education

23 If I (be) rich, I would live in a castle

24 If you (not – work) so hard, you would find the time

25 If he (work) harder, the result would be better

*ANSWER KEY

III Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses

(Conditional sentences: Type 3)

Example: - If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life

- If the patient had got the treatment, he wouldn’t have died

- Had he studied hard, he would have passed the exam

1 If Mary (wear)…………a raincoat, she would not have got a cold

2 There (not have)… ……an accident if the driver in front hadn’t stopped so

suddenly

3 If she had eaten something, she (not feel)……… hungry

4 If I (have)………a sound sleep last night I would have been well

5 If it (not rain)…………yesterday we would have had lunch in t he garden

6 If it had not been very expensive I (buy)……… it

7 If the teacher (speak)………more slowly Peter would have understood the

lessons

8 If I (have) my camera with me yesterday, I (take) a

picture of Alex standing on his head

9 The cowboy pulled his gun to shoot at the rattlesnake, but he was too late If he (be) quicker to pull the trigger, the snake (not-bite) him on the foot

10 If you (be) more careful, you wouldn't have cut yourself

11 If Martin had set his alarm clock, he (not oversleep)

12 If you (speak) more slowly, he might have understood you

13 If he had known the whole story, he (not be) so angry

14 If I (be) ready when he called, he would have taken me with him

15 I didn't know you were in hospital If I (know), I (go) to visit you

*ANSWER KEY

have taken

13 wouldn’t have been

have bitten

14 had been

IV: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses

1 If I (be)……… you, I (apply) …………for a job as soon as possible

2 I could understand the French teacher if she (speak) more slowly

3 If you (make) ………a run for it, you’ll catch the train

4 If Laura (not eat) ………so much, she wouldn’t have put on weight

5 I (accept) if they invite me to the party

6 The earthquake would have caused less damage if the house (be) ………… of

stronger construction

7 If there (be) ………a good breeze on Sunday, we’ll go hang-gliding

8 You can get there more quickly if you (take) …………the short cut across the

playing field

9 If he (be) ………taller, he (be able) ………to join the police

10 If she (read) in bad light, she’ll ruin her eyes

11 If I were you, I (wear) …some warm clothes today It’s quite cold outside

12 Don’t worry about getting home If you (miss) …… …the last bus, I’ll give you a lift in my car

13 Jim would get better marks at school if he (do) …………more homework

14 He (not leave) ………his last job if the salary had been better

15 What you (do) ………if you saw someone drowning in the sea?

16 If I had any news, I (phone) ………you yesterday

17 I don’t have much money, but if I (have) … …, I (travel) ….…around the world

18 If you (tell) ………me he was ill, I (visit) ………him

19 If you go in the rain without a raincoat, you (catch) ………a cold

20 If you had been at the party last Sunday, you (meet) …… …some old friends

21 I’d change this old motorcycle if I (have) ………… ……enough money

22 He would have died if the doctors (not operate) ………on him

23 If I had a car, I (give) ………you a ride

24 If I meet Paul tomorrow, I (give) ………him your letter

25 If the weather (be)……nice next weekend, they (go) ………to the country

26 If people (not eat) ………so many sweets, their teeth wouldn’t fall out

27 If we (take) ………your advice, we’d have saved a lot of time

28 If you don’t hurry, we (be) ………late for the match

29 If you didn’t smoke so many cigarettes, you (feel) ………better

30 She would be better-looking if she (not have) ………such a big nose

*ANSWER KEY

V Rewrite the following sentences using “Unless”

* “Unless” = If not (nếu không, trừ phi)

Example: If you don’t study hard, you will fail the exam

If she doesn’t water these trees, they will die

 Unless she waters these trees, they will die

If we had more rain, our crops would grow faster

Đổi động từ sang thể ngược lại

* ANSWER KEY

1 Unless I feel better, I won’t go to school

2 Unless you question Tony, he won’t talk to you

3 Unless you put on your overcoat, you’ll be cold

4 Unless you work hard, you will fail the exam

5 Unless you keep your feet dry, you will get a cold

6 Unless I leave now, I’ll miss my flight

7 Unless you are going to the party, I won’t go

8 Unless you give me your address, I can’t send you a postcard

9 Unless I won a big prize in a lottery, I wouldn’t build a school for the poor

10 Unless you leave me alone, I’ll call the police

VI Changing situations into conditional sentences

* So + clause => Main clause

* That’s why + clause => Main clause

* Because + clause => If- clause

* Indicating clause of cause => If – clause

Clause of result => Main clause

Example: They don’t have enough time so they cannot do me a favour

=> If they had time, they could do me a favour

=> If she stopped smoking, she wouldn’t have a sore throat

Exercise 1: Rewrite the following sentences using conditional sentences: type 2