Trong kỹ năng Viết IELTS một thủ thuật CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG VÀ CẦN THIẾT là DIỄN ĐẠT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG (PARAPHRASING). Diễn đạt tương đương giúp người viết tránh việc lặp lại từ và cấu trúc câu gốc khi viết câu chủ đề (thesis statement) trong phần mở bài của bài viết Task 02 và câu chủ đề của Task 01. Ngoài ra, kỹ thuật này cũng giúp bạn tránh lặp từ và cấu trúc câu trong suốt quá trình viết toàn bài. Diễn đạt tương đương gồm có 3 “bí kíp” sau: Dùng từ tương đương (synonyms) hoặc cấu trúc tương đương để thay thế. Chuyển đổi từ loại: chẳng hạn danh từ thành động từ, tính từ thành danh từ, v.v và ngược lại. Thay đổi trật tự từ và cấu trúc câu: chẳng hạn câu chủ động thành bị động và ngược lại.Thí sinh có thể áp dụng 2 hoặc 1 hoặc cả 3 “bí kíp” tùy theo khả năng nhưng chắc chắn sẽ giúp thí sinh tránh việc bê nguyên xi câu gốc vào bài viết của mình.
Detailed instructions Exercises with answers DI N Đ T TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG K NĂNG VI T IELTS PARAPHRASING IN IELTS WRITING SKILL collected and shared by TR N M NH TRUNG - 2016 KỸ NĂNG DIỄN ĐẠT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG MỘT KỸ NĂNG QUAN TRỌNG CÁC “SỸ TỬ” THI IELTS CẦN PHẢI BIẾT Written by Trần Mạnh Trung – HONG DUC UNIVERSITY Mục đích thi IELTS Module Academic ĐÁNH GIÁ kỹ ngôn ngữ cần thiết để phục vụ cho việc học tập nghiên cứu trường đại học nước sau này, nơi mà họ phải nghe, nói, đọc, viết hoàn toàn tiếng Anh môi trường học thuật Do đó, kỹ học ngôn ngữ thuật viết báo cáo (reports) hay viết luận (essays), nghe ghi chép thông tin (note - taking) giảng lớp, đọc tài liệu chuyên môn, ghi chép thông tin từ tài liệu sử dụng thông tin báo cáo, thuyết trình, tập lớn, luận tốt nghiệp Các tài liệu luyện IELTS gồm thống không thống thường CHỦ YẾU quan tâm đến luyện kỹ làm trực tiếp (direct skills), TỨC LÀ hướng dẫn làm dạng theo theo cấu trúc thi mà bỏ quên kỹ gián tiếp (indirect skills) kỹ giúp phát triển kỹ làm Những kỹ gián tiếp có vai trò quan trọng tảng để kỹ làm trực tiếp phát triển Không có sỹ tử, sỹ tử không chuyên ngữ gặp nhiều khó khăn luyện thi IELTS hình thức tự học với giáo viên Ví dụ: thi IELTS Viết Academic Task 01 Task 02 thí sinh phải viết câu luận đề (thesis statement) luận (essay) câu chủ đề đoạn văn (topic sentence) viết mô tả biểu đồ, trình, … phải tránh lặp lại nguyên xi chủ đề (topic) thích biểu, sơ đồ, … có đề thi Nhiều thí sinh bối rối không diễn đạt để đảm bảo không sai lệch với nội dung câu gốc Trong kỹ Viết IELTS thủ thuật CỰC KỲ QUAN TRỌNG VÀ CẦN THIẾT DIỄN ĐẠT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG (PARAPHRASING) Diễn đạt tương đương giúp người viết tránh việc lặp lại từ cấu trúc câu gốc viết câu chủ đề (thesis statement) phần mở viết Task 02 câu chủ đề Task 01 Ngoài ra, kỹ thuật giúp bạn tránh lặp từ cấu trúc câu suốt trình viết toàn Diễn đạt tương đương gồm có “bí kíp” sau: - Dùng từ tương đương (synonyms) cấu trúc tương đương để thay - Chuyển đổi từ loại: chẳng hạn danh từ thành động từ, tính từ thành danh từ, v.v ngược lại - Thay đổi trật tự từ cấu trúc câu: chẳng hạn câu chủ động thành bị động ngược lại Thí sinh áp dụng hoặc “bí kíp” tùy theo khả chắn giúp thí sinh tránh việc bê nguyên xi câu gốc vào viết Một ÍCH LỢI kỹ mà biết đến HỖ TRỢ cho KỸ NĂNG NGHE HIỂU ĐỌC HIỂU tốt người thiết kế đề luôn sử dụng thủ thuật diễn đạt tương tương để thiết kế câu hỏi cho không trùng lặp với nội dung đọc nghe, buộc người làm phải so sánh để xác định thông tin có khớp hay không khớp Nếu người thành thạo với kỹ paraphrasing nhanh chóng tìm cách diễn đạt tương câu hỏi nội dung đọc nghe Nếu thí sinh rèn luyện tốt kỹ “DIỄN ĐẠT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG” (PARAPHRASING) công việc khó khăn trở nên dễ dàng đỡ tốn thời gian nhiều Nếu thí sinh biết diễn đạt tương đương không câu luận đề câu chủ đề mà TRONG TOÀN BÀI VIẾT thí sinh đánh giá cao 02 tiêu chí chấm NGỮ PHÁP TỪ VỰNG vì: - Biết diễn đạt tương đương chứng tỏ vốn từ phong phú - Biết diễn đạt tương đương chứng tỏ kiến thức ngữ pháp tốt - Biết diễn đạt tương đương chứng tỏ hiểu rõ chủ đề hiểu đề không hiểu hiểu sai diễn đạt sai Một nguyên nhân sâu xa mà tác giả ngữ chuyên viết tài liệu dạy viết học thuật tiếng Anh cho biết người ta muốn thí sinh rèn luyện kỹ giúp sinh viên tương lai tránh mắc lỗi ĐẠO VĂN (plagiarism) MUỐN SỬ DỤNG Ý KIẾN CỦA NGƯỜI KHÁC mà không muốn bị KIỆN đạo văn paraphrase ý kiến người Do đó, kỹ cần cho việc học tập, nghiên cứu sinh viên du học nước tương lai Xin trân trọng giới thiệu chia sẻ “TÀI LIỆU LUYỆN DIỄN ĐẠT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG KHI VIẾT IELTS” hữu ích Tài liệu gồm có phần hướng dẫn chi tiết nhiều tập thực hành kèm đáp án với hy vọng GÓP MỘT PHẦN cải thiện kỹ viết cho THÍ SINH luyện thi IELTS Người sử dụng tài liệu có hội tích lũy nhiều cặp từ tương đương viết học thuật Nếu thấy TÀI LIỆU thực cần thiết hữu ích thích xin để lại LIKE nha! PARAPHRASING IN ENGLISH (PART 01) (DIỄN ĐẠT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG BẰNG TIẾNG ANH – PHẦN 01) (source: internet) Paraphrasing means changing the wording of a text so that it is significantly different from the original source, without changing the meaning Effective paraphrasing is a key academic skill needed to avoid the risk of plagiarism: it demonstrates your understanding of a source Paraphrasing and summarising are normally used together in essay writing, but while summarising aims to reduce information to a suitable length, paraphrasing attempts to restate the relevant information For example, the following sentence: “There has been much debate about the reasons for the industrial revolution happening in eighteen-century Britain, rather than in France or Germany” could be paraphrased: “Why the industrial revolution occurred in Britain in the eithteenth century, instead of on the continent, has been the subject of considerable discussion” Note that an effective paraphrase usually: - has a different structure to the original - has mainly different vocabulary - retains the same meaning - keeps some phrases from the original that are in common use e.g ‘industrial revolution’ or ‘eighteenth century’ EXERCISE 01: Read the text below and the evaluate the three paraphrases, giving reasons Which one is the best? THE CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Allen (2009) argues that the best explanation for the British location of the industrial revolution is found by studying demand factors By the early eighteenth century high wages and cheap energy were both features of British economy Consequently, the mechanisation of industry through such inventions as the steam engine and mechanical spinning was profitable because employers were able to economise on labour by spending on coal At that time, no other country had this particular combination of expensive labour and abundant fuel Paraphrase 1: A focus on demand may help to explain the UK origin of the industrial revolution At that time workers’ pay was high, but energy from coal was inexpensive This encouraged the development of mechanical inventions based on steam power, which enabled bosses to save money by mechanising production (Allen, 2009) Paraphrase 2: The reason why Britain was the birthplace of the industrial revolution can be understood by analysing demand in the early 1700s, according to Allen (2009) He maintains that, uniquely, Britain had the critical combination of cheap energy from coal and high labour costs This encourage the adoption of steam power to mechanise production, thus saving on wages and increasing profitability Paraphrase 3: Allen (2009) claims that the clearest explanation for the UK location of the industrial revolution is seen by examining demand factors By the eighteenth century cheap energy and high wages were both aspects of the British economy As a result, the mechanisation of industry through inventions such the steam engine and mechanical spinning was profitable because employers were able to save money on employees by spending on coal At that time, Britain was the only country with significant deposits of coal Paraphrase 1: ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… Paraphrase 2: ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… Paraphrase 3: ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ============================================== ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 01: Paraphrase 1: Quite good, but lack of precision (at that time) and unsuitable register (bosses) Paraphrase 2: The BEST paraphrase, with all main points included and a significantly different structure Paraphrase 3: A poor paraphrase, with only a few words changed and extra and inaccurate information added (Britain was the only coutry …) PARAPHRASING IN ENGLISH (PART 02) (DIỄN ĐẠT TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG BẰNG TIẾNG ANH – PHẦN 02) (source: internet) TECHNIQUES FOR PARAPHRASING Changing vocabulary by using synonyms: Examples: argue => claim eithteenth century => 1700s wages => labour costs economise => saving Note: Do not attempt to paraphrase every word, since some have no true synonym, e.g demand, economy, energy Changing word class: explanation (n.) => explain (v.) mechanical (adj.) => mechanise (v.) profitable => profitability (n.) Changing word order: Example: … the best explanation for the British location of the industrial revolution is found by studying demand factors => A focus on demand may help explain the UK origin of the industrial revolution EXERCISE 02: Read the following text below and then practise the techniques illustrated above FOUR WHEELS GOOD The growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern capitalism It began in France and Germany, but took off in the United States There Henry Ford adapted the mocing production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing mass production In the 1920s Alfred Sloan’s management theories helped General Motors to become the world’s dominant car company After the second world war the car makers focused on the styling of their products to encourage more frequent model changes From the 1970s there was criticism of the industry due to the ineffciency of most vehicles, which used petrol wastefully At the same time, trade unions became increasing militant in defence of their members’ jobs Today the industry owns some of the most famous brands in the world However, many car makers are currently threatened by increased competition and saturated markets A Find synonyms for the CAPITAL words The GROWTH of the CAR industry PARALLELS the DEVELOPMENT of MODERN capitalism It BEGAN in France and Germany, but TOOK OFF in the United States There Henry Ford ADAPTED the mocing PRODUCTION line from the Chicago meat industry to MOTOR manufacturing, THUS inventing mass production B Change the word class of the CAPITAL words, and then rewrite the sentences In the 1920s Alfred Sloan’s MANAGEMENT theories HELPED General Motors to become the world’s DOMINANT car company After the second world war the car makers FOCUSED on the STYLING of their products to encourage more frequent model changes From the 1970s there was CRITICISM of the industry due to the INEFFICIENCY of most vehicles, which used petrol WASTEFULLY C Change the word order of the following sentences (other changes may be needed): At the same time, trade unions became increasing militant in defence of their members’ jobs Today the industry owns some of the most famous brands in the world However, many car makers are currently threatened by increased competition and saturated markets =============================================== ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 02: (A number of possibilities are acceptable here These are suggestions) A Find synonyms for the CAPITAL words The RISE of the AUTOMOBILE industry MATCHES the PROGRESS of CONTEMPORARY capitalism It STARTED in France and Germany, but ACCELERATED in the United States There Henry Ford MODIFIED the moving ASSEMBLE line from the Chicago meat industry to CAR manufacturing, THEREBY inventing mass production B Change the word class of the CAPITAL words, and then rewrite the sentences In the 1920s, WITH THE HELP FROM THE MANAGERICAL theories OF ALFRED SLOAN, General Motors DOMINATED the world’s car companIES After the second world war the THE FOCUS OF CAR MAKERS WAS ON THE STYLE of their products, to encourage more frequent model changes From the 1970s the INDUSTRY WAS CRITICISED FOR ITS INEFFICIENT vehicles, which WASTED petrol C Change the word order of the following sentences (other changes may be needed): At the same time INCREASINGLY MILITANT trade unions DEFENDED their members’ jobs Some of the most famous brands in the world ARE TODAY OWNED BY THE INDUSTRY CURRENTLY, SATURATED MARKET AND INCREASED COMPETITION THREATENED many car makers ============================================== SYNONYMS (Part 01) (TỪ ĐỒNG NGHĨA – Phần 01) (source: internet) D PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING THE PARTS OF SPEECH AND WORD ORDER 02 EXERCISE 04: Follow the instructions to the previous exercise The samples were prepared as required by current norms A great deal of attention must be paid when handling the samples This method suffers from a number of pitfalls We would like to thank the following people for their support, without whose help this work would never have been possible: It is very likely that participants may have answered the questions incorrectly The reasons for this result are not yet entirely understood Despite the limitations of this method, and consequently the poor results in Test 2, our findings nevertheless suggest that … Given that this was only a preliminary attempt, it is hardly surprising that there were some discrepancies The benefits in terms of performance far outweigh the additional costs 10 As anticipated, there were some discrepancies due to the massive amount of data being processed ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… E FINDING SYNONYMS: VERBS 01 EXERCISE 05: Write at least one synonym for each of the words / phrases in bold Last century this procedure was considered to be the most … Previous work has only focused on addressing the symptoms rather than the cause Concerns have arisen which question the validity of … This paper outlines a new approach to … The aim of our work was to further current knowledge of … Vitous [2015] has provided a new definition, in which … A growing body of literature has examined [Ref] An increase in the number of cases was first noted by … Experiments with this system were conducted in 2009 by a group of researchers from … 10 He claims that … ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… F FINDING SYNONYMS: VERBS 02 EXERCISE 06: Write at least one synonym for each of the words / phrases in bold Many experts now contend that rather than using Pappov’s approach it might be more useful to … To assess whether plastic could be converted into gold we … The set up we used can be found in [Ref 2] Our experimental set up bears a close resemblance to the one proposed by Smith [2014] The apparatus consists of three main parts The interface can easily be customized to suit all requirements The resulting ad hoc device can function in various fields Having this system enabled us to incorporate several new parameters The interviewees were divided into two groups 10 No significant difference was revealed between the two methods ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… G FINDING SYNONYMS: VERBS 02 EXERCISE 07: Write at least one synonym for each of the words / phrases in bold We began this project three years ago This underlines just how important this system is This confirms previous findings in the literature … Further tests carried out with this system confirmed our initial findings As expected, our experiments prove that The cost of this system could account for the fact that it is rarely used This research has raised the need for further investigation As was mentioned in the Methods, … Table proves that this system is … 10 Figure presents the data on the new system ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… Tài li u chia s t i DI N ĐÀN H C TI NG ANH Admin: TR N M NH TRUNG H FINDING SYNONYMS: NOUNS 01 EXERCISE 08: Write at least one synonym for each of the words in bold This has many uses in the field of … A major defect of this procedure is … In this report we … A recent review of the literature on this topic [2012] found that … Southern’s group [5] calls into question some past assumptions about this procedure The method is essentially the same as that used by Kirk [2009] with some changes This component is fully compliant with international norms The software application used to analyze the data was SoftGather (Softsift plc, London) The main criteria for selecting the samples was not mentioned at all 10 In all cases patients’ consent was obtained ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… I FINDING SYNONYMS: NOUNS 02 EXERCISE 09: Write at least one synonym for each of the words in bold In the first step of the process … This new equipment has the ability to outperform all previous versions Our procedure is a clear improvement on current methods Our study provides additional support for alternative methods for treating this disease Apart from this slight discordance, the result is confirmation of … There are several possible explanations for this result The results point to the likelihood that the species will be extinct within years Further experimental investigations are needed to estimate … These findings suggest the following directions for future research: 10 An important issue to resolve for future studies is … ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… J FINDING SYNONYMS: ADJECTIVES EXERCISE 10: Write at least one synonym for each of the words/ phrases in bold It is straightforward to verify that … Malaria is the main cause of … Greening the Internet has become a central issue in … Many hypotheses regarding this system appear to be ill-defined In their seminal paper of 2001, Peters and Jones … Kamos’s [23] assumptions seem to be realistic Their approach is not well suited to … The traditional approach to sample collection is to … Our results were disappointing However, … 10 One possible application of our technique would be … ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… 10 K FINDING SYNONYMS: ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS 01 EXERCISE 11: Write at least one synonym for each of the words/ phrases in bold Since the focus of the study was on a new system, we decided to … There has been some disagreement concerning whether x is equal to y or not Several authors have attempted to de fi ne emotional intelligence, but as yet there is still no accepted de fi nition The fonts , i.e the form of the characters, are of various types Little is known about … Many experts contend, however , that this evidence is not conclusive Statistical signi fi cance was analyzed by using SoftGather The aim of this system is to increase performance Consequently we … We chose this particular apparatus because it is inexpensive 10 The samples were prepared as described by Jude [2010] ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… 11 L FINDING SYNONYMS: ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS 01 EXERCISE 12: Write at least one synonym for each of the words/ phrases in bold Almost two-thirds of the participants (64%) commented that … In response to Question 1, most of those surveyed indicated that … Interestingly , only 7–8 year olds were able to find the answer There were no significant differences between the two systems in terms of cost Overall, our results show this machine outperforms all the others on the market The correlation between the two procedures is worth noting because … In contrast to earlier fi ndings [Castenas, 2009], we … Despite the lack of agreement, we believe our findings compare well with … Although there was some inconsistency … 10 We hope that our research will be helpful in solving this dif fi culty At the same time we believe that ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… 12 M PARAPHARASING BY CHANGING WORD ORDER EXERCISE 13: Rewrite these sentences by putting the part in bold at the beginning of the sentence Make any changes that you feel are necessary There are several categories of race and ethnicity These include Hispanic, American Indian and Filipino There are three categories of rendering techniques These are A, B, and C Someone who spends their day thinking about existential problems is called a philosopher Someone who spends their day thinking about existential problems is called a philosopher The usual length of the rod is two meters The usual length of the rod is two meters The disease may be caused by water pollution, contaminants in food etc The categorisation combines the ideas from previous taxonomies It is still not fully understood how the brain works 10 A courier delivered the package ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… THE END ************************************************************* 13 ĐÁP ÁN CÁC BÀI TẬP BỔ SUNG (PARAPHRASING AND SYNONYMS) ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 02: [ Using ] a microscope is essential for fully understanding / in order to fully understand the technique In certain environments this could enhance the lipid preservation The anaerobic bacteria can considerably degrade the wood The amount formed strictly depends on the degree of oxidation, thus the values observed are very variable and are in fl uenced by many factors Samples were directly monitored [in order] to observe the morphological characteristics This index was assessed by means of the correlation function The probe can be heated in two different ways: The main drawbacks are the increase in volume and weight of the residue which means the advantage of the incineration process is lost , and a material is produced that might still be very hazardous for the environment This solution implies reaching a consensus among these processes 10 The authors wish to thank the Department of Political Sciences for setting up and coordinating the project ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 05: viewed as / seen as been limited to / failed to address been raised proposes / describes / presents extend / widen / broaden put forward / proposed investigated / studied / analyzed / evaluated reported / found 14 carried out / performed 10 argues / maintains / suggests / points out / underlines ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 06: believe / argue determine / check / verify / determine is reported / is detailed is very similar to / is reminiscent of / is based on is made up of / is composed of tailored / adapted / modi fi ed is able to / has the capacity to allowed us to / permitted us to / meant that we could split / broken down 10 found / identified / detected / observed / highlighted ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 07: started / initiated / commenced highlights / stresses / proves / demonstrates supports / lends support to / substantiates corroborated / concurred with anticipated / predicted / forecast / hypothesized be the reason for / explain why given rise to stated / noted / discussed / reported shows / demonstrates / illustrates / highlights 10 reports / shows / details 15 ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 08: roles / applications difficulty / drawback / disadvantage / flaw paper / review / study subject / matter / area hypotheses / theories modi fi cations / alterations / adjustments regulations / standards program / package reasons / rationale 10 subjects’ / participants’ ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 09: phase / stage capacity / potential advance further evidence for / considerable insight into discrepancy / disagreement / nonalignment fi nding / outcome probability tests / studies opportunities 10 matter / question / problem ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 10: easy / trivial leading / primary / major 16 important / critical unfounded / not well grounded / unsupported / questionable / disputable / debatable groundbreaking / cutting edge well-founded / well-grounded / plausible / reasonable / acceptable appropriate for / suitable for classical / normal / usual unsatisfactory / below expectations 10 potential / promising ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 11: Given that / As regarding / with regard to currently / at the time of writing that is to say Not much / Very little instead / on the other hand / through the use of / via As a result / Therefore / Thus / Hence on account of the fact that / since 10 in accordance with / according to / following / in line with ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 12: Just under / Approximately Nearly all / The majority Surprisingly / Unexpectedly With regard to Z / As far as Z is concerned Taken as a whole / Generally speaking / With a few exceptions 17 Interesting / Of interest / Noteworthy / Worth mentioning In contradiction with / Unlike Notwithstanding Even though / Despite the fact that 10 In addition / Further / Furthermore ANSWERS TO EXERCISE 13: Hispanic, American Indian and Filipino are examples of the various categories of race and ethnicity Rendering techniques can be subdivided into three categories: A, B, and C A philosopher is someone who spends their day thinking about existential problems Existential problems are what a philosopher spends his / her day thinking about The rod is usually two meters long / in length Two meters is the usual length of the rod Water pollution, contaminants in food and such like may cause the disease The ideas from previous taxonomies are combined in the categorisation How the brain works is still not fully understood 10 The package was delivered by courier ======================================================== THE END ========================================================= 18 [...]... = obstacle 6 motor manufacturers = automobile producers 7 difficulties = challenges 8 predict = forecast Tài li u chia s t i DI N ĐÀN H C TI NG ANH Admin: TR N M NH TRUNG H NG Đ C UNIVERSITY 13 MORE EXERCISES ON PARAPHRASING AND SYNONYMS (Collected by TRAN MANH TRUNG – HONGDUC UNIVERSITY) A PARAPHRASING BY CHANGING THE PARTS OF SPEECH EXERCISE 01: Write definitions of the following branches of human... The use of a microscope is essential for a full comprehension of the technique 2 In certain environments this could lead to an enhancement in the lipid preservation 3 The anaerobic bacteria can cause a strong degradation of the wood 4 The amount formed is strictly dependent on the degree of oxidation, thus the values observed present a high variability and are in fl uenced by many factors 5 Samples were... ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………… Tài li u chia s t i DI N ĐÀN H C TI NG ANH Admin: TR N M NH TRUNG 7 H FINDING SYNONYMS: NOUNS 01 EXERCISE 08: Write at least one synonym for each of the words in bold 1 This has many uses in the field of … 2 A major defect of this procedure