Cricket and the Law Football may be the people’s game, but the quintessentially English game of cricket has a firm place within the public’s affection with many cricketing concepts escaping the confines of the game to carry far broader social meanings Cricket and the Law charts the inter-relationship between cricket—the law of the game, and legal theory—the law of our lives Fraser draws fascinating connections and commonalities between these two seemingly disparate, complex sets of conventions This engaging study will be enjoyed by lawyers and students of law, sport, sociology and cultural studies, as well as cricket lovers everywhere David Fraser is Professor of Law and Social Theory at the School of Law, Nottingham University, UK Routledge Studies in Law, Society and Popular Culture Series Editors: Steve Greenfield and Guy Osborn School of Law, University of Westminster, UK Routledge Studies in Law, Society and Popular Culture is an inter-disciplinary series that examines the relationship between the law and all areas of popular culture Particular foci include the regulation of spheres of popular culture and representations of law within popular culture ‘popular Culture’ is a broad and inclusive church that includes all aspects of leisure and culture, including but not confined to music, sport, film, media, night-time economy, art, literature, the internet etc Whilst law may well provide a useful vehicle for an analysis of cultural activities within society the absence of law in the field may be just as important and worthy of consideration The Series Editors are interested in receiving proposals and manuscripts for this series, please contact Dr Guy Osborn or Steve Greenfield at the University of Westminster (G.Osbom@wmin.ac.uk or S.Greenfield@wmin.ac.uk) This is the first book in the series Cricket and the Law The Man in White is Always Right David Fraser LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2005 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk" © 2005 David Fraser All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made Every effort has been made to ensure that the advice and information in this book is true and accurate at the time of going to press However, neither the publisher nor the authors can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made In the case of drug administration, any medical procedure or the use of technical equipment mentioned within this book, you are strongly advised to consult the manufacturer’s guidelines British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-48594-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-59047-3 (Adobe e-Reader Format) ISBN 0-714-65347-0 (hbk) ISBN 0-714-68285-3 (pbk) I want to stress again one aspect of the game which is most important Never argue with an umpire —Ian Botham I don’t understand why, in a democratic society, where government and all the accepted standards in every walk of life are being questioned, umpires should be immune —Asif Iqbal Contents Series editor’s preface ix Preface xi Foreword xv Introduction The legal theory of cricket 14 Lord Denning, cricket, law and the meaning of life 20 Dante, cricket, law and the meaning of life 24 Laws, not rules or cricket as adjudication 28 Law, codes and the spirit of the game 37 More law and the spirit of the game 48 The man in white is always right: umpires, judges and rule of law of law 64 Umpires, decisions and the rule of law 78 10 The man in white is always right (but he is not always neutral) 99 11 Technology, adjudication and law 104 12 Leg before wicket, causation and the rule of law 116 13 Mankad, Javed, Hilditch, Sarfraz and the rule of law 124 14 It’s not cricket: underarm bowling, legality and the meaning of life 138 15 The chucker as outlaw—legality, morality and exclusion in cricket 145 16 Murali, Shoaib and the jurisprudence of chucking 152 17 Bouncers: terror and the rule of law in cricket 186 18 Ball-tampering and the rule of law 200 19 The little master, ball-tampering and the rule of law 238 20 Delay and over-rates: temporality and the meaning of cricket 247 21 Ethical discourse, legal narrative and the meaning of cricket 255 22 You…—sledging and cricket as ethical discourse 258 23 Walking, the judicial function and the meaning of law 273 24 Other stories about cricket, law and the meaning of life 282 25 Capitalism and the meaning of cricket 309 26 Class struggle, old school tie and the meaning of cricket 317 27 The Hill, the members and others: the crowd as sub-text 321 28 Bodyline, postmodernism, law and the meaning of life 330 29 Conclusion: on life, law and cricket 335 Notes 337 Index 402 Series editor’s preface Cricket writing has a long and distinguished history, with a breadth and depth of writing that is almost unique within sport The material ranges from the bio graphical to the statistical, and the long history of cricket provides a huge wealth of material to draw upon Cricket as a whole is incredibly well served in terms of its literature, with examples of books reaching beyond the compass of the sport itself and analysing broader social and political concerns.1 Major issues such as apartheid and, more recently, the human rights record of Zimbabwe and the political relationship between India and Pakistan have been reflected in the playing, or abandonment, of cricket Down notes the importance of the game to English society thus; ‘Cricket surely deserves this special treatment since, more than almost any other sport in England, it is woven deep into the fabric of society, its influence embracing the most noble-born and the most humble’.2 Evidence of this can be seen for example in the use of cricketing vernacular and metaphor within the English language That cricket is evocative of something broader than the game itself can be seen in the use of cricket by politicians from Geoffrey Howe to John Major, the latter memorably using cricket as emblematic of all, to him at least, that is great about Britain; ‘Fifty years on from now, Britain will still be the country of long shadows on county [cricket] grounds, warm beer, invincible green suburbs, dog lovers and old maids bicycling to Holy Communion through the morning mist’ Cricket has become subject to increasing regulation at a whole host of levels Even within some local leagues there are complex player regulations and disciplinary sanctions, whilst the professional game has had to contend with issues such as matchfixing, drug taking and of course the perennial debate that concerns ‘chucking’ The increased regulation mirrors other areas of sport and popular culture more generally: ‘In recent years the law has increasingly become involved within popular culture on a number of different levels: the law has, in effect, begun to colonise leisure As the leisure industry has developed it has faced increasing legal regulation For example, within the music industry we see the increased visibility of the law in contractual problems, disputes about intellectual property and control over the dissemination of material The media too has been increasingly subject to legal regulation of content The phenomenon is equally marked within sport’.3 Index 411 forfeiture 3–4, 6, 8, 18, 27 formalism 79–80, 90, 92, 95, 151, 153, 155, 173, 183, 276, 304–5 formalism-moralism debate 134, 143–7, 385n9 Foucault, Michel 363 Francis, K.T 72 Fraser, Malcolm 150 Frindall, Bill 152 Fry, C.B 158 gag rule 168–70, 244–5, 257 gambling see betting/gambling Ganguly, Sourav 99, 115, 259, 264, 304 Gatting, Mike 94–6, 100, 102, 272, 310 Gavaskar, Sunil 298, 358 Geldbach, Erich 332 gender issues 307–8, 310–11, 312–15, 349, 363, 406n4, 413n44, n45 Gentleman-Player distinction 157, 344, 357 gentlemanly code/conduct 291, 303, 306, 317 Gibbs, Herschelle 281, 281–2, 322, 339 Gilbert, Eddie 162, 325 Gilchrist, Adam 168–9, 180, 211, 308, 339–40, 341 Gooch, Graham 17, 87, 121, 214, 386n27 good faith 7–8, 9, 13, 101, 106 Goodall, umpire 86 Goodwin, Murray 287 Gough, Darren 60, 304 Gower, David 17, 220 Grace, E.M 289, 385n8 Grace, Martha 314 Grace, W.G 19, 135, 141, 276, 278, 289, 385n8 Graveney, David 349 Greatbatch, Mark 377n30 Greenidge 352 Gregory, Dave 85 Greig, Tony 203, 385n9 Griffith, Charlie 137–40, 209, 385n1 Guidelines on Principles of Natural Justice 246 Gurusingh, Asanka 287 Hadlee, Richard 138, 352 Haigh, Gideon 175 Hair, Darrell 98, 110, 165, 167, 171–4, 177, 178, 182, 185, 186, 187, 191–3, 195, 373n4, 391n32 Hall, Wes 137 Hampshire, John 108, 195 Hanif 211 Harper, Daryl 73, 111, 196 Harris, Lord 86 Hawkeye 113, 130–1 Hayat, Khizar 167, 244, 247, 249, 250, 401n77 Haynes, Desmond 105, 268, 386n27 Hayward, Nantie 213, 323 Index 412 Healy, Ian 65–7, 68, 82, 301 Hemmings, Eddie 94–5, 299 Henderson, Mark 281–2 Henry, Albert ‘Alec’ 162 Henry, Alex 325 Hewitt, Ian 195 Heyhoe Flint, Rachel 315 Hick, Graeme 105 Higgs, Jim 205, 206, 207 Hinds, Richard 215 Hit Wicket decision 122–4, 406n8 Hogg, Rodney 141 Holder, John 108 Holding, Michael 86, 190, 193, 210, 314 Hollioake, Adam 120 Hooper, Carl 65, 77, 330 Hopps, David 179 Howard, John 85, 149, 327 Howarth, Geoff 154 How’s that? 32, 36 Hoy, Col 69, 70 Huckle, Adam 287 Hughes, Merv 104, 105, 208, 209, 278, 287, 298 human rights 311 Hurst, Alan 136, 141, 142, 144, 278, 385n1 Hussain, Nasser 3, 6, 7, 17, 27, 104, 352, 358 Hutchinson, Allan 2, 4, 7, 13, 18, 64, 122 Hutton, Sir Leonard 312, 349, 405n10 ICC Code of Conduct 11, 39, 62, 100, 147, 231, 233, 256, 273, 282, 364–5 application to players/team officials 55, 81–2, 379n49 as law and order policy 57 breach of 80 bringing game into disrepute 310 dissent 103–6 interpretive problems 56 modification/clarification 57–68 and natural justice 82 offences/penalties 55–7 public comment 244–5 willingness to dispute 296 ice hockey 28, 416n95 Illingworth, Ray 352 India 327–8 International Cricket Council (ICC) 39, 168, 170, 237, 248–51, 263–4, 318–19, 336–7, 339 Iqbal, Asif 144, 352 Jacobs, Ken 90 Jacobs, Ridley 80, 81–2 Jadeja, Ajay 117 Jaffer, Salim 134 Index 413 James, C.L.R 20, 330, 364 Jardine, Douglas 152–3, 259–60, 356, 357, 358, 361, 397n20 Jarman, Barry 59–60, 195 Javed, Aqib 104, 219, 287 Javed, Nazir 287 Jayasuriya, Sanath 105, 294 Jayawardena, Mahela 288 Johnson, Ian 38 Johnson, Martin 96 Johnson, Neil 287 Jones, Andrew 105, 300, 308 Jones, Dean 77–8, 185, 214, 225, 375n12 Jones, S.P 135 Jones, Ted 144 Julian, Brendan 354–5 justice 113–14, 117–18, 132, 166, 184, 187, 226, 237, 246, 248, 288 Kahn, Arshad 62 Kallicharran, Alvin 385n9 Kambli, Vinod 105 Kasprowicz, Michael 325 Katich, Simon 325 Kerr, Sir John 150 Khan, Arshad 105 Khan, Imran 96, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 310 Khan, Mohsin 255, 386n27 Khan, Shakeel 96 King Commission (South Africa) King, Collis 69, 74 King, Ian 325 Kirsten, Peter 104, 105 Kirtley, James 194–5 Klusener, Lance 287, 323 Knott, Alan 333 Knox, Malcolm 253 Koertzen, Rudi 187, 284, 285, 288, 290 Koestler, Arthur 350 Kumble, Anil 215 Kureishi, Omar 145 Lamb, Allan 216, 220, 222–3, 224, 235, 268, 270 Lancashire County Cricket Club 310–11 Lance, Tiger 300 Langer, Justin 73 Lara, Brian 65–7, 82, 122, 123, 292, 293, 352 Larwood, Harold 152–3, 357, 360, 361 Latif, Rashid 104 Law36, 183 Law16, number of overs 267 Law21, refusal to play 90, 376n18 Law24, fair delivery 177, 179, 183, 188–9, 191, 194 Index 414 Law27, appeals procedures 71–2, 77, 355 Law29, Batsman Out of His Ground 50, 133 Law33, Out Handled the Ball 140–7 Law35, Hit Wicket 122, 406n8 Law38, Run Out 133 Law42, (1980) Unfair Play 216–17, 268, 398n4 bouncers 201, 203, 205, 207, 208–9, 213, 396n4 Condition of the Ball 229–30, 237–8 Damaging the Pitch 89–94 Fair/unfair play 44–9, 156, 172, 217–18, 231, 267, 277 Players’ Conduct 44, 45 Playing Conditions 213–14 Removal of Bowlers 212 Removal of mud from ball 262–3 law, legislation, as boring 15, 16 as play 18 as social practice 20 as universal divided into particulars 22 complexities of 29 and cricket 363–5 and doctrine of stare decisis 18 fundamental contradictions in 20 knowledge of 158 lack of aesthetic appeal 15 links with popular culture 15–16 precedent 240 and remedial reatment 166–7 and sporting references 16 tension with ethics 278 worldview of 18 Lawry, Bill 17, 138, 139–40 Laws of Cricket Laws of Cricket 39, 56, 147, 342, 364 adjudication 30–9 ambiguities, uncertainties, contradictions 1–2 and appeals 32–8 call of play conflict with spirit/ethics of game 46, 47–8, 52–3, 55 context of 46 forfeiture of second innings ignoring complexities of 27, 29 interpretative difficulties 7, 45–6, 48–51 jurisprudence 2–14 law/more law attitude 57–8 and leg theory 259 modified 216 player conflict with 346 and Preamble text 41–51 respect for 261 and rule-breaking 28–9 time of declaration and use of technology 115–24 Index 415 Lawson, Geoff 5, 225, 226, 299, 386n27 Lawton, Tim 317 Laxman, V.V.S 269, 339, 352 Lee, Alan 52, 118 Lee, Brett 191–4, 213, 278 Leeward Islands Cricket Association 334 leg before wicket (LBW) 125, 155, 171, 183, 361, 413n45 certainty/speculation 126, 130, 401n68 changes to Law 397n20 and chucking/throwing 156 competence/bias 127–30 dismissed/bowled 126, 383n8 fair delivery 126, 384n11 issues concerning 125–7 legalities of 125–7, 129–30, 387n13 off-spin/leg-spin 129–30 and technological innovation 130–2 walking 297 leg theory 358, 359 Lehmann, Darren 115 levelling out 31, 371n7 Lever, John 205 Lewis, Chris 287 Lillee, Dennis 186, 191, 195, 210, 278, 314, 316, 413n46 Lindsay, Denis 80, 82, 187, 263–4 Lloyd, Clive 62, 209, 293 Lloyd, David 179, 180, 196 Logie, Gus 204 Lush, Peter 96 Macaulay, Stewart 15 MacCallum, Mungo 206, 207 McCarthy, Cuan 158–9 McCormick, Ernie 84 McCosker, Rick 215 McDermott, Craig 204, 205, 287 MacGill, Stuart 61, 121 McGrath, Glenn 106, 214, 227, 285–6, 287, 290, 293, 294–5, 308 McKechnie, Brian 154–5 MacLaren, A.C 157 MacLaurin, Lord 57 McMillan, Craig 287 McQuillan, Tony 178, 195 McVicar 152 Mahanama, Roshan 60, 294, 295 Mailey, Arthur 38 Major, John 85, 312, 327 Malalasekara, Vijaya 265 Malcolm, Devon 214 Malik, Salim 13, 72, 95, 140, 366n12, 367n23 Malik, Shoaib 196 Index 416 Mamood, Azhar 255 Manjrekar, Sanjay 287 Mankad, M.H ‘Vinoo’ 134, 385n7 Mankading 133–4, 150, 276, 297, 385n1 as conflict between Laws/ethics 136–47 and backing-up by batter 136–8 meaning/definition of 135–7 and out handled the ball 140–7 and showing the ball 134–5, 136–7, 138–40 Manley, Michael 211, 405n10 Marqusee, Mike 13 Marsh, Jack 162, 325, 389n18, 415n71 Marsh, Rodney 40, 69, 299 Marshall, Malcolm 201, 201–2, 210, 213, 352 Martin-Jenkins, Christopher 4, 7, 27, 36, 270–1 Masakadza, Hamilton 321 Masons 333 match-fixing 8, 9–11, 12–13 Match Referee 117, 355 and ball-tampering 228, 233, 237, 239, 249–51, 263 chucking/throwing 166, 167, 172, 185, 186 criticisms of 265 and decision-making 72, 80, 87, 100, 103, 104 imposition of 260 and instant replays 276 intervention by 273 open to abuse 257 respect for 265 and sledging 283–4 and spirit of the game 56, 57, 58, 59, 61–2, 63 and time wasting 271–2 use of 264 meaning of life 136, 341 as hell 26–9 heavenly nature 21–5 Meckiff, Ian 159–62, 171, 182, 184, 189, 197, 199, 202, 276, 305, 405–6n3, 409n6 Melbourne Cricket Club 311 Melbourne, (1877) 85 1981 148 1990 33–5, 89, 208 Mendis, Duleep 165 Meyer, Barry 73 Miandad, Javed 104, 141, 143, 154, 316, 413n46 Middlesex County Cricket Club 311 Midwinter, Eric 30 Milburn, Colin 308 Mir, Shoaib 107, 379n3 Mohammed, Mushtaq 141 Mold, A 157 Morris, Samuel 415n72 Morrison, Danny 105 Mugabe, Robert 319 Index 417 Mullaly, Alan 287 mullygrubber see underarm bowling Muralitharan, Muttiah 72, 97, 100, 163, 191–2, 193, 244, 373n4, 401n68 as possible chucker 164–79, 390n6 Murdoch, Rupert 265, 342 Murray, Deryck 237, 239 music 414n51 Nandy, Ashis 314, 317, 329 Nash, Dion 61, 62 nationalism 37–8, 162, 326–32 Nawaz, Sarfraz 220, 222, 224, 235, 276, 278, 398n9 neutrality 107–10, 226 New Zealand Cricket Council (NZCC) 338 Newman, J.A 86 Nicholas, Mark 146 no-ball 156, 159, 161, 162, 172–3, 177, 178, 181, 182, 189, 196, 198, 207, 378n42, 391n32 Nobes, Paul 79 Ntini, Makhaya 213, 308, 322 O’Donnell, Simon 79 offences/penalties, crimes/misdemeanours 55 dissent 88 gestures 282 language 282–3, 283, 290, 291–2, 302, 406–7n9 racial, other insults, vilification 56 recidivism 56 substantive content of 56 threat/actual assault 56 Olonga, Henry 195 One-Day game 267–8 Ontong, Justin 323 Orchard, Dave 117 O’Reilly, Bill 138, 139, 142–3, 150, 206, 333, 385n1 Oslear, Don 4, 5, 6, 7, 150–1, 216, 236–7, 237 Other 23–4, 26, 202, 211, 405–6n3 Out Handled the Ball 140–7, 386n27 outlaw as hero 202, 395–6n3 Packer, Kerry 265, 336, 337, 340, 344 Pakistan 225, 226, 235, 236–7, 239, 241, 242–3, 247–8, 251, 254–6, 257–66, 327, 333, 345 Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) 108, 255, 316 Parker, Peter 167, 244, 247, 249, 295 Parore, Adam 105 Pascoe, Len 325 Pataudi, Nawab of 360–1 Perera, N.R 20 Perera, Ruchira 169–70 Perera, Suresh 196–7, 198–9 Phillips, Jim 156–7 physical contact 59–61 Index 418 pitch damage 90–4 Playing Conditions 213–14, 218, 244, 272, 346 playing the game 10, 11, 12, 13, 56–7, 84, 99, 103, 190 Plumley-Walker, Peter 309, 314 Pollock, Graeme 322 Pollock, Peter 322 Pollock, Shaun 214, 287, 322 Ponting, Ricky 247, 285–6, 287, 339 popular culture 15–16 Prabhakar, Manoj 104 Preamble 56, 146, 147, 273 and banning of sharp practice 47 and bringing game into disrepute 47–8, 50 dilemmas of text 42–3 duties of the captain 81 duty of players 54 fair/unfair play 44 interpretative difficulties 45–6 necessity for 44–5 and player’s conduct 43–4 and respect 41–2 respect for 261 respect for opponents/traditional values 81 and sharp practice 82 utility/importance in practice of 47 Pringle, Derek 225, 226, 399n22 Prue, Terry 178, 184, 242, 252 public/private distinction 27, 61–2, 150, 291, 297, 306, 310, 348–9, 409n6 Pycroft, James 151 Quested, Dave 192 racism 37, 56, 97–106, 110, 162, 181, 220, 282, 290, 291, 294, 295, 317–26, 409n59, 412n33, 414n51, 415n62, 422n17 Rae, Simon 63, 251 Ramchaud, Partab 262, 263 Ramnarine, Dinanath 273–5 Rana, Shakoor 94–6 Ranatunga, Arjuna 59–60, 72, 97, 99–102, 101, 102, 170, 171, 173, 181, 183, 243, 251–2, 278, 290, 291, 379n44, n46 Randall, Derek 137, 299 Randell, Steve 117, 295, 309, 310 Ranjitsinjhi, Prince 157, 317–18 Ratnayake, Rumesh 290 Redhead, Steve 16 Redpath, Ian 137, 139, 140, 385n1 Reeve, Dermot 304 Reid, John 72, 164, 174–5, 179–84, 185, 187, 255, 256, 259 religion 332–4 replay adjudication 112–15, 381n2 reputation 258 Index 419 reverse swing 219, 221, 226, 259 Rhodes, Wilfred 272 Riazuddin, umpire 110, 192 Richards, Barry 185 Richards, Viv 35–7, 38, 48, 73, 77–8, 210, 317, 329, 330, 331, 352, 414n50 Richardson, David 105, 120, 131 Richardson, Richie 176 Robinson, Ian 73 Roebuck, Peter 34, 79, 90, 92, 114–15, 173–4, 177, 234, 247, 309–10, 324–5, 339, 356 Rowell, Greg 195 Rudolph, Jacques 323 rule of law 174 and allegations of Pakistani ball-tampering 225, 226 and ball-tampering 216–56 and cheats 252–6 England’s glorious tradition of 227–36 norms of 245–6 respect for 259 rule violations 26–9 Rules and Regulations 115, 116, 117, 121, 246 run outs 119, 133 Rutherford, Ken 59 Sabina Park (1991) 204 Saker, David 122 Samuels, Robert 292 Sangakkara, Kumar 63, 64 Saram, Indika de 60 Sarfraz-Hilditch affair 140–7, 386n25, n27 Sarwan, Ramnaresh 61 Scarman, Lord 318 Schumacher, Michael 367n17 secrecy 174, 257, 286, 288–9 Sehwag, Virender 259, 263, 264, 304 Selvey, Mike 36, 130, 195, 235, 270 Seneratne, Nisal 290 sex 308–10, 411n13 sharp practice 46, 102, 135, 152, 273, 276 Sharp, George 110, 187 Sheehan, Bill 90 Sheffield Shield competition 79, 308 Shepherd, David 72, 114 showing the ball 134–5, 136–7, 138–40, 143, 159, 271, 276, 297 shunning 296 Sidhu, Navjot 339 Sikander 143 Silva, Aravinda de 178 Silva, Ashoka de 111 Simpson, Bob 78, 181, 191, 292, 404n4 Singh, Bishen Bedi 184, 200 Singh, Hanumant 61, 62–3 Index 420 Singh, Harbhajan 199, 200, 259, 287, 289 Singh, Sarandeep 200 Sissons, Ric 343 Slater, Michael 119, 244 sledgers, sledging 26, 29, 55, 316 and aggression 290 and appropriate conduct 294 as essential part of game 282–3 as indeterminate 286 Australian interpretation of 284–5, 289–95, 377n30 and bringing game into disrepute 287 and Carey affair 283 complexity of decision-making 284 consistency in treatment of 284 context of 284, 286–7 evolving practice/jurisprudence of 285, 286–7 and informal justice 288–9 law/ethical issues 288, 290–1 limitations on 281, 283, 407n10 (non)acceptability of 283, 286, 287–8, 407n10 normative position 292–3 on the field/off the field 285–6, 295 practice of 280 professionalism of 290 provisions for 282–3 and public accusations of 292–3, 408n40 racist 290, 291, 295, 408–9n49, n51 and Referees 283–4 regulation of 280–1, 404n5 and self-regulation 288 and spirit of the game 291–2 and taking the moral high ground 292 and umpires 283 use of ‘c’ word 291, 302 victims of 293 and walking 296, 313 and women’s cricket 408n39 Smith, Cammie 257 Smith, Graeme 285–6, 288, 291 Smith, Tom 78 Smithers, Patrick 404n4 Snow, C.B 278 Sobers, Sir Garfield 65, 138, 162, 210, 296–7, 299, 330, 331, 354, 405n10 Sohail, Aamir 87–9, 105, 241 Solomon, Joe 278 South Africa 319, 322–4, 345 South African United Cricket Board 325 speed of play 267 Speed, Malcolm 57, 60 spirit of the game 2, 4–5, 6, 9, 10, 57, 100, 157, 183, 198, 225, 277, 335, 355 Bodyline series 153 captain’s responsibility for 81 Index 421 and cheating/sharp practice 48 compliance with 75 conflict/tension with Laws 46, 47–8, 52–3, 55, 61, 75–83 ‘conspiracies’ against 53–4 embodied in Preamble 41–51 epistemological/deontological hurdles 53–4, 64–5, 67 honesty/integrity of players 65–8 inclusionary aspect 41 and ‘motherhood’ questions 58 norms/traditions 75–6 respect for 59–60 and sledging 291–2 and strict law enforcement 40 and time wasting 274 and walking 299–300 square leg umpire 171 Sri Lanka 62–4, 97–102, 243–52, 327, 329, 334, 345, 378n36 Stackpole, Keith 79 Steel, A.G 85, 86 Stevens, Anthony 283 Stewart, Alec 100, 304 stumpings 119 Subba Row, Raman 87–8 Sunder Das, Shiv 259 Surridge, Betty 311 Surridge, Stuart 311 Sutherland, James 168 Symcox, Pat 105 tail-enders 204, 214, 270, 273 Tate, Maurice 360 Tauseef 298 Taylor, Mark 17, 121, 122, 204 Taylor, Peter 345 Tebbit, Norman 306, 327, 349, 350, 410n1 technology 346, 353 accuracy of 118–19 and better decision-making 112 failures of 115–16 and LBW 130–2 and need for umpires 113 objections to 112–13 and replay adjudication 113, 381n2 and the law 115–24 television 72, 112, 113, 114, 118, 303–5, 340, 342, 346, 419n32 as truth 120 effect of replays 53 listening/watching as sharp practice 56 see also third umpire (television replay official) Tendulkar, Sachin 257–66, 312, 337, 352,358 Tennant, Ivo 224 Index Test and County Cricket Board (TCCB) 95, 96 Thickness, John 378n33 third umpire (television replay official) 115–24 as reflection on competence of umpires 117 and ‘incorrect’ decisions 116 and LBW 130–2 referrals to 116, 117 restricted access to 117 time allowed 116 truth of 120–4 unlawful use of 117–18 see also television Thompson, E.P 19 Thoms, Bob 135 Thomson, Jeff 186, 210–11 Thorpe, Graham 68, 105, 117–18 throwing see chucking/throwing time wasting 267 as English phenomenon 271, 405n10 as not cricket 271, 275 as professional foul 270 batter strategy 269–70 and bowler strategy 269 and Code of Conduct 271–2 deliberate 268 desired/practised 269 existential psychological disquiet over 271 generational divide 274–5 judgement, adjudication, discretion 270 lack of judicial intervention 273 and over rates 273–4 overs per hour 268, 404–5n4, n5 peer condemnation 274, 275 post-modernist interpretation 272 practicalities 268–9 racism 404–5n5 reasons for 274 recognition of 270 and rule formalism 270 umpire decision 267–8 unfair 269 Titmus, Fred 199 Trent Bridge, (1993) 62 1998 301, 304 Trueman, Fred 298 truth 27–8, 113, 120–4, 151, 161, 220, 328, 334 truth claims 79–80 Twose, Roger 287 umpires 57, 276 adjudicative competence of 73–4 422 Index 423 appeals/dismissals 31–9 as biased 94, 96, 108, 380n4 as incompetent/bad 108, 110, 305 as neutral 107–10, 380n7 as wrong 90–1 attempt to trick 26 attributes 31 authority of 100 bad faith 102 and ball-tampering 235, 237–40, 242, 244, 400n62, 402n96 and bouncers 208–9, 212 code of conduct 373n4 and condition of the ball 237–40 confrontational/controversial 94–102 consultation process 69–72, 121 contentious 96 and correctness of scores criticisms of 109, 247, 401n77 decision-making 31, 74, 266 dignity of 96 dislike of/disregard for 49, 92 elite 111 errors by 77–8, 377n30 and fair/unfair play 5, 44, 52 good faith/adjudication 101 individual/team expectations 249 influencing 300 interpreting bouncing 202–3 intervention by 273 intimidation of 26, 36, 49, 372n18 judging delivery 171–2 jurisdiction 31 knowledge of Laws 249 levelling out/balancing 31 man in white is always right 84–106, 103 and match-fixing 12 meeting of 52 mistakes/apologies 73 need for 83, 113 obligations imposed upon 49 power/effectiveness of 30–1, 176 questioning of authority/integrity 76 removal of 92–3 respect for 55, 69–74, 85–7, 101, 106, 108, 260, 261 reverse decisions 72–3, 73, 74 and sledging 283 solidarity of 173 standard of 110 taking decisive action 209, 397n17 and throwing 166 and time-wasting 267–8 and usability of ball 222 Index 424 and use of third umpire 115–24 and walking 298–300, 303 warnings given by 396n11 Umpire’s Association 182–3 underarm bowling 10, 156, 297, 298, 300, 335, 357, 387–8n10 as gutless 148, 154, 387n1 and commercialization of cricket 153–4 complaints concerning 149 condemnation of 152–3, 397n17 historical/mythological sources 152 interpretations of 148–51 Law/convention conflict 151 morality of 88, 151–2, 154–5 and rule-formalism 151, 153 social/political signifier 149–50 treated with humour 148–9 virility thesis 153–4, 388n15 utilitarianism 73, 79, 159, 160, 271, 276, 335 Van der Merwe, Peter 180 Vass, Chaminda 60 Vaughan, Michael 145–6, 386n27 Venkat, umpire 192–3, 195 Venkataraghavan, Srinivas 196 village cricket 21–5, 36, 56, 267, 318, 369n5 violence 308–10, 315, 316–17, 422n15 virility thesis 153–4, 160, 201–2, 210–11, 289, 291, 292, 293, 307–8, 388n15 Viswanath, Gundappa 196 Voce 357 walk-offs 90–4, 115, 169 Walker, Max 69 walking 313 Australian reputation 297–8 complexity of issues 301 correct sanction for disregarding 296, 409n57 decisions concerning 298–300 different views of 297 doubts concerning 301 ethical norm 296–7 moral imperative 297 and moral obligation 300 and moral self-regulation 302–3 national traits 297–8 refusal 26, 27 refusal to 296, 298, 299, 301–2, 410n9, n16 and sledging 296 and spirit of the game 299–300 and televised replays 300, 303–5 Walmsley, Kerry 59–60, 287 Walsh, Courtney 134–5, 140, 143, 194, 214, 352 Index 425 Walters, Doug 155, 206 Ward, A 86 Warne, Shane 60, 65, 66, 67–8, 272, 287, 292, 339, 361 Warner, Sir Pelham 158–9, 358 Waugh, Mark 115, 123–4, 194 Waugh, Steve 17, 61, 62, 199, 213, 214, 261, 281, 282, 285, 289, 293, 299, 301, 352, 355 Wells, Jeff 290 Weser, Don 387n1 Wessels, Kepler 253 West Indies 268–75, 330, 345, 404–5n4, 416n86 Whitlam, Gough 150, 358 Whittal, Guy 105, 287 Wilkins, Phil 79, 121, 167, 170, 185, 247–8, 287 Willes, Christina 152 Willey, Peter 185, 187 Willis, Bob 215 Wilson, David 331 Wisden 13, 56, 97 women’s cricket 314–15, 413n44, n45 Woodcock, John 137 Woodfull, Bill 12, 136, 357, 358, 360, 361 World Cup (1999) 10 World Series Cricket (WSC) 336 Worrell, Sir Frank 278, 329 Wright, Charles 385n9 Youhana, Yousef 318 Younis, Waqar 135, 219, 227, 255, 261 Yousuf, Saleem 371n7 Zimbabwe 319–22, 341, 345 Zoehrer, Tim 325