0521863066 cambridge university press the jewess in nineteenth century british literary culture may 2007

This page intentionally left blank T H E J E W E S S I N N I N E T E E N T H - C E N T U RY B R I T I S H L I T E R A RY C U LT U R E Stories about Jewesses proliferated in nineteenth-century Britain as debates raged about the place of the Jews in the modern nation Challenging the emphasis in previous scholarship on antisemitic stereotypes in this period, Nadia Valman argues that the literary image of the Jewess – virtuous, appealing and sacrificial – reveals how hostility towards Jews was accompanied by pity, identification and desire Reading a range of texts from popular romance to the realist novel, she investigates how the complex figure of the Jewess brought the instabilities of nineteenth-century religious, racial and national identity into uniquely sharp focus Tracing the Jewess’s narrative from its beginnings in Romantic and Evangelical literature, and reading canonical writers including Walter Scott, George Eliot and Anthony Trollope alongside more minor figures such as Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna, Grace Aguilar and Amy Levy, Valman demonstrates the myriad transformations of this story across the century, as well as its remarkable persistence and power Nadi a Valm a n is Lecturer in Victorian Literature at Queen Mary, University of London She has co-edited The Image of the Jew in European Liberal Culture, 1789–1914 (2004) with Bryan Cheyette; Remembering Cable Street: Fascism and Anti-Fascism in British Society (1999) and Philosemitism, Antisemitism and ‘the Jews’: Perspectives from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century (2004), both with Tony Kushner; and The ‘Jew’ in late-Victorian and Edwardian Culture: From the East End to East Africa (2007), with Eitan Bar-Yosef c a m b r i d ge s t u die s in n in e t e enth -c entury lit e r at u re an d cu lture General editor Gillian Beer, University of Cambridge Editorial board Isobel Armstrong, Birkbeck College, London Kate Flint, Rutgers University Catherine Gallagher, University of California, Berkeley D A Miller, Columbia University J Hillis Miller, University of California, Irvine Daniel Pick, Birkbeck College, London Mary Poovey, New York University Sally Shuttleworth, University of Oxford Herbert Tucker, University of Virginia Nineteenth-century British literature and culture have been rich fields for interdisciplinary studies Since the turn of the twentieth century, scholars and critics have tracked the intersections and tensions between Victorian literature and the visual arts, polities, social organization, economic life, technical innovations, scientific thought – in short, culture in its broadest sense In recent years, theoretical challenges and historiographical shifts have unsettled the assumptions of previous scholarly synthesis and called into question the terms of older debates Whereas the tendency in much past literary critical interpretation was to use the metaphor of culture as ‘background’, feminist, Foucauldian, and other analyses have employed more dynamic models that raise questions of power and of circulation Such developments have reanimated the field This series aims to accommodate and promote the most interesting work being undertaken on the frontiers of the field of nineteenth-century literary studies: work which intersects fruitfully with other fields of study such as history, or literary theory, or the history of science Comparative as well as interdisciplinary approaches are welcomed A complete list of titles published will be found at the end of the book iii THE JEWESS IN N I N E T E E N T H - C E N T U RY B R I T I S H L I T E R A RY C U LT U R E NA D I A VA L MA N CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521863063 © Nadia Valman 2007 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2007 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-511-27825-9 ISBN-10 0-511-27825-X eBook (EBL) hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-86306-3 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-86306-6 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For my parents [Hers] is a type that sometimes, just now and again, can be so pathetically noble and beautiful in a woman, so suggestive of chastity and the most passionate love combined love that implies all the big practical obligations and responsibilities of human life, that the mere term ‘Jewess’ (and especially its French equivalent) brings to my mind some vague, mysterious, exotically poetic image of all I love best in woman George du Maurier, The Martian (1897) There is in the words ‘a beautiful Jewess’ a very special sexual signification, one quite different from that contained in the words ‘beautiful Rumanian,’ ‘beautiful Greek,’ or ‘beautiful American,’ for example This phrase carries an aura of rape and massacre The ‘beautiful Jewess’ is she whom the Cossacks under the czars dragged by her hair through the streets of her burning village And the special works which are given over to accounts of flagellation reserve a place of honor for the Jewess But it is not necessary to look into esoteric literature the Jewess has a well-defined function in even the most serious novels Jean-Paul Sartre, Anti-Semite and Jew (1946) In her, like us, there clashed, contending powers, Germany, France, Christ, Moses, Athens, Rome The strife, the mixture in her soul, are ours Matthew Arnold, ‘Rachel III’ (1867) 260 Bibliography 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Gauri, Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1998 Walkowitz, Judith R., City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London London, Virago, 1992 Bibliography 263 Ware, Vron, Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism and History London and New York, Verso, 1992 Warwick, Alexandra, ‘Vampires and the Empire: Fears and Fictions of the 1890s’ In Sally Ledger and Scott McCracken, eds., Cultural Politics at the Fin de Si`ecle’ Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp 202–20 Weiner, Julia, ‘“An Artist of Strong Jewish Feeling”: Simeon Solomon’s Depictions of Jewish Ceremonies’ In From Prodigy to Outcast: Simeon Solomon – PreRaphaelite Artist London, The Jewish Museum, London, 2001, pp 15–22 West, Shearer, ‘The Construction of Racial Type: Caricature, Ethnography, and Jewish Physiognomy in Fin-de-Si`ecle Melodrama’ Nineteenth Century Theatre 21.1 (1993): 4–40 Williams, Bill, ‘The Anti-Semitism of Tolerance: Middle-Class Manchester and the Jews, 1870–1900’ In Alan J Kidd and K W Roberts, eds., City, Class, and Culture: Studies of Social Policy and Cultural Production in Victorian Manchester Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985, pp 74–102 ‘“East and West”: Class and Community in Manchester Jewry, 1850–1914’ In David Cesarani, ed., The Making of Modern Anglo-Jewry Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1990, pp 15–33 Wilson, A N., The Laird of Abbotsford Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1980 Wistrich, Robert, Antisemitism: The Longest Hatred London, Methuen, 1991 Wohl, Anthony S., ‘“Ben Juju”: Representations of Disraeli’s Jewishness in the Victorian Political Cartoon’ In Todd M Endelman and Tony Kushner, eds., Disraeli’s Jewishness London and Portland, OR, Vallentine Mitchell, 2002, pp 105–61 Wohlfarth, Marc E., ‘Daniel Deronda and the Politics of Nationalism’ NineteenthCentury Literature 53.2 (1998): 188–210 Zatlin, Linda Gertner, The Nineteenth-Century Anglo-Jewish Novel Twaynes English Authors Series 295, Boston, MA, Twayne, 1981 Index abolitionist writing 51, 82, 121–2, 123, 124, 127, 206, 213 Abrahams, Beth-Zion Lask 95 actor, Jew/ess as 130, 133, 135–6, 145–53, 212 Aguilar, Grace 10, 12, 86, 90–115, 128–9, 183 and biblical women 93–4, 110–11 and conversion 104, 108, 107–9, 213 critique of Judaism by 94–5 and domestic ideology 99–115, 129 and Evangelicalism 92–109 and Jewish emancipation 109–15 and Jewish patriotism 114–15, 211 and martyrdom 92, 95–8, 107, 161 ‘Memoir’ of 129 and religious tolerance 96, 108, 107–9, 111–15, 213 responses to by Jews 91, 98, 129, 232n.41, 232n.43 by Christians 98–9, 232n.43, 233n.52 use of Jewish history 92–3, 95–7, 103–12, 114–15 Works: ‘History of the Jews in England’ (1847) 94, 95–7, 111–12, 114–15, 119 Home Influence (1847) 100, 101–3 The Jewish Faith (1846) 94–5 The Mother’s Recompense (1851) 102, 129 Records of Israel (1844) 92–3, 96, 98, 109–10, 114–15 Sabbath Thoughts and Sacred Communings (1853) 95 The Spirit of Judaism (1842) 91 The Vale of Cedars; or, The Martyr (1850) 108, 103–9, 112, 213 The Women of Israel (1845) 91, 93–4, 97–8, 101, 110–11 ambivalent attitudes to Jews, in Evangelical theology, see Evangelical theology, status of Judaism in in imperial discourse 214 in liberal thought 17–20, 33–4, 36, 132–6, 190–1 in literary representation 4–7, 33, 48, 67–8, 143–4, 158–9, 209–12, 214 in modernism 214–16 in relation to gender 7, 33, 67–8, 135–6, 143–4, 209–12, 214 philosophical roots of 4–5, 17 political roots of 5–7, 17–18 psychoanalytic interpretation of theological roots of 4–6, 54–5 Anderson, Amanda 149, 218 Anglo-Jewish literature 9–10, 12, 88, 90–129, 160–71, 174–205, 206–14 Anglo-Jewry, historiography of 4, 6–7 anti-Catholicism and defence of Judaism 58, 60, 96, 117, 232n.46 and Evangelicalism 56, 70, 94, 103 and the novel 66, 229n.69 antisemitism, historiography of 3, 6–7 Appeal to the Females of the United Kingdom [1810s?] 51–3 Arnold, Matthew 7, 133–5, 144–6 Works: Culture and Anarchy (1868) 12, 133–5, 145, 149 imagery of gender in 135–6 Literature and Dogma (1873) 19 ‘Rachel’ sonnets (1867) viii, 145–6 and cosmopolitanism 145 and secularised Jew 145 autobiography 62–9, 147, 152 Balfour, Clara Lucas, The Women of Scripture (1847) 85–6, 93, 110 Barbauld, Anna Laetitia 122, 123 Bauman, Zygmunt 4–5 Bateman, Kate, as ‘Leah’ 34, 38, 39 Beckman, Linda Hunt 180 Beddoe, John, The Races of Britain (1885) belle juive viii, 3–4, 38, 46, 50 264 Index Bible, Hebrew 40, 41, 94, 97, 110–11, 128 and Evangelical literature 85–6, 93–4, 122 and feminist theory 217 and imagery of exile 118, 121, 122, 157, 206, 213 women in 85–6, 93–4, 110–11, 120 body, Jewish 3, 173–4, 180, 183, 195, 204 blood libel 36 see also Damascus blood libel (1840) Brendlah, Mme Tales of a Jewess (1838) 62–8 Bristow, Amelia 11, 57, 62–9, 227n.38 Works: Emma de Lissau (1828) 63–7 The Orphans of Lissau (1830) 64–8 Sophia de Lissau (1826) 63–8 Burton, Antoinette 60, 190–1 Byron, Lord, Hebrew Melodies (1815) 118, 123 Caird, Mona, ‘Marriage’ (1888) 189–90 Catholicism 86 compared with Judaism 44, 70, 94, 166 contrasted with Judaism 104, 113 see also anti-Catholicism Chase, Jefferson 35 Cheltnam, Charles Smith, Deborah, or the Jewish Maiden’s Wrong! 34, 36, 41–3 Cheyette, Bryan 6, 19, 136, 180 Christian Lady’s Friend and Family Repository 54, 58, 59, 67, 227n.38 Christian Lady’s Magazine 58, 98, 227n.38 citizenship, see emancipation Collins, Wilkie, Heart and Science (1883) 199–200 commerce, Jewish 12–13, 22, 45, 91, 132–5, 137–9, 158, 210 as metaphor 135, 143–4, 172 and national feeling 155 and speculation 24, 137–9, 143–4, 171 and theatre 150–1 conversion of Jews to Christianity, see also conversion narratives in Evangelical literature 11–12, 51–3, 61–84, 128, 173–4, 192 in Evangelical theology 6, 54–5, 226n.14 see also Evangelical theology, status of Judaism in; London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews Jewish efforts to counter 88–109 in Jewish literature 86, 89–90, 107–9 as metaphor 6–7 in nineteenth-century fiction 1, 6–7, 11–12, 30–2, 41, 43, 103–9, 155, 173–4, 192 women’s involvement in 11–12, 51–3, 56–61, 65, 69, 227n.35, 227n.38 265 conversion narratives 58–9, 61–84, 89–90, 173–4 see also Brendlah, Mme; Bristow, Amelia; Guttenberg, Violet; Rigby, Elizabeth; Webb, Annie ethnography of Jews in 64–5 and fraud 66–7 Jewish family in 66 Jewish marriage in 173 suffering of Jewess in 64, 66, 173–4 toleration in 64, 68 cosmopolitanism, Jewish 5, 130, 146, 155–6 and financial success 113, 132 and creativity 13, 144–6 as obstacle to patriotism 13, 145, 155–6 crypto-Judaism 92–3, 96, 104, 113, 155 Cumberland, Richard, The Jew (1793) 21, 24 Daly, Augustin, Leah, the Forsaken (1862) 11, 20, 34–43 and apostasy 41, 43 eroticised, Jewess as 38 and German historical fiction 35–6, 38 as melodrama 34, 38, 41 pagan, Jewess as 37 and religious toleration 34–7, 40–3 theatrical impact of 38 vengeful, Jewess as 38–41 Damascus blood libel (1840) 88, 116, 127, 128 Davison, Carol Margaret 16–17 degeneration 177–8, 182–3, 184, 198, 200–1, 210 and Jews 173–4, 177–8, 181–3, 198, 204, 210, 240n.30 and women 193, 203, 210, 242n.61 Delany, Paul 143 Dibdin, Thomas, The Jew and the Doctor (1798) 21 Disowned, or the Outlawed Jewess (1889) 173 Disraeli, Benjamin 7, 132–3, 135, 155, 158, 162, 218 and the Eastern Crisis 132–3, 155, 162 on Jewish history 113, 167 on Sephardic Jews 113, 183 Works: Coningsby; or The New Generation (1844) 113 Tancred; or The New Crusade (1847) 167 doctors, Jewish 195–6, 198–200 domestic fiction 12, 100–3, 112, 120, 128–9 Du Maurier, George, The Martian (1897) viii Trilby (1894) 180 Eastern Crisis (1876–80) 132–3, 155–6, 162 economic Jew see commerce, Jewish Eden, Emily, The Semi-Detached House (1859) 130–1, 135 266 Index Edgeworth, Maria 23, 65 Harrington (1817) 7, 8, 21, 23–4 Efron, John 196 Eliot, George 13, 19–20, 132, 136, 144–5, 146–59, 171–2 and acting 146–53, 157 and Matthew Arnold 146, 148, 149 and conversion narrative 136, 149–50, 151–3, 159 and cosmopolitanism 145, 146, 151, 152, 155–6, 158 and Disraeli 158 and the female artist 146–53 and feminism 147, 149, 237n.51 and hybridity 218 and Italian nationalism 157, 159 and Jewish nationalism 147, 154–9, 171–2 and Jewish restoration 1, 155–9 and Jewish suffering 153–7 Jews and money in 132, 150–1, 158 and sympathy 159 Works: Daniel Deronda (1876) 1, 7, 13, 19–20, 132, 136, 146–59, 171–2, 213, 218 responses to 160, 181 ‘The Modern Hep! Hep! Hep!’ 132, 155–6 Ellis, Sarah Stickney, Works: Home, or the Iron Rule (1836) 100 The Mothers of England (1843) 62 The Women of England (1839) 93 emancipation, political, of Jews 4–6, 17–18, 43, 86–92, 115–16, 128, 131, 171, 182–3, 209, 210; and Celia and Marion Moss’s writing 12, 86, 115–16, 125–7, 128; and Evangelicalism 55, 61, 68–9, 226n.15; and Grace Aguilar’s writing 12, 86, 109–15, 128; and literature 12, 35, 43, 68–9, 86, 88–92, 109–16, 125–7, 128, 171, 176, 182, 206, 209, 213; and women’s writing 12, 68–9, 86, 91–2, 109–16, 125–7, 128; in political argument 5, 6, 17–18, 82, 86–8, 112–13, 210 of religious minorities 5, 49, 86, 122 of slaves 52, 115, 121, 124 empire 40, 53, 60, 78, 115, 128, 201–2 Endelman, Todd M 3, 239–40n.11 Enlightenment, Jewish (Haskalah) 94, 95, 99 Enlightenment thought, Judaism in 5, 17, 149, 175, 177 eroticism, of Jewess viii, 2, 3–4 in German literature 3–4, 38 in Ivanhoe (Scott) 25, 28–9, 32–3 in Leah, the Forsaken (Daly) 38 in Celia and Marion Moss’s writing 120–1 in Reuben Sachs (Levy) 183 in The Sphinx’s Lawyer (Frankau) 202–3 in Trollope’s novels 43, 46 ethnography, of Jews 56, 64–5, 175–8 Evangelical literature 55–6, 61–84, 122, 173–4, 214 see also conversion of Jews in Evangelical literature; conversion narratives Evangelical theology influence on Grace Aguilar 92–109 status of Judaism in 5–6, 54–5, 60–1, 66, 69–70, 75, 83, 94, 213–14, 226n.14 status of women in 8, 11, 56–8, 73, 75, 83, 85–6, 99, 213 Fanon, Franz Farjeon, Benjamin 167 Feldman, David 6, 70, 82, 131, 135 feminist thought and Amy Levy 185–91, 193 colonial foundations of 60, 190–1 critique of Judaism in 8–9, 13, 214–17, 237n.51 and Dorothy Richardson 214–16 Ferguson, Moira 122 Flint, Kate 62 Francis, Emma 187 Frankau, Julia 13, 175–7, 194–205, 213, 239–40n.11 and cosmopolitanism 201 and degeneration 177–8, 198, 200–1, 203 and Jewish intellect 195–9 and Jewish masculinity 195–7 and Jewish materialism 176, 194, 198 and Jewish patriotism 201 and race 194–8 and sexual sadism 197, 200, 201 sources of 198–200 Works: A Babe in Bohemia (1889) 200–1 Dr Phillips: A Maida Vale Idyll (1887) 175–7, 194–200, 203–4 Pigs in Clover (1903) 201–2, 203 The Sphinx’s Lawyer (1906) 202–3 Frankel, Jonathan 127 Franklin, Jeffrey 143 Freedman, Jonathan 3, 138, 143 Gallagher, Catherine 150 Galchinsky, Michael 91, 127 Garb, Tamar Gilman, Sander F 3, 240–1n.30 Goldsmid, Francis Henry 88 Gothic literature 16–17, 229n.69 Index Grimstone, Mary Leman, Character; or, Jew and Gentile (1833) 15–16 Guttenberg, Violet, Neither Jew nor Greek: A Story of Jewish Social Life (1902) 173–4, 192, 213 Hal´evy, Fromental, see Scribe, Eug`ene Hall, Catherine 8, 56 harem, see polygamy Harris, Emily Marion 13, 136, 160–71, 172, 238n.76 and Catholicism 166 critique of Judaism in 164–5 and Evangelical literature 163–4, 170, 213 exoticism of Jewess in 168–9 and feminism 160, 163 and George Eliot 160, 161, 169 and Jewish art 165–6 and Jewish economic power 161–2, 171 and Jewish patriotism 161–2 and martyrdom 160, 169 and Reform Judaism 165, 170 and Romantic writing 167, 239n.83 use of Jewish history 161, 168–9 Works: Benedictus (1887) 169 Estelle (1878) 136, 160–71 Narrative of the Holy Bible 166 Hart, Mitchell 204 Hazlitt, William, ‘Emancipation of the Jews’ (1831) 8, 17–18, 87–8 on Shylock 22 Hebraism and Hellenism, see Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy Heighway, Rev Osborn W Trenery 66–7 ‘Leila Ada’ memoirs 62–3, 64, 66–7, 68 Hess, Moses 159 historical fiction 12, 16, 20–36, 38, 49, 50, 69–76, 91, 128, 232n.45 by Aguilar, see Aguilar, Grace, ‘History of the Jews in England’, Records of Israel, and The Vale of Cedars by Celia and Marion Moss 115, 117–18, 120–7 history, Jewish, representation of by Grace Aguilar 92–3, 95–7, 103–10, 111–15 by Benjamin Disraeli 113 by George Eliot 154–6 by Emily Marion Harris 168–9, 171 by Celia and Marion Moss 115, 117–18 by Elizabeth Rigby 78 by Walter Scott 31 by Annie Webb 69–76 Howsam, Leslie 55 hybridity 217 267 immigration, Jewish 13, 173, 201, 203, 207 Inglis, Sir Robert 87 Inquisition, Spanish 232n.46 and Grace Aguilar 92–3, 95, 103–10, 112, 114 and Benjamin Disraeli 113 and George Eliot 154, 155 intellect, Jewish 199, 211, 217 in Dr Phillips (Frankau) 195–6, 197, 198 Islam, status of women in 85 James, Henry, The Tragic Muse (1890) Jay, Elisabeth 67, 76 Jewish Chronicle 66, 88, 129, 175 Jewish Herald 57, 59, 66, 98 Jewish World 175 Joyce, James, Ulysses (1922) 214, 216, 217–18 Kean, Edmund 22 Krafft-Ebing, Richard von, Sexual Psychopathology (1888) 190 Kristeva, Julia 5, 216 Krueger, Christine 57 Lansbury, Coral 200 Lampert, Lisa Leah Wolfe, or the Converted Jewess (1894) 173 ‘Leila Ada’, see Heighway, Rev Osborn W Trenery Levy, Amy 10, 13, 175–93, 207, 213 and Anglo-Jewish literature 175, 179 and conversion narrative 191–3, 213 and degeneration 177–8, 180, 181–3, 184, 193, 241n.31 and evolution 184, 187–9 and feminism 178, 185–91, 193, 213 and Jewish assimilation 182 and Jewish emancipation 176, 179, 181–3 and Jewish materialism 176, 181, 184–5, 192 and marriage debates 185–91 and Orientalism 185–6, 191 and race 179–86, 193 and Sephardic Jews 183–4 Works: ‘Captivity’ (1889) 206–7 ‘Cohen of Trinity’ (1889) 178–80 ‘Middle Class Jewish Women of To-Day’ (1886) 185–6, 192 Reuben Sachs (1888) 175–8, 180–5, 186–7, 190, 191–3 ‘Wise in Her Generation’ (1890) 187–9 Lewes, George Henry 148 Lewis, Sarah, Woman’s Mission (1839) 8, 230n.1 liberalism and racial discourse, see racial discourse and liberalism 268 Index Linehan, Katherine Bailey 147, 159 literary tradition, Jewess in in medieval period 2, in early modern period London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews (LSPCJ) 53–5, 57, 88, 93, 226n.15, 227n.35 Lyotard, Jean-Franc¸ois Macaulay, Thomas Babington 17, 111, 113 ‘Civil Disabilities of the Jews’ (1829) 87–8, 126 Malchow, H L 196 marriage, and female subordination 80, 83, 186, 189–91 feminist analysis of 186, 189–91 and Orientalism 85–6, 173, 189–91 Marshall, Gail 150 masculinity, Jewish 3, 212, 214 and conversion narrative 66, 67, 71–3, 76 and George Eliot’s writing 153 and Julia Frankau’s writing 195–7, 201–2 and James Joyce’s writing 216 and queer theory 217 and Walter Scott’s writing 22 and Anthony Trollope’s writing 46, 142 see also body, Jewish materialism, Jews and 130, 176, 181, 184–5, 243n.74 medical discourse, discussion of Jews in 13, 180 Melman, Billie 57, 60 melodrama 34, 38, 41, 42 Merrick, Leonard, Violet Moses (1891) 177, 193 messianism, Jewish 126 Meyer, Susan 158 Midgley, Clare 122 millennialism 54–5, 56, 58, 61, 63, 69–70, 226n.14 Milman, Henry Hart, The History of the Jews (1829) 96–7, 117, 120, 122 modernism 214–16 Montefiore, Charlotte 90–1 Moore, Tom 118, 122 More, Hannah 122, 123 Mosenthal, Salomon Herman von, Deborah (1849) 34, 35–6 Moss, Celia and Marion 12, 86, 90–2, 115–29, 213 and exile 118–19, 123, 125–27 and Jewish emancipation 115–16, 125–7, 128 and Jewish nationalism 118–20, 121, 123, 125–7, 128 and martyrdom 118, 125 and Romantic literature 118 and slavery 115–16, 121–5 and subordination of women 121, 124, 126 use of Jewish history 115, 117–18 Works: Early Efforts (1839) 118–20 The Romance of Jewish History (1840) 91, 116–18, 120–1, 125–6 Tales of Jewish History (1843) 117, 122–7 Works by Celia Moss: ‘Lament for Jerusalem’ 118–19 ‘The Massacre of the Jews at York’ 119–20 ‘Stanzas’ 118 Works by Marion Moss: ‘The Jewish Girl’s Song’ 127 ‘Polander’s Song’ 118 ‘Song’ 120 ‘The Twin Brothers of Nearda’ 122–7 mother, moral role of 71, 99, 100, 101–2, 106–7, 110 as political metaphor 126 Muslim women, see Islam, status of women in national tales 65, 115, 234–5n.89 nationalism, Jewish 33, 71–3, 160, 211 and Celia and Marion Moss’s writing 118–20, 121, 123, 125–7, 128 and George Eliot’s writing 147, 154–9 New Woman fiction 163, 187 Newman, Amy 216–17 Nord, Deborah Epstein 187 Nordau, Max, Degeneration (trans 1895) 13 Orientalism 3–4, 9, 50 and Anglo-Jewish literature 121, 185–6, 190–1, 202–3 and Evangelical writing 79, 85 and feminism 9, 60, 185–6, 190–1, 203 and fin-de-si`ecle writing 9, 185–6, 190–1, 202–3 Page, Judith 18 patriotism, of Jews and Anglo-Jewish literature 114–15, 120, 125–7, 128, 160, 161–2, 201, 211, 212 in political debate 88, 89, 131–3, 135, 155–6 see also nationalism, Jewish periodical literature, Evangelical 54–62, 69, 227n.23 polygamy 85, 94 Potter, Beatrice 186 Pykett, Lyn 163 queer theory, and Jews 217 Rabbinic law, see Talmud Rachel [Rachel Elisa F´elix] viii, 145–6, 148, 151 racial discourse 7, 214 and liberalism 19–20, 44, 46, 48 and Julia Frankau’s writing 194–8, 201–3 Index and Amy Levy’s writing 179–86 and Anthony Trollope’s writing 44, 46, 48 racial theory, Jews in 8, 13, 204 Ragussis, Michael 6, 22, 30, 53, 84 rationality, Jewish see intellect, Jewish Reform Judaism 99, 165, 233n.53 restoration of the Jews, and Evangelical thought 70, 127, 226n.14 and Celia and Marion Moss’s writing 119, 125–7 and George Eliot’s writing 1, 156–9 Richardson, Dorothy Deadlock (1921) 214–16 Rigby, Elizabeth [later Lady Eastlake] 11, 76–83 and conversion 80–2 and critique of Judaism 81 and discontents of marriage 80, 83 on Evangelicalism 77 on Jane Eyre 82 and sympathy between women 78–80 Work: The Jewess: A Tale from the Shores of the Baltic (1843) 61, 76–83 Rochelson, Meri-Jane 187, 198 Rose, Jacqueline 216 Said, Edward 50 Sartre, Jean-Paul, Anti-Semite and Jew viii, 3, 50 sati 51–2 Scott, Walter 10, 11, 20–34 and conversion 30–2, 212 and moneylending 22, 24 philosophy of history 25–7 and political progress 22–3, 25–8, 33–4 and toleration 10, 21–2, 24, 26, 29 Works: ‘Essay on Chivalry’ (1818) 26–7 Ivanhoe (1819) 7, 10, 20–34, 35, 123; dramatisations of 20, 34, 223n.20, 223–4n.36; literary influence of 33, 35, 42, 44, 71, 77, 103, 105, 120, 213 Waverley novels (1814–19) 22–3, 65 Scheinberg, Cynthia 206 Scribe, Eug`ene, La Juive [The Jewess] 2–3 Scult, Mel 55 self-sacrifice, of Jewess 2, 50, 171, 212 in Daniel Deronda (Eliot) 154 in Estelle (Harris) 169–70 in Evangelical literature 66, 74–5, 84 in Ivanhoe (Scott) 21, 33 in ‘Transitional’ (Zangwill) 208 in Trollope’s fiction 44, 48, 140, 142–3, 144 in The Vale of Cedars (Aguilar) 105, 107 Semmel, Bernard 158 Sephardic Jews 92–3, 95–6, 103–9, 113–15, 154, 155, 183–4 269 Shakespeare, William, The Merchant of Venice 2, 22, 74, 140 Shapiro, James Shapiro, Susan Sharp, William 172 Sidgwick, Cicely, Isaac Eller’s Money (1889) 177, 213 slavery 8, 12, 52, 53, 82, 115–16, 121, 124 fictional representation of 122–5 as metaphor 59–60, 64, 89, 115–16, 125–6 see also abolitionist writing Smith, Goldwin 19, 155, 160, 162, 177 social scientific discourse, Jews and 177, 204 Solomon, Simeon 166 Spector, Sheila 16 speculation, Jews and 130–2, 137–9, 171 spirituality, Jews and 59, 66, 68, 74–5, 90, 97, 99, 123, 158, 181, 191, 192, 199, 210 Stoker, Bram Dracula (1897) 201 Stratton, Jon 217 Sutcliffe, Adam 17 sympathy in Evangelical literature 64, 210 in Romantic literature 18, 22, 23, 210 in stage performance 22, 35 see also women, sympathy between Talmud 94–5, 99 Thackeray, W M., Rebecca and Rowena 33 toleration, religious 2–3, 17–18, 49–50, 84, 87, 96, 117, 210, 214 in Grace Aguilar’s writing 96, 107–9, 112, 114–15 in Evangelical literature 64, 68, 84 and femininity 28, 40–1, 42, 48–9, 78, 107–9, 213 in Ivanhoe (Scott) 10, 21–2, 28 in The Jewess (Rigby) 82 in Leah, the Forsaken (Daly) 34–7, 40–3 in Celia and Marion Moss 119 in Nina Balatka (Trollope) 44–5, 48–9 in Romantic literary culture 18, 21–2 Voltaire on 24 [Tonna], Charlotte Elizabeth 5, 11, 57, 227n.38, 227n.39 and Catholicism 58 and conversion 59–60, 61, 80 and the Bible 94, 110 and Aguilar 98 on Reform Judaism 99 Trilling, Lionel Trollope, Anthony 19, 43–50, 136–44, 236–7n.31 and eroticised Jewess 43, 46 and intimacy between women 47–8, 213 and Jewish commerce 45, 132, 137–9 270 Index Trollope, Anthony (cont.) and politics 137, 144 and racial discourse 19, 46, 48 and religious toleration 44–5, 48–9 and self-sacrifice of Jewess 47, 48, 140, 142–3, 144, 213 Works: Nina Balatka (1867) 11, 20, 44–9, 136 Phineas Finn (1869) 43–4 The Way We Live Now (1875) 12, 132, 136–44, 152, 171–2 Turner, Sharon 26 Tylor, Edward 177 Viswanathan, Gauri 218 vivisection 199–200 Voice of Jacob 88, 89, 98 Voltaire 24 Wandering Jew 16 Ware, Vron 122 Webb, Annie [Mrs J B Webb-Peploe] 11, 69–76, 83–4 and anti-Catholicism 70 and conversion 72–5 and feminisation of Christianity 72–3 and Jewish masculinity 71–3 and Jewish nationalism 71–3 as millenialist text 69–70 and suffering of Jewess 74–5 Works: Julamerk; or, The Converted Jewess (1849) 83–4 Naomi; or, The Last Days of Jerusalem (1841) 61, 69–76, 117 Weininger, Otto, Sex and Character (trans 1906) 13, 198, 214, 243n.74 Wollstonecraft, Mary, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) women intimacy between 33, 47–8, 49, 83, 105, 212–13 status of, in Judaism 8–9, 212, 237n.51 according to Evangelical writers 85–6, 93–4, 173 according to Grace Aguilar 93–4, 97–8, 110–11 according to Emily Marion Harris 164 according to Amy Levy 175, 185–7, 191–2 according to Julia Frankau 197 subordination of 8, 204, 212 compared with status of Jews 124, 126, 214 in feminist writing 186, 189–91 and orientalism 185–6, 189–91, 197 sympathy between 47–8, 51–3, 59, 60, 78–80, 105–9, 212–13 see also eroticism, feminist thought, marriage, mother, self-sacrifice Zangwill, Israel 172, 200, 207–9 on Amy Levy and Julia Frankau 200, 207 and feminism 209 and narratives of conversion 207–8 Works: ‘Anglicization’ (1907) 208–9 Children of the Ghetto (1892) 172, 207–8 ‘Transitional’ (1899) 208 Zatlin, Linda Gertner 91, 95 Zunz, Leopold 154 c a m b r i d ge s t u die s in n in e t e enth -c entury lit e r at u re an d cu lture General editor Gillian Beer, University of Cambridge Titles published The Sickroom in Victorian Fiction: The Art of Being Ill Miriam Bailin, Washington University Muscular Christianity: Embodying the Victorian Age edited by Donald E Hall, California State University, Northridge Victorian Masculinities: Manhood and Masculine Poetics in Early Victorian Literature and Art Herbert Sussman, Northeastern University, Boston Byron and the Victorians Andrew Elfenbein, University of Minnesota Literature in the Marketplace: Nineteenth-Century British Publishing and the Circulation of Books edited by John O Jordan, University of California, Santa Cruz and Robert L Patten, Rice University, Houston Victorian Photography, Painting and Poetry Lindsay Smith, University of Sussex Charlotte Brontăe and Victorian Psychology Sally Shuttleworth, University of Sheffield The Gothic Body Sexuality, Materialism and Degeneration at the Fin de Si`ecle Kelly Hurley, University of Colorado at Boulder Rereading Walter Pater William F Shuter, Eastern Michigan University 10 Remaking Queen Victoria edited by Margaret Homans, Yale University and Adrienne Munich, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11 Disease, Desire, and the Body in Victorian Women’s Popular Novels Pamela K Gilbert, University of Florida 12 Realism, Representation, and the Arts in Nineteenth-Century Literature Alison Byerly, Middlebury College, Vermont 13 Literary Culture and the Pacific Vanessa Smith, University of Sydney 14 Professional Domesticity in the Victorian Novel: Women, Work and Home Monica F Cohen 15 Victorian Renovations of the Novel: Narrative Annexes and the Boundaries of Representation Suzanne Keen, Washington and Lee University, Virginia 16 Actresses on the Victorian Stage: Feminine Performance and the Galatea Myth Gail Marshall, University of Leeds 17 Death and the Mother from Dickens to Freud: Victorian Fiction and the Anxiety of Origin Carolyn Dever, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee 18 Ancestry and Narrative in Nineteenth-Century British Literature: Blood Relations from Edgeworth to Hardy Sophie Gilmartin, Royal Holloway, University of London 19 Dickens, Novel Reading, and the Victorian Popular Theatre Deborah Vlock 20 After Dickens: Reading, Adaptation and Performance John Glavin, Georgetown University, Washington DC 21 Victorian Women Writers and the Woman Question edited by Nicola Diane Thompson, Kingston University, London 22 Rhythm and Will in Victorian Poetry Matthew Campbell, University of Sheffield 23 Gender, Race, and the Writing of Empire: Public Discourse and the Boer War Paula M Krebs, Wheaton College, Massachusetts 24 Ruskin’s God Michael Wheeler, University of Southampton 25 Dickens and the Daughter of the House Hilary M Schor, University of Southern California 26 Detective Fiction and the Rise of Forensic Science Ronald R Thomas, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut 27 Testimony and Advocacy in Victorian Law, Literature, and Theology Jan-Melissa Schramm, Trinity Hall, Cambridge 28 Victorian Writing about Risk: Imagining a Safe England in a Dangerous World Elaine Freedgood, University of Pennsylvania 29 Physiognomy and the Meaning of Expression in Nineteenth-Century Culture Lucy Hartley, University of Southampton 30 The Victorian Parlour: A Cultural Study Thad Logan, Rice University, Houston 31 Aestheticism and Sexual Parody 1840–1940 Dennis Denisoff, Ryerson University, Toronto 32 Literature, Technology and Magical Thinking, 1880–1920 Pamela Thurschwell, University College London 33 Fairies in Nineteenth-Century Art and Literature Nicola Bown, Birkbeck College, London 34 George Eliot and the British Empire Nancy Henry The State University of New York, Binghamton 35 Women’s Poetry and Religion in Victorian England: Jewish Identity and Christian Culture Cynthia Scheinberg, Mills College, California 36 Victorian Literature and the Anorexic Body Anna Krugovoy Silver, Mercer University, Georgia 37 Eavesdropping in the Novel from Austen to Proust Ann Gaylin, Yale University 38 Missionary Writing and Empire, 1800–1860 Anna Johnston, University of Tasmania 39 London and the Culture of Homosexuality, 1885–1914 Matt Cook, Keele University 40 Fiction, Famine, and the Rise of Economics in Victorian Britain and Ireland Gordon Bigelow, Rhodes College, Tennessee 41 Gender and the Victorian Periodical Hilary Fraser, Birkbeck College, London Judith Johnston and Stephanie Green, University of Western Australia 42 The Victorian Supernatural edited by Nicola Bown, Birkbeck College, London Carolyn Burdett, London Metropolitan University and Pamela Thurschwell, University College London 43 The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination Gautam Chakravarty, University of Delhi 44 The Revolution in Popular Literature: Print, Politics and the People Ian Haywood, Roehampton University of Surrey 45 Science in the Nineteenth-Century Periodical: Reading the Magazine of Nature Geoffrey Cantor, University of Leeds Gowan Dawson, University of Leicester Graeme Gooday, University of Leeds Richard Noakes, University of Cambridge Sally Shuttleworth, University of Sheffield and Jonathan R Topham, University of Leeds 46 Literature and Medicine in Nineteenth-Century Britain From Mary Shelley to George Eliot Janis McLarren Caldwell, Wake Forest University 47 The Child Writer from Austen to Woolf edited by Christine Alexander, University of New South Wales and Juliet McMaster, University of Alberta 48 From Dickens to Dracula: Gothic, Economics, and Victorian Fiction Gail Turley Houston, University of New Mexico 49 Voice and the Victorian Storyteller Ivan Kreilkamp, University of Indiana 50 Charles Darwin and Victorian Visual Culture Jonathan Smith, University of Michigan-Dearborn 51 Catholicism, Sexual Deviance, and Victorian Gothic Culture Patrick R O’Malley, Georgetown University 52 Epic and Empire in Nineteenth-Century Britain Simon Dentith, University of Gloucestershire 53 Victorian Honeymoons: Journeys to the Conjugal Helena Michie, Rice University 54 The Jewess in Nineteenth-Century British Literary Culture Nadia Valman, Queen Mary, University of London ... durable and infinitely malleable across the nineteenth century By the fin de si`ecle, however, the Jewess was increasingly interchangeable with the Christian woman in narratives depicting the victimisation... distinct from, similar discursive formations in continental Europe In particular, the figure of the Jewess often seems drawn from the same set of fears The Jewess in Nineteenth- Century British Culture. .. from them? The two possibilities point to two contrary themes in the representation of the Jewess evident not only in Eliot’s text but also more generally in nineteenth- century culture: on the