bối cảnh lịch sử xuất hiện thời cơ giải phóng hoàn toàn miền nam, thống nhất đất nước vào mùa xuân năm 1975

BOI CANH UCH SlT XUAT HIEN THCft C d GIAI PHONG HOAN TOAN MIEN NAM, THONG NHAT OAT Nl/dC VAO MUA XUAN NAM 1975 DINH QUANG HAI* C udc khing chien ehd'ng My cflu nflde hfio ciia dfin tdc Viet Nam dfi gifinh thing ldi vfio Mua Xuan nam 1975 Dd la thfing ldi vi dai nha't thd ky XX ciia nhfin dfin Vipt Nam da dfinh thfing de qudc My xam Ifldc va chinh quydn Sai Gdn tay sai, hofin thfinh sU nghiep giai phdng hofin toan mien Nam, thdng nhfi't To qudc Thfing ldi c6 y nghia Uch sii dd da md budc ngoat quan trpng, dua Viet Nam budc vfio ky nguyen ddc lap, thdng nha't, tie'n len chu nghia xfi hdi Co dflpc thang ldi lfi nhd sU lanh dao tfii tinh, vd cung sang sud't eua Dang, dflng d i u lfi Chu tich Hd Chi Minh, lfi ke't qua cua mot qufi trinh chuan bi tich cflc vfi cupc ehien dfi'u v6 cung anh dung, diy hy sinh, gian khd ciia tofin t h i dan tpc Viet Nam vi muc tidu giai phdng hofin tofin mien Nam, thdng nhfi't dfi't nflde, Tfl dd de'n da 40 nfim trdi qua, nhflng nhflng du am cua chien thflng vi dai Mua Xuan nfim 1975 vin vang mai Chid'n tranh dfl da lui xa vao q u i khfl, nhung thdi gian cfing lui xa, chung ta cfing ed them thdi gian vfi dieu kien de xem xet, dfinh gifi mdt each khfich quan, khoa hpc hdn trdn cd sd cua nhfliig ngudn tu heu mdi vfi nhan thflc • PGS.TS Vidn Sfl hoc mdi Bfii vidt nfiy di sau nghidn cflu nham lam sang ro mpt nhflng npi dung ve thdi diem lich sfl he't sflc quan trpng, mang tinh budc ngoat cua cudc chidn tranh, dd la boi canh lich sii xufi't hidn thdi ed giai phdng hofin tofin mien Nam, dua cupc khing chien chdng My eflu nudc di de'n tofin thang vao mfla Xuan nam 1975 Dac biet la boi canh hidn nay, nhidm vu khdng ngflng nfing cao tinh t h i n canh giac, tich cflc chuin bi vl mpi mat trUde nhiing fim mflu vfi didn hien khd ludng ciia tinh hinh the gidi vfi khu vUc dang ngfiy cfing trd ndn bfle thid't Ngay 27-1-1973, Hidp dinh Paris ve chfi'm dflt chie'n tranh, lap lai hda binh Viet Nam dfldc ky ket, dfinh dfi'u mdt bUdc ngoac quan trpng, mang tinh quye't dinh, md the' liic mdi cho each mang Viet Nam Cue dien trdn chie'n trUdng vfi so sfinh ldc Ifldng gifla Qufin giai phdng vdi quan dpi Sfii Gdn tflng bfldc chuyen bien theo chidu hfldng cfing cd ldi eho Iflc Iflpng cich mang Tinh hinh the' gidi va thflc td^ chidn trfldng mien Nam vdi nhiing thfing ldi cfing to ldn cua quan dpi va nhan dan Viet BoicAnh lich sir xuat hien thdi ca Nam, da bfio hieu mdt thdi cd ldn dang de'n gin de Qufin giai phdng md cudc phan cdng chien lUdc nham hofin sfl nghiep giai phdng hofin toan mien Nam, thdng nha't dfi't nflde Nhfin thflc rd thdi cd dd Dang Cdng san Viet Nam da lanh dao tofin dan va tofin quan vdi quydt tam cao nhfi't vfi sfl chufin bi tich cue, chu dio nhfi't vd mpi mat, huy ddng tdi da mpi kha nfing nhan, tai, vfit lUc eua ca nudc de ddn sflc eho tran quydt chid'n chid'n Iflpe cudi cung De dap flng yeu ciu ciia tinh hinh vfi nhiem vu mdi, thfing 10-1973, Ban Chfi'p hfinh Trung Udng Dang khda HI hpp Hdi nghi l i n thfl 21 (1) Vd tinh hinh cich mang mien Nam sau Hidp dinh Paris, Hdi nghi da chi ro: Mfic du My da rut quan, nhUng d mien Nam v i n chfla eo ngflng ban, hda binh chfla that sfl lap lai; Chinh quyen vfi qufin dpi Sfii Gon dfldc My giup sflc tie'p tue lfim edng eu dd thUc hidn chu nghia thue dfin mdi kieu My d mien Nam, hdng ehia cat lfiu dfii Viet Nam Ve phia ta "the vfi lUc ciia cieh mang mien Nam hien manh hdn bfi't cfl thdi ky nfio tfl nam 1954 de'n nay" (2) Hdi nghi da de quyd't tfim ldn hofin thfinh cfich mang dfin tdc dan ehii nhan dfin d mien Nam Nghi quye't hdi nghi neu rd "Con dfldng eua cfich mang mien Nam lfi dfldng bao luc cieh mang Ba't ke tinh hinh nfio, ta ciing phai nfim vflng thdi cd, gifl vflng dfldng Idl chie'n lUdc tid'n cdng vfi chi dao Iinh hoat de dfla each mang mien Nam tien len" (3), Hpi nghi xac dinh nhiem vu cd ban cua cieh mang mien Nam giai doan mdi la "Tidp tuc thflc hien chie'n Iflpc cich mang dan tpc dan chii nhan dfin, thflc hien mpt mien Nam hda binh, dpc lfip, dfin chii, trung lfip, phdn vinh, tid'n tdi hda binh thd'ng nhfi't nUdc nhfi" (4) Hpi nghi Trung Udng l i n thfl 21 la mot van kien lich sii c6 y nghia he't sflc quan trpng Tren cd sd tdng kd't nhflng kinh nghiem vfi bai hpc rut nhflng quy lufit ehu yd'u de gifinh thfing Idi tfl thflc tidn dfinh My ciia nhflng nfim trflde do, Nghi quye't Hdi nghi dfi trflc tiep chi dao each mang va ehien tranh each mang de gianh t h i n g ldi cudi cung giai doan ke't thuc chie'n tranh Thflc hien Nghi quye't Trung Udng, tai cfie dia phfldng mien Bfie vfla dam bao dn dinh ddi song nhfin dan, vfla tfip trung Iflc Ifldng dd'n mfle cao nhfi't de chi vien cho mien Nam Tinh chung nam 19731974, mien Bfie dfi huy dpng 25 van nien nhfip ngu, dd da Ifla ehpn 15 van nien de gfi'p rut hua'n luyen, bd sung quan so' eho eie ehien trUdng mien Nam va tai mien Nam, luc lUdng vu trang cung dUdc bd sung kip thdi vfi phfit trien nhanh ehdng, chi nfim 1973-1974 da cd 12.000 nien d cfie vung giai phong gia nhfip lUc liipng chii luc qufin giai phdng Ben canh do, luc lUdng vu trang dia phUdng cung dfldc bd sung them quan sd'va nang cao chfi't lupng chid'n dfi'u So' Ifldng bd dpi dia phUdng vfi du kich chie'n dfi'u tai chd dfi tang len tfl 117.128 ngfldi nam 1973 len 145.475 ngUdi nfim 1974 va den nfim 1975 dfi len tdi 296.184 ngfldi (5) Cung vdi viee tang cfldng quan sd cho cac ddn vi vu trang, nfim 1973-1974 da CO hfing van nidn xung phong vfi can bd, nhfin vidn chuyen mdn ky thuat dupc didu ddng vfio mien Nam Trong so dd cd nhidu cfin bp Dan - Chinh - Dang lfi cfin bd, bd ddi midn Nam tfip ke't mien Bfie sau Hiep dinh Gidnevd nfim 1954 dupc dieu dpng trd ve midn Nam lfim nhiem vu Song song vdi dd la khoi lupng vfit chfi't tfl mien Bic ehi vidn cho mien Nam eung tfing len ra't ldn Tfl thfing de'n thang 9-1973, mien Bfie dfi dua vfio mien Nam 140.000 ta'n vfit cha't efic loai, tang gfi'p l i n so vdi nfim 1972 (6) Theo tic gia ciia cud'n Tgi My thua d Rghien cflu Lieh SIS', sd' 4.2015 Viet Nam? vid't: "Nfim 1973, Hfi Npi da dfla vfio midn Nam ngofii so da cd mat d midn Nam vao luc ky kd't dinh chie'n 35.000 ngfldi vfi 30.000 tfi'n dung eu chie'n tranh" (7) Su ehi vien va giup dd to ldn eua hfiu phUfJng mien Bac da giup cho luc lUdng vii trang nhfin dan gdm ba thfl quan d mien Nam ldn manh ca ve so' Ifldng vfi chfi't Iflpng Nhflng qufin dofin vfi binh doan tfldng dfldng qufin dofin mdi dUdc lap, dflng chfin trdn cfie dia bfin ehien Ifldc quan trpng d Ddng Nam Bp, Tri - Thien, Tfiy Nguyen da tao dfldc sfl chuydn bid'n rfi't ldn ve" so sinh Iflc Ifldng ngfiy cfing cd ldi cho ta (8) Cac quan dofin binh chung hpp thfinh dupc trang bi k h i manh, sflc dot kich ldn, sflc cd ddng cao, sflc chidn daii Udn tuc, cung vdi vide phfit tnen ciia bd dpi dia phfldng va dan qufin du kich rpng khap giup ta md dUdc cfie chidn dich tien cdng quy md ldn tren cac hudng ehien lupc d chien trUcfng mien Nam, ke ca nhiing ndi sat trung tam diu nao cua dich, dinh, tieu diet va lam tan luc lupng ldn quan dich, lfim thay ddi han so sanh lUc Ifldng vfi cue didn chid'n trUdng cd Idi cho lUc lUdng each mang Tren chie'n trUdng, qufin va dan ta gifl vflng va phat trien thd chii ddng chidn lUdc, dfiy dich vfio the bi dpng vfi co cum Tren cac hudng trpng yd'u, ta ciing cd'vfi md rdng ban dap tien cdng, chuan bi tUdng doi td't eac mat dfl trfl vat cha't, dfldng cd ddng ehien lupc, chie'n dich de chuan bi cho nhflng tran dfinh ldn T^nh hinh so sfinh Iflc Ifldng gifla ta vfi dich bfit diu c6 nhiing chuydn bidn can ban Nhflng dieu kidn cho vide giai phong hoan tofin mien Nam dang chin mudi Trong the vfi lUc eua ta d mien Nam dang phfit tndn thuan lpi, thi d bdn ban cau, ndi tinh nflde My xay vu bd bdi Watergate dfin dd'n viec Ha nghi vidn My truy td' Tdng thd'ng Richard Nixon, budc Richard Nixon phai dpc dien van tfl chflc tren truyen hinh vfio dem 9-8-1974 (9) Sfl kidn dfi gay cupc rdi loan vd" quydn luc va cudc khiing hoang Idng tin nudc My Tong thd'ng G Ford thay Nixon ldn lfim Tdng thd'ng thfl 38 cua nflde My boi canh khd khfin ve nhie"u mat Chinh G.Ford cung da phai thfla nhfin vao ngfiy 6-8-1974 rang, viec Nixon phai tfl chflc danh da'u "mdt nhiing thdi ky khd khfin nha't va bi tham nha't cua nflde My" (10) Su kidn thay ddi Tong thd'ng My khong nhflng da lfim thay ddi nhflng didn bie'n quan trong ndi bd ehinh tri nUdc My, ma cdn anh hUdng trflc tiep lam thay ddi can can lue lUdng ciia Viet Nam Cpng hda cudc chid'n vdi Qufin giai phdng Tong thd'ng G.Ford thuc hien cat giam manh vidn trd cho chinh quyen va quan dpi Sai Gdn Vien trd quan sU My cho mien Nam Viet Nam trUdc day lfi 1.614 trieu ddla cho nam tfii chinh 1972-1973 rut xudng 1.026 tridu ddla cho nam tfii chinh 19731974, rdi den nam 1974-1975 chi cdn 700 trieu ddla nghia la edn tren mdt nfla (11) Cac khoan vien trp ve t i c chie'n bao dUdng trang thid't bi da bi cfit giara dot ngpt Trong sd' vien trd 700 trieu ddla eho Viet Nam Cdng hda, mot nfla danh cho chi phi van chuyen Viec cat giam vien trd da tac ddng ldn de'n chinh quydn Sfii Gon Danh gifi ve vide cfit giam vidn trd cua My cho Viet Nam Cpng hda, tac gia Gabriel Kolko vie't: "Vide Quoc hdi khdng cho vien trd bo sung da day Viet Nam Cdng hoa vfio mdt cudc khiing hoang tfim ly vfi ehinh tri giai doan cuoi cung cua cudc ddi no" (12) Do khdng cd du sfl hd trd ve tfii chinh va trang bi tfl My, quan dpi Viet Nam Cpng hda khdng the dfinh theo each mfi My da hufi'n Iuyen, mfi nhfl Hdi ky ciia Dai tudng Van Tie'n Dung vid't: "Nguyi Vfin Thieu phai keu gpi qufin dpi t i e chidn "theo kieu nhd ngheo" vdi chi vien hoa Iflc KiicAnh Uch sit xuat hien thcri ca giam 60% vi thie'u bom, dan, sflc cd ddng cung giam siit g i n 50% thie'u m i y bay, thid'u xe, thie'u ca nhien lieu" (13) Thiic te' dan dd'n tinh trang cic ddn vi qufin dpi Viet Nam Cong hda bi trdi chfin vfio cic vi tri phdng thu tai chd Dieu quan trpng hdn lfi da p h i n gidi chflc vfi nhan dan My dfi qua chin ghet chien tranh Mdt tam ly mong mud'n rut that nhanh khdi cupc chid'n tranh Vidt Nam da ngfiy cfing tang eao d My Tfie gia Gabriel Kolko vid't: "Bay mUdi lam Ha nghi Sl mdi, tham gia Qud'e hpi thfl chin mfldi tfl, t h i n g Gidng nam 1975, lfi nhflng ngfldi chdng chie'n tranh manh me va ehu trUdng cai td lai he thd'ng cac uy ban da tflng giup cho cac ehinh quydn lidn tiep thue hien chinh sich ddl ngoai" (14) Phong trao bieu tinh ddi hoa binh, phan ddl chie'n tranh ciia nhan dan My vfi nhfin dan yeu chudng hda binh tren the' gidi ngfiy cfing dfing cao dfi lfim cho chinh quydn My ra't lung tung Trudc nhflng dien bie'n cua tinh hinh thd gidi vfi tren ehien trUdng co ehuyen bien vfi thufin ldi to ldn, tfl 30-9 den ngfiy 810-1974 Bd Chfnh tri da hpp danh gia thdi cd chie'n Iflpe mdi va thdng qua kd' hoach giai phdng mid"n Nam nam 19751976 Trong thfl cua Tong Bi thfl Ld Duan gfli dng Pham Hung vd ke't luan cua Hpi nghi Bd Chinh tri dfi viet: "Luc nfiy, chung ta dang co thdi ccf Hai mUdi nfim chien dfi'u mdi tao dfldc thdi cd nfiy, ehung ta phai bie't nfim Ifi'y de dua sfl nghiep giai phdng dfin tde de'n thfing ldi hofin tofin" (15) Trong thfl ciing khfing dinh: "ddy Id thdi cd thudn lai nhdt de nhdn ddn ta hodn todn gidi phong mien Nam, gidnh thdng Icfi trgn ven cho cdch mgng ddn tgc ddn chu, dong thdi giup Ldo vd Campuchia hodn thdnh sU nghiep gidi phong ddn toe Ngoai thdi cd nfiy khdng cd thdi cd nfio khac Nd'u de chfim mflch, mfldi lfim nfim nfla, bpn nguy gUdng dfiy dUdc, cac thd Iflc xfim lUdc phuc hdi thi tinh hinh se phfle tap vd cung" (16) Nhfin dinh tinh hinh vfi xfic dinh thdi cd chien lupc cua Hpi nghi Bd Chinh tri thing 10-1974 lfi vo cung diing dfin vfi sfing sud't, cd tinh chfi't quye't dinh de chufin bi cho ke hoaeh giai phdng hofin tofin mie"n Nam Nfim b i t chu trUdng chie'n Iflpe cua Hdi nghi Bd Chinh tri, trdn ca hai midn Nam Bfie, quan va dfin ta kh^n trUdng chuan bi vd mpi mat Trong Ddng - Xuan 1974-1975 quan ta chii yd'u tid'n cdng dich tren dia ban ddng bfing sdng Cflu Long vfi mien Ddng Nam Bp Qua thfle te chid'n trfldng cho thfi'y kha nfing ddl cua dich da han chd' rd ret Dieh khdng cdn du sflc chiem lai cic ddn bd't vfi "fi'p chie'n lupc" bi mfi't vao tay Qufin giai phong Ve" phia My, kha nfing can thiep trd lai eung rfi't it Theo nhan dinh eua Bd Chinh tri "Kha nang can thiep ve qufin sfl cua My ra't han chd' Nd'u nguy quye"n cd nguy cd sup dd, ta cin dd phdng My cd the can thiep bfing khdng qufin va hai quan de eflu chung Kha nfing dung luc qufin ra't it, nhflng du chung co can thiep thd nfio cung khdng cflu van dUde nguy khoi sup dd*" (17) Tai mien Ddng Nam Bp, Quan uy va Bp Tu lenh Mien quye't dinh md ehien dich dudng sd' 14 - Phudc Long nhfim tieu didt mpt bd phfin sinh liic dich, md rpng vung giai phdng, tao them ban dap tie'n cdng Sfii Gdn Trong vdng 20 (tfl ngfiy 12-121974 dd'n ngfiy 6-1-1975) quan ta da giai phdng tofin tinh PhUdc Long Ngfiy 7-1 qufin giai phong chie'm Dfii quan sat nui Bfi Den (Tfiy Ninh) Quan dpi Sai Gdn chl ddl phd chu ye'u bfing khdng quan kd't hdp vdi Iflc Ifldng cd ddng dia phUdng tai chd mdt each ye'u dt, khdng ke't qua Thfim chi sau Phfldc Long da hofin tofin quan giai phdng lfim chii, ngfiy 7-1-1975, Nguydn Van thidu vfin tra'n an dfin chung rfing: Hghien curu Lich siS* s6 4.gQ15 "Vide VC (Viet cdng - DQH) tfi'n chid'm Phudc Long phai dfldc xem la mot viec nhfi't thdi thdi" (18) Dang chfl y la My ehi hfim dpa, gfiy fip Iflc tfl xa, cho bfio dpng khan ca'p sU dofin thuy quan lue chie'n d Okinawa, de dpa nem bom trd lai midn Bfie, eho tfiu sfin bay Interprise tfl Philippines vfio vung bien Nam Viet Nam ma khdng ed hanh ddng trflc tiep eflu nguy eho qufin dpi sfii Gdn Trflde sflc ep cua dfl lufin My, ngfiy 22-1 Tdng thdng G Ford tuyen bo' "se khdng eo hanh ddng nfio khfic ngofii viee bd sung vien trd cho Sfii Gdn; se khdng ean thiep vfio Nam Viet Nam nd'u xdt khdng phu hpp vdi hien phap vfi phfip lufit Hoa Ky" (19) Thfing lpi cua ta chie'n dich dudng so 14-PhUde Long dfi khfing dinh mpt thiic te la quan dpi Sfii Gdn khdng the dUdng diu ndi vdi ehu lUe ciia ta Ta hofin toan ed kha nfing dfinh t h i n g tofin bp quan dpi Sfii Gdn, giai phong hofin tofin mien Nam Mat khfic sfl kidn PhUdc Long eon chflng to sfl phan flng eua My chi co mfle dp, "kha nfing ean thidp ve quan sfl eua My rfi't han chd" vfi "My khd ed kha nfing vao lai mie"n Nam Viet Nam" dung nhfl Bd Chinh tri da nhfin dinh: " dfi nit qufin ve nudc, quan My khd quay trd lai va neu ed thi chi cd thd dung khdng quan va hai quan dd cflu nguy" (20) Cd the khfing dinh rang: chid'n thfing Phude Long that sU la mdt "phdp thfl", mdt ddn danh mang tinh "trinh s i t chid'n Ifldc" vd kha nfing phan flng eua chinh quydn Washington ddl vdi cupc chie'n tranh d Viet Nam My "khdng de can thiep trd lai mien Nam bang bfi't cfl hinh thflc nfio dd cflu n g u y (21) Nhfin dinh ve ke't qua eua chien dich Phude Long, Tdng Bi thu Le Duan dfi khfing dinh "Chie'n thfing nfiy dfi md tien de eho efieh mang mien Nam t h i n tdc tidn ldn giai phdng hoan tofin midn Nam" Vi vfiy chidn t h i n g Phudc Long khdng the danh gifi nhfl mpt chien thfing chid'n thu&t hai chid'n dieh ma lfi mdt chid'n thfing d tim chie'n Ifldc Thfing ldi cua ddt hoat ddng Ddng-Xufin 1974-1975, dac biet lfi sau chie'n t h i n g Phfldc Long da cd them cd sd thflc te va tin tfldng vfio thfing ldi dd Bd Chinh tri khang dinh, bd sung va hoan chinh ke hoach quydt tfim giai phdng hoan tofin midn Nam Khi chie'n dich Phfldc Long edn dang tie'p didn, tfl ngfiy 18-12-1974 den 8-11975, Bp Chinh tri hpp md rdng ket lufin: "Chung ta dang dflng trflde thdi cd chidn lupe ldn, chua bao gid cd dieu kidn diy du ve" quan sfl vfi chinh tri nhfl hien nay" Hdi nghi ndu quye't tfim thdi gian 19751976, diy manh dfi'u tranh qufin sU, chinh tri vfi ngoai giao lfim thay doi nhanh chdng vfi tofin dien so sanh Iflc lUpng trdn ehien trudng, tid'n hfinh tdng cdng kich, tdng khdi nghia, tidu diet vfi lam tan rfi qufin nguy, danh dd nguy quyen tfl trung fldng de'n dia phUdng, gifinh chinh quyen ve tay nhan dan, giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam Ngofii ke' hoach chie'n Ifldc cd ban hai nfim, ke hoach nam 1975, Bp Chinh tri dfl kien mdt phfldng fin khic: "Ke hoach tiep theo cho nam 1976 se ke't qua thlie hidn ke hoach nam 1975 quydt dinh Chung ta phai co gang cao nhfi't de thfing gpn nam 1975 Didu dd lfi mpt kha nang hien thUc " (22) Thflc hidn Nghi quye't Hpi nghi Bp Chinh tri, Quan uy Trung Udng vfi Bd tdng tfl lenh lap tfle trien khai kd hoach chufin bi cho cupc tien cdng chie'n lUpe nfim 1975 Cac phfldng an hidp ddng qufin binh chiing, bd sung, tfing cfldng Iflc Ifldng, dam bao hfiu cin, vu khi, dan dupc, thudc men cho cfie chid'n trudng, hofin chinh hd thd'ng d'ng d i n xang diu, mang dfiy thdng tin, dfiy manh sfla chfla, md mdi cfie mang dfldng cd ddng nhfim phuc vu tot nhfi't cho cupc tien StficAnh lich sit xu6t hien th£rl co cdng chie'n Ifldc dd tie'n tdi hoan thfinh giai phong mien Nam, thong nhfi't dfi't nflde Nfim chfic tinh hinh vfi tranh thu thdi cd thufin Idi, Qufin uy Trung flcfng quyd't dinh diing lfle Ifldng ehu liic manh md mdt chie'n dich quy md ldn d Tfiy Nguyen, danh chie'm Budn Ma Thupt, giai phdng tinh Dak Lak, sau dd giai phong tofin bd Tay Nguyen, phfit tridn theo hUdng Phu Ydn, Khanh Hda thuc hidn chia cfit chie'n lupc Tfl 4-3 den 24-3-1975, chie'n dich giai phong Tay Nguyen gifinh thang ldi, vdi tran md man danh vfio Budn Ma Thudt sang 10-31975 (23) Ngfiy 11-3-1975, Bp Chinh tri hpp nhan dinh "Thfing ldi d Buon Ma Thudt Dflc Lfip, trdn dfldng 19 vfi eac hudng khfic chflng td ta cd kha nfing gifinh thfing lpi to Idn va nhip dd nhanh hdn dfl kieh" Cung tai cupc hpp nfiy, Tong Bi thu Ld Duan dfla y kie'n: "Trflde day ta du kie'n hai nfim giai phong mie"n Nam, eo Phfldc Long, Budn Ma Thupt, ta ed the dfiy manh hdn; day phai chfing Ifi bfldc d i u ciia cudc tid'n cdng chid'n Ifldc? Ndn suy nghi" (24) Ngfiy 18-3-1975, Bp Chinh tri lai hpp va quyet tfim hofin kd' hoach hai nfim giai phdng midn Nam nam 1975, Ifi'y Sfii Gdn lam phfldng hfldng tidn cdng chu ye'u, diy manh tdng tidn edng chie'n Ifldc de'n tofin thing Ngfiy 24-3, Tay Nguyen dUpc giai phdng Cue didn chid'n trfldng thay ddi nhanh chdng Quan dich tfl trang thai phdng ngfl chid'n Ifldc chuyen sang the' co cum ehien Ifldc va rut lui Ngay 25-3-1975, Bd Chinh tri hpp va khfing dinh: 'Thdi cd chie'n Ifldc Idn da tdi Trong sud't 20 nfim ehd'ng My, cflu nflde, chfla bao gid thufin lpi bfing luc nfiy", dd cin "Nfim vflng thdi cd chid'n Iflpc mdi, tranh thu thdi gian cao dp, nhanh chdng tfip trung Ii^c Ifldng vfio phfldng hfldng ehu ye'u, hanh ddng tfio bgo, bfi't ngd, lfim cho dich khdng dfl kien kip vfi khdng kip trd tay, hofin thfinh giai phdng mien Nam cfing sdm cfing tdt" Tren cd sd xfic dinh ro tinh hinh vfi nfim chfic thdi cd, Bd Chinh tri quyet dinh: "quyd't tam hoan thfinh giai phdng Sfii Gdn vfi midn Nam trUdc mua mfla (thing 5-1975) (25) Cung vdi ddn tidn cdng Tfiy Nguyen, Bd Chinh tri, Quan uy Trung Udng, Bd Tong Tu lenh quye't dinh chpn Tri - Thien - Hud lam hudng tie'n cdng phdl hpp quan trpng Tfl 5-3 quan ta bfit d i u tid'n hfinh tid'n cdng tieu diet dieh trdn dia ban Thfla Thien - Hue' Ngfiy 21-3, quan ta da md eude tie'n cdng giai phdng tofin tinh Thfla Thien Hue' De'n ngfiy 25-3, qufin ta da dap tan tofin bp quan dpi Sfii Gdn d Tri Thien Hue Sang ngfiy 26-3, toan bd Thfla Thien Hue hoan toan giai phdng, Chid'n dich Tri Thidn - Hue kd't thuc thang ldi Ddng thdi vdi ehien dich Tfiy Nguyen va chid'n dich Tri-Thidn, tfl d i u t h i n g 3-1975, Quan khu V dfi md chid'n dich Nam Ngfii gianh nhieu thfing lpi to ldn, tao cd hdi thufin ldi cho ta phat huy thfing lpi Ngfiy 25-3-1975, Bd Chinh tri, Quan uy Trung Udng quydt dinh md chidn dich Dfi Nfing vdi phfldng cham tao bao, bfi't ngd, chfic thfing vfi nhanh chong phat trien luc Ifldng vfio phia Nam De'n ngfiy 29-3, quan ta da Ifim chii can cfl quan sU lien hdp Da Nfing, ban dao Sdn Tra, giai phdng Thanh phd'Dfi Nfing va tofin tinh Quang Dfi, ket thuc thfing Ipi chie'n dich Da Nfing chi sau ngfiy tfi'n cdng t h i n td'c, md thdi cd thuan Idi de ta thflc hien trfin quydt chid'n chien Ifldc euoi cflng giai phdng Sfii Gdn, giai phdng hofin toan mien Nam Tren cd sd d i n h gifi chinh xac so sanh lUc lupng gifla ta vfi dieh, phan tich sau sfic cue dien ehien trfldng vfi nhfin dinh kha nfing My khdng the quay trd lai can thidp mien Nam, ngfiy 1-4-1975, Bp Chinh tri 2.2 hpp nhfin dinh: "vd chie'n Ifldc, ve Iflc lUdng quan sfl, chinh tri, ta dfi ed sflc manh fip dao, dich dang diing trflde nguy cd sup vfi diet vong My td hoan tofin bfi't luc, du cd tfing vidn cung khdng the cflu van tinh the cua nguy Cudc chie'n tranh cich mang d mien Nam khdng nhiing da bfldc vao giai doan phit trien nhay vpt, mfi thdi cd de md tdng tie'n cdng vfi ndi day tai Sai Gdn - Gia Dinh da chin mudi Tfl gid phut nfiy, trfin quye't chie'n chien lUdc ciia quan vfi dfin ta da b i t diu" (26) Bp Chinh tri quye't dinh: "nfim vflng thdi cd chie'n Iflpc, quye't tam thuc hien tdng tid'n cdng vfi ndi dfiy, kdt thue ehien tranh giai phdng thdi gian ngfin nha't Td't hdn ea la b i t dau va ket thiic thing nam nay, khdng the de chfim" (27) Bd Chinh tri eung de tu tudng chi dao cho hfinh ddng la "than td'c, tfio bao, ba't ngd, chfic thfing"; phai tfi'n cdng luc dich hoang mang, suy sup; phai tap trung luc lupng ldn hdn nfla vfio nhflng muc tieu chu yd'u tren tflng hUdng, tiing luc Tren dfi thfing lpi, quan giai phdng lidn tid'p tid'n edng tieu diet dich, chi vong thfing (tfl ngfiy 4-3 de'n ngfiy 4-4-1975) quan va dan ta dfi giai phdng 16 tinh, thfinh phd', thi xfi, tieu diet gin nfla binh lue qufin dpi Viet Nam Cdng hda tren toan mien Nam Tfl ngfiy 9-4, qufin giai phdng tfi'n cdng Xufin Loc vfi tiep giai phdng mdt loat tinh, thfinh phd, thi xa ven bien mid"n Trung Tfl ngfiy 14 de'n 29-4 tofin bp cfie dao thudc quin dao TrUdng Sa dflpc giai phdng Trudc tinh hinh k h i n cfi'p My bupc phai vpi va tid'n hfinh di tan ngfldi My d Sfii Gdn Sau Xuan Ldc thfi't thu (ngfiy 21-4) Nguydn Van Thieu tfl chflc, Tran Vfin Hfldng len thay hy vpng tim kidm mdt giai phap chinh tri Ngfiy 23-4, tai Trfldng Dai hpc New Orleans, Tdng thd'ng G Ford phai ngao tuyen bd': Rghien cuu Lich SIS', sg 4.2015 "Cupc chid'n tranh d Vidt Nam da chfi'm dflt ddl vdi ngfldi My" Chdp thdi cd thuan ldi, so sanh luc lupng quan ta da i p dao tuyet ddl qufin dich, tinh t h i n quan dich da hoang mang, tan da eUc do, dung nhu dfl kien eua Bd Chinh tri, Chie'n dieh Hd Chi Minh Uch sfl da didn he't sflc nhanh gon, it dd mau Vdi flu the fip dao ddl phfldng ca ve quan sU vfi chinh tri, tfl ngfiy 26-4 ddn ngfiy 30-4-1975, chie'n dich tie'n cong giai phdng Sfii Gdn-Gia Dinh, Chid'n dich Hd Chi Minh lich sfl da nhanh ehdng gianh thfing ldi Tfl d i u thing 3-1975 dd'n ngfiy 2-5-1975, quan vfi dan ta ket hdp chfit che tid'n cdng va ndi day da giai phdng eae tinh ddng bfing sdng Citu Long, tofin bp midn Nam da hofin tofin giai phong Cupc khfing chie'n ehd'ng My cflu nUdc cua nhan dfin Viet Nam sau 21 nam da gifinh dUdc thfing ldi trpn ven, non song da thu ve mdt mdl Thfing ldi vi dai cua cupc Tong tid'n cdng vfi ndi dfiy Mua Xuan nfim 1975 da giai phdng hofin toan mien Nam, thdng nhfi't Td qud'c Sfl nghidp khang chie'n chdng My cflu nflde cua nhan dan Viet Nam da ket thiic, chfi'm dflt hofin tofin ach dd hp cua chu nghia thflc dfin, dd' qudc, md ky nguyen mdi cho dfin tdc Vidt Nam, ky nguyen doc lfip, thd'ng nhfi't, tidn ldn chu nghia xa hdi Vdi dudng ldi each mang, dUdng ldi khfing chie'n dung dfin, sang tao, ddc lap, tU ehii Dang da lanh dao toan thd dan tpc Vidt Nam doan ke't mpt long, quye't tfi'm danh thang ke thOi xam Ifldc Trdn cd s5 n i m vflng tinh hinh, tranh thu thdi cd thufin lpi, quyd't tam chie'n lUdc kip thcfi, chinh xae, Dang ta da chflng to dflde sii dung dan, sac sao, nhay ben chi dao chie'n lupe va nghd thufit tao thdi cd vfi nfim chfic thdi cd, tao nen nhflng budc ngofit chid'n lupc lfim thay ddi cue dien cd Idi eho sdi c&nh lich siV xuat h i ^ thoi ca 23 ta de di dd'n gifinh dflqfc nhflng thfing ldi xam Ifldc cua chung" (28) Thang lpi vi dai mang tinh quye't dinh, kd't thuc cudc chie'n Mua Xuan nam 1975 da thflc hien dUdc fldc tranh Do lfi ndt dfic sac nhfi^t cua chi dao nguyen eua Chii tich Hd Chi Minh vfi chie'n lUdc cudc khfing chie'n chdng nguydn vpng chfiy bong cua toan thd dan My cflu nflde Dfinh gia vd chi dao chie'n tdc Viet Nam la giai phdng hofin toan mien Ifldc khfing chid'n chmig My eflu nudc, Nam, thd'ng nha't da't nUdc, hofin Nghi quyet Dai hdi Dang I i n thfl IV (nfim efieh mang dan tpc dan chii nhfin dfin, dua 1976) neu rd: "Dfi nhfin rd am mUu eua de' ea nudc tien len chu nghia xa hdi Qua quo'c My, danh gifi dung lfle Ifldng so sfinh trinh dfi'u t r a n h day hy sinh, gian kho gifla ta vfi dieh vfi dd chu trfldng chie'n nhung vd cung oanh liet cua dan tdc Viet thfinh Iflpc ehinh xfic, sfic bdn va linh hoat de Nam di den gifinh t h i n g lpi hofin toan vfi danh bai am mflu vfi h a n h ddng chidn nhflng bai hpe lich sfl quy gia ciia eupe t r a n h ciia My-nguy tiing thdi ky, di k h i n g ehien chdng My cflu nflde dd'n de'n chie'n thfing hofin toan ehien tranh vfin cdn nguyen gifi tri CHU THICH (1) Hoi nghi Ban ChSfp hanh Trung UOng tudng Vu LSng lam Tu lenh Ngoki Quan dofin (BCHTU) l i n thU 21 dU(?c ti^n hknh hai ddt- tren lap Binh doan 232 tUdng dUdng c&'p d^t tu ngfiy 19-61973 dg^n ng&y 6-7-1973; ddt til Quan dofin ngfiy 1-10 den ngSy 4-10-1973 (2) Dang Cong s a n V i | t Nam (DCSVN), Van (9) Theo tac gia Nguyin Phii DUc thi "kh6ng phai ket qua cua vu be boi Watergate da khien kien Dang, Todn tap, t^p 34 (1973) Nxb Chinh tri Richard Nixon tiir chflc" Nguyin Phii Dflc, Tgi Quoc gia Ha Ngi, 2004, tr 229 My thua d Viet Nam, sdd, tr 369 (3), (4) DCSVN, v a n kiSn Dang, Todn tap, tap 34, sdd, tr 232, 233 (5) Dgi thdng mita Xudn 1975, SUc mgnh cia tri tui Viit Nam Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Kk Ngi, 2010, tr 339 (6) Vi&n Sli hoc Siic mgnh chie'n thdng cua (10), (19) Dan theo Cuoc chie'n tranh xdm lugc thUc ddn mdi cua di'quoc My d Viet Nam Vien Lich Sli Quan sU Viet Nam, Ha Ngi, 1991, tr 268, 273 (11) Nguyin Phli Dflc Tai My thua d Viet Nam, sdd, tr 360 (12), (14), Gabriel Kolko Gidi phdu mdt cudc cudc khdng chien ehd'ng My cihi nUdc Nxb Khoa chien tranh Nxb Quan doi Nhan dfin, H^ Ngi, hge xa hoi, Hfi N6i, 1985, tr 38, 2003, tr, 627, 626 (7) Nguyin Phii Dflc, Tgi My thua d Viet Nam Nxb Lao D6ng, Hfi Ngi, 2009, tr 359 (8) Ngfiy 24-10-1973 thfinh lap Quan doan (Binh A.Qkn Quyet thing) t^i Ninh Binh, Thieu tuang Le Trgng Tfi'n lfim T u l?nh; Ngay 17-5-1974 Quan dofin lfip tai Quang Tri, Thieu tudng Hofing Vfin Thai lfim Tu l$nh; Ngay 20-71974 Quan doSn (Binh doan Ctlu Long) thfinh lfip tgi cfin cU mien Dong N a m Bo, Thieu tudng Hoftng C i m Um Tu l^nh; Ng^y 27-3-1975, Quan dofin thfinh lfip h Tay Nguyen, Thieu (13) D?i tudng Vkn Tieh Dung Dai thdng Miia Xudn Nxb Quan dgi Nhan dan Ha Ngi, 1985, tr 25 (15), (16) (22) DCSVN Van kien Dang, Toan tap, tap 35, sdd, tr.l77, 179, 196 (17) D i n theo Wgoai^'ao VietNam 1945-2000 Nxb Chi'nh tri Quoc gia, Hfi Noi, 2005, tr 276 (18) Ldi keu ggi cua Nguyin Van Thiiu ngdy 701-1975, Trung tfim Luu trfl Quoc gia II, phong DHCH, ho sd so 568 (Xem tiip trang 31) BO T U LENH QUAN GIAI PHONG MIEN NAM VIET NAM SAU NGAY MIEN NAM HOAN TOAN GIAI PHONG H6 SON DAI" T rong cudc khfing ehien cho'ng My cflu nUdc, chie'n trUdng Nam Bp, efle Nam Trung Bd, Nam Tfiy Nguyen (gpi tat la B2) (1) gifl mdt vi tri chidn lUdc cUc ky quan trpng Chi huy tnic tie'p efic luc lupng vii trang cfich mang tren dja bfin la Bp Tfl lenh cic luc lUdng vu trang nhan dan giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam, ten gpi tat quen dung la Bp Chi huy Mien, (tfl 18-3-1971 gpi la Bd Tfl lenh Mien) "Bd Chi huy Midn la cd quan tid"n phfldng ciia Bd Tong tu lenh mdt chid'n trUdng ldn tai mien Nam, bao gdm cae Quan khu 6, 7, 8, 9, Thanh phd' Sfii Gdn-Gia Dinh va mot so' tinh trflc thudc" (Vd Nguyen Giap) (2) Ra ddi tfl nfim 1961, Bd Tu lenh Mien la cd quan ehi huy eao nhfi't cua cae luc lupng vii trang giai phdng trdn chidn trUdng B2, thUe hipn cfie chflc nfing cd ban: lfim tham mflu cho Trung fldng Cue mien Nam lanh dao phong trfio dfi'u tranh chinh tri vfi da'u tranh vu trang, true tiep chi dao vfi chi huy cfie lUe Ifldng vu trang nhan dan chidn da'u ehd'ng dd qudc My vfi bd Iu tay sai tren toan chid'n trfldng Nam Bd va cflc Nam Trung Bp, gop p h i n eung quan va dan ca nudc l i n Ifldt danh bai cac chidn Ifldc chien tranh ciia de qud'c My vfi bd lu tay sai, giai phdng hoan tofin mie"n Nam • PGS.TS Quan khu Thfing lpi cua cudc khfing chie'n ehd'ng My cflu nUde da md ky nguyen mdi ciia dfin tdc Viet Nam - ky nguyen dfi't nudc dpc lfip, thd'ng nha't vfi di ldn ehu nghia xfi hdi Quan giai phdng midn Nam da hofin thfinh sfl mdnh Uch sfl, hda nhap chung vao td chflc qufin dpi nhfin dan ca nflde, ehuyen sang thflc hien nhiem vu xay dUng chinh quy, tinh nhud, tflng bfldc hien dai, hufi'n luydn san sang chie'n da'u bao vd Td qudc Tuy nhidn, Bd Tfl ldnh Midn cdn tidp tuc tdn tai 14 thang ngfiy nfla Trong thcfi gian hdn 14 thfing fi'y, Bd Tfl ldnh Midn da lfim tham mUu, chi dao cfie Iflc Ifldng vii trang Nam Bp vfi cflc Nam Trung Bd thUe hidn nhiem vu bao vd thfinh qua each mang, khae phue hfiu qua chie'n tranh va xfiy dflng, td chflc lai qufin ddi cho phu hdp vdi dieu kien thdi binh Tiep q u a n , q u a n q u a n Sau giai phong Thfinh phd' Sfii Gdn, cae tinh ddng bang song Ciiu Long vfi hai dao, Bd Tu lenh Mien chi dao cae ddn vi vii trang khan trUdng tid'p quan efin cfl qufin sfl cua My vfi quan dpi Sfii Gdn de Iai Bo Tfl lenh Midn chuyen sd chi huy ve cfin cfl Song Thin, sau chuyen tid'p vd cfin cfl T r i n Hflng Dao ndi Sai Gon (cfin cfl Bd tdng tham mflu Quan dpi Vidt Bd Tu lenh quan giii phdng mien Ram Nam cpng hda) Cac cd quan tham mflu, chinh tri, hfiu cin-ky thuat, cae ddn vi thong tin, phao binh, phdng khdng, tfingthiet giap, cdng binh thudc Bd Tfl lenh Midn tie'p quan cac can cfl tfldng flng cua quan dpi Sai Gdn de lai Bd Tfl lenh Quan dofin chuyen s6 chi huy vfio efin cfl Ld Vfin Duyet (Bidt khu thu dd cua chinh quydn Sai Gdn), sau chuyen ve cfin cfl Song T h i n d Thii Dflc Bd Tu lenh Quan khu tid'p quan cfin cfl Quan khu - Quan dofin tai Thanh phd' Bien Hda, sau chuyen ve can cfl Tran Hung Dao Bd Tfl ldnh Qufin khu tie'p quan can cfl Dong Tam tai My Tho (cfin efl Su dofin quan dpi Sfii Gdn) Bd TU lenh Qufin khu tidp quan cfin cfl Quan khu - Qufin dofin tai Thanh phd* C i n Thd Bd Tu lenh Sfii GdnGia Dinh tie'p quan cfin cfl Biet khu thu dd Tinh dpi cic tinh tid'p quan can cfl tidu khu cua dich tai tflng dia phUdng Trong lfle chi dao cic lUc lupng vu trang B2 tham gia eude tdng tid'n cong va ndi dfiy, tham gia chien dich giai phdng Sfii Gdn-Gia D)nh, Bo Tu lenh Mien k h i n trUdng trien khai Chl thj 06/TWC ngfiy 10-4-1975 cua Trung Udng Cyc mien Nam vd" vi^c ehuin b] cdng t i c tidp quan cfie tinh thfinh eon lai trdn dia bfin Nam Bp vfi cue Nam Trung Bd, dfic bidt Ifi Thinh phd' Sfii Gdn-Gia Dinh Theo do, "khi dfinh ehinh quyen trung fldng dich, cin thiic hi^n che' dp quan quan mdt thdi gian nhfi't dinh Nhi$m vu cua Uy ban qufin quan la: Tieu diet cic de khfing, toin tridt dd cfie luc lUdng phan dpng cua dich; Nhanh chong on dinh tinh hinh vfi thie't lfip tr^t tfl tri an cua thfinh phd', xfiy dung Ii^c Ifldng tfl ve cua q u i n ehung; Tflng budc khdi phue nhflng ed sd bao dam cho cudc sd'ng cua nhan dan; Chufin bi nhflng dieu kipn de ehuyen sang chinh quyen each mang" (3) Hang loat can bd quan sfl, chinh tri cac ca'p dfldc Bd Tu lenh Mien cfl tham gia uy ban quan quan va chinh quyen each mang cac dia phfldng Uy ban Quan quan Thanh phd Sfii Gdn-Gia Dinh (4) vfi cic tinh dflpe thfinh lfip chufin bi dam nhiem chflc nfing chinh quyen sau ngfiy giai phong Sau tie'p quan cfie cfin cfl quan sU cua dich, Uy ban quan quan cac dia phUdng l i n lupt mat vfi bfit tay thflc hien chflc nang cua chinh quyen each mang lam thdi: ban bo' menh lenh keu goi tfi't ca ddng bfio, efin bp, chie'n si tieh cflc cung chinh quyen efieh mang nhanh chdng thid't lap trat tU, tri eac hoat dpng dan sinh tr3 lai binh thfldng; keu gpi nhan vien ehinh quyen, eac binh si quan dpi Sai Gdn trinh didn, cae edng nhan vien ehfle cu trd lai nhidm sd vfi ban bd ldnh gidi nghiem ban dem Cac Iflc Iupng tid'p quan da tich thu, quan ly toan bd tfii lieu qufin sU, chinh tri, ky thuat, thidt bi doanh trai eua bp may didu hfinh chie'n tranh cua My - chinh quyen Sfii Gdn; cfie cd sd vfit chfi't ky thufit quan sfl eua dich tfl trung Udng tdi dia phfldng Chii nghia thflc dan mdi ciia My bi sup dd da dd lai nhflng di hai nang ne ca ve ehinh tri, kinh te, vfin hoa-xa hpi Ngoai mpt so' tudng linh, nhfin vidn chinh quydn cao cfi'p chay nflde ngofii, dai da sd' vfin cdn d lai, (rieng tai mien Ddng Nam Bd da eo khoang nfla trieu nguy qufin, nguy quyen tan rfi tai ehd), dd e6 khdng it phan tfl ngoan co' tim cieh chdng lai each mang, phan ddng si quan binh linh mac cam vdi chd dp mdi Ndn kinh td' van mang tinh chfi't ndng nghidp lac hfiu, phat trien thie'u can ddl Id thudc nang ne vfio vidn trd nflde ngoai Cac td nan xa hdi nhfl ma tuy, lflu manh, di die'm, cd bac nhan nhan Rieng dia bfin Sfii Gdn - Gia Dinh, phd'cd dan so' dong nhfi't nflde (gin 3,5 trieu ngfldi), dfi cd trdn van dich dang l i n trdn va tim mpi each chdng pha ehinh quyen cfich mang il Rghien ciiu Lich sit, sg 4.20' cpng them mdt ganh nfing xa hdi vdi 27 van ngflcfi mu chfl, tren trieu ngUdi thfi't nghiep, 20 van tre md cdi, 23 van qua phu bd vd, van ngudi fin xin, 30 van ngUdi mac benh da lieu, 15 ngfin tre bui ddi, trdn 10 van ngUdi nghien xi ke, ma (5) Phdl hdp vdi Uy ban quan quan cac dia phfldng, Bd Tu ldnh Mien chi dao mdi sU doan, trung dofin, tidu dofin chii luc vfi dia phUdng phu trfich mdt so' qufin, huyen, xfi Rieng Uy ban quan quan thfinh phd Sfii Gdn-Gia Dinh cfl 5.500 can bd chie'n si, td ehfle dofin, 34 dpi cdng tfie Cfie ddn vi vu trang chia nhd luc lUdng trdn khu vflc hfinh chinh dflpe phfin cdng, thfinh lfip tflng dpi cdng tic thuc hien nhidm vu cflu trd (6), td chflc dfla ddng bfio chay nan vd qud cu sinh sd'ng, khoi phuc san xufi't (7), p h i thao gd bom vat nd, thu dpn phd' hdu chie'n tranh vfi vfin hda pham ddc hai, kham chfla bdnh cho nhan dfin Cic dpi cdng tac vu trang to chflc tuyen truydn ve eie chinh sfich cua cfich mang, vach ro nhflng luan dieu xuyen tae cua chd dp cu, vfin ddng nhan dan tham gia cac hoat dpng xay dUng xa hdi mdi Trong nfim 1975, lUc lUpng vu trang B2 da tuydn truyen phfit ddng cho hfing trieu lupt quin chung, phfit tridn hang trfim chi doan, hfing nghin dofin vien, hang trfim nghin hdi vidn cdng dofin giai phong, ndng hdi nidn giai phdng vfi phu nfl giai phdng, Trdn ed sd lfle lupng chinh tri mdi xay dung, cac dia phfldng lUa chpn cfin bd xay dUng bd may chinh quydn cl ed sd Trong hai thang va 6-1975, ridng mien Ddng Nam Bd da thfinh lfip 104 uy ban xa va 404 uy ban fi'p vdi hdn 3.000 uy vien (8) Vfla thflc hien eae nhidm vu tid'p quan, tham gia xfiy dUng vfi bao ve chinh quyen cfich mang, gifl gin anh ninh chinh tri, trat tu an tofin xa hdi, dn dinh ddi song nhfin dan, efic lfle lUdng vu trang B2 edn trien khai cdng t i e tid'p nhan trinh didn va cai hua'n si quan, binh h'nh quan dpi Sfii Gdn Khdng kd ddl tfldng si quan, binh linh khdng phai la i c dn trinh didn dfldc hpc tfip ngan rdi trd ve dia phfldng, sd ngudi phai tap trung eai hufi'n len deh 64.395 ngfldi (trong dd cd 33 cfi'p tudng, 414 dai ta, 2.500 trung ta, 4.567 thidu tfi va mdt so' cfi'p uy, xa trfldng) (9) Bp Tfl ldnh Mien chi dao thfinh lfip dofin quan giao lfim nhiem vu quan ly, td chflc hpc tap, dieu tri cho so' si quan ndi tren, (gdm Dofin 500; tai cic dia diem Hde Ba Thflc, Thi xa Long Khanh, Sudl Ram - Ddng Nai, Trang Ldn Tfiy Ninh; Dofin 600: tai Cat Tien - Lfim Ddng; Dofin 700: tai Phu Qud'e; Dofin 775: tai Tan Hidp - Thi xa Bien Hda; Doan 875: tai Tay Ninh) Ngoai td ehfle mpt sd lien trai quan giao cic ddl tupng thupc didn td nan xa hdi nhu gfii die'm, trdm cudp, xi ke ma (10) Thing 2-1976, Uy ban quan quan cae cap hofin nhidm vu, Uy ban nhan dan each mang dUdc thfinh lap tho'ng nhfi't tfl trung Udng de'n cd sd Sau chuyen mpt sd can bd quan sU sang cd quan dan ehinh dang eac dia phfldng, Bd Tfl ldnh Mien chi dao Iflc lupng vu trang B2 kd't thuc nhidm vu quan quan, chuydn sang hoat ddng thfldng xuydn, xay dflng luc lUdng, truy quet tfin quan dich, hua'n luydn san sfing chid'n da'u didu kien thdi binh Truy quet tan quan dich, thu hdi cd sd vat chat quan doi Sai Gdn de lai Sau ngfiy mie"n Nam hofin toan giai phdng, p h i n ldn si quan, binh linh quan dpi Sai Gdn trinh didn, hpc tap vfi trd lai dia phUdng lam an sinh sd'ng Tuy nhidn, vfin edn khdng it tdn ngoan co' khdng trinh dien, sd'ng l i n lut, mdc noi tim each chdng p h i cich mang bfing nhieu thu doan hofic ngfi'm n g i m hofic edng khai Nhidu ndi tan quan tap hdp de'n cfi'p dai dpi, rai truydn ddn, k h i u hidu xuydn tac chinh BO Tu lgnh qudn giii ph6ng mien Ram sach ciia each mang, sat hai cac can bd, td chflc vupt bien, phfi hoai tai san cdng cpng Nhieu dang phfii, td chflc phan ddng vfin tidp tuc tdn tai, Ien lut hoat ddng Mdt bd phfin dan eu bi anh hudng tuydn truyen, xuyen tae cua My - nguy, song bfi't hdp tac vdi chinh quyen each mang hofic che gifi'u efic p h i n tfl phan ddng Trien khai nghi quyet hdi nghi Qufin uy Mien ngfiy 3-5-1975 ve "tid'p tuc truy Iflng, truy qudt dich, trfi'n fip cac Iflc Ifldng phan ddng dd bao ve thfinh qua ciia cich mang; ddng thdi, luc nfio cung san sang chie'n da'u dfinh dich edn phfi roi, bfi't lufin luc nfio, d diu, pham vi minh phu traeh di bao vd chinh quyen, bao vd tfii san, cd sd vfit chfi't, quo'c phdng, ky thufit, kho tfing ndi chung" (11), Bp Tfl Ipnh Mien chi dao efic lfle Ifldng vu trang vfla kien tri keu gpi trinh didn vfla kien quyd't truy qudt cac nhen nhdm tfin qufin, d^p tan nhflng dang phai phan dpng, Tai Quan khu 7, hai thfing vfi 6-1975, lUc Ifldng vu trang diet vfi bat 15.094 tfin quan, 331 ten cac td chflc phan ddng, thu 32,575 sung, dfla di hpc tfip cai tao n g i n ban 31.112 binh si, dfla di hpc tfip dai ban 6.000 si quan, nhfin vien cao cfi'p nguy (12) Tai Quan khu 8, tinh dd'n ngfiy 12-5-1975, Iflc lfldng vu trang b i t giam g i n 300 ten (trong dd ed si quan ca'p tfldng), thu 1.900 xe, 135.000 sung, c6 218 phfio (30 de'n 155mm), 136 tfiu, 11 may bay, trieu lit xfing Tai Quan khu 9, tinh ddn ngfiy 11-5-1975, lfle Ifldng vu trang bfit giam 2.040 si quan, (trong dd cd si quan cfi'p tfldng), thu 231 tfiu, 284 xe cd gidi cac loai (cd 72 thidt gifip), 176 may bay, 68.748 sung (188 phio), 1.391 mfiy vd tuyen didn, 7.880.000 lit xang (13) Ben canh vide truy quet tan quan, lfle Ifldng vu trang B2 edn trfi'n ap, pha nhieu vu fin ehdng pha cich mang ciia cae dang phai phan ddng, lung b i t cac bfing cudp dang hofinh hfinh va nhieu ddl tUdng te nan xfi hdi khac Rieng tai Thanh pho" Sai Gdn Gia Dinh, tfl t h i n g de'n t h i n g 11-1975, luc lupng vu trang da tridt phfi 850 vu p h i hoai chinh tri cua 288 ddl tUdng, b i t giam 737 ten lflu manh trpm cfldp vfi 2.437 ddl tupng te nan xa hdi Trong luc Iflc lUpng vu trang B2 dang truy quet tan quan dich thi d ben bien gidi, chinh quyen Khd me d Campuchia ngfiy cfing bde lp ehi'nh sach thu dich vdi Viet Nam Tfl ngfiy den 10-5-1975, ehung bfi't ngd tie'n edng Viet Nam tai nhieu diem thudc huyen Chau Thfinh, Ben Cau, Tan Bien tinh Tay Nmh, dao Phu Qud'c, dao Thd Chu, gidt hai vfi bfit di hang trfim dan thUdng vd tdi, Chinh sach thfl dich ciia Khd me gay nhidu cfing thfing d vung bidn gidi, lfim kho khfin them qua trinh dn dinh tinh hinh d mien Nam Bd Tfl lenh Mien mpt mat bao cao, lam tham mUu eho ca'p tren da'u tranh bfing dudng hda binh, mat khfic chi dao lUe lUdng vu trang cac dia phUdng to chflc chie'n da'u ehd'ng hfinh dpng tie'n edng xam lUde cua quan dpi Polpot Luc lupng vu trang Quan khu 7, Qufin khu phdi hdp vdi bd dpi Bien phdng, bdi ddi qufin chung Hai quan da kien quydt chfin dfinh quan dieh, giai phdng hoan tofin cfie dao, dfiy dich ve ben bidn gidi, gifl vflng lanh tho vfi ehu quydn vung bien gidi Ddng thdi vdi viee truy quet tan qufin vfi chie'n dfi'u chdng hfinh ddng xam Ifi'n bidn gidi, Bd Tu ldnh Mien chi dao cae lUc lupng vu trang B2 khfin trUdng tidp quan, thu hdi, bao quan cd sd vfit chat cua dieh de Iai Qufin dpi Sai Gdn tan nhanh chong, de lai mdt khdi lupng vu trang bi, ed sd vfit cha't ra't ldn ThUc hidn Chi thi cua Thfldng vu Trung Udng Cue ve "nhfin ro tai san dd lfi dieh vd vet md hdi nude mfit eua nhan dan, lfi XUdng mau ciia nhieu cfin bd ddng Rghien ciJii Ljch sit s6 4.2015 chi ddng dpi, dd la nhflng tai san cua nhfi nude" (14), Bp Tfl lenh Mien chi dao cfie quan khu, quan dofin, ddn vi binh chiing nhanh chdng bao ve, phan loai, quan ly Cfie ddn vi vu trang nhanh chong tidp quan cfie cfin cfl, kho tfing quan sfl cua dich de lai, theo nguyen t i c nganh nao tiep quan cd sd ngfinh dd, ca'p nao tid'p quan cfi'p dd, tiep quan tdi dau quan ly sii dung tdi dd ddng thdi phoi hdp vdi ehinh quyen cfich mang vfi nhan dan thu gom tfi't ca cac Ioai vu dan vfi cdn vUdng vai dfla khoi thfinh phd', thi xa Tinh de'n cuol t h i n g 8-1975, tofin B2 da thu hdi khoang 27.000 tfi'n vu khi, dan dupe, gdm 3.777 tfi'n sung, 22.128 tfi'n dan, 962 tfi'n thude nd (chfla ke khoang 40.0 tfi'n cdn tdn efic kho Idn) (15) Rieng tai Thanh phd'Sai Gdn-Gia Dinh, chi ngfiy sau ngfiy 30-4, Iflc lUdng vfl trang da thu gom dUpc khoang 10.000 tfi'n sflng dan, qufin cu cfie loai (16) Ngfiy 19-81975, Bd Tu lenh Mien ehi thj sd27/CT ve vide md chid'n dich thu hdi bao quan trang thie't bi djeh de lai Chien dich chia lfim budc Budc (1-9 - 31-10) thu gom vii khi, xe mfiy, mfiy bay, tau chien, trang thie't bi cdng binh thdng tin Dd'n cuoi nam 1975, cdng tac kiem kd, phfin loai, bfin giao cd sd vfit chfi't doanh trai, kho tang, trang bi, vu dan dupe hofin ta't Mpt bp phfin dupc dUa vao sfl dung phuc vu cho nhiem vu trUdc mat cua Iflc lfldng vu trang tofin mien, bp phfin khic dupe chuyen giao cho cac ddn vj cua Bd dflng chan trdn dia bfin Thflc hien cong t a c chinh sach quan doi, to chiic lai lfle liio^g vii trang De chufin bi cho cupc Tong tie'n eong vfi ndi day mua Xuan nam 1975, lfle Ifldng vu trang B2 dfldc phfit trien len mfle eao chfla tihig thfi'y Tinh ddn thdi diem t h i n g 4-1975, bd dpi cd 277.659 ngudi (thfing 12-1972 lfi 185.372 ngflcfi), dfin qufin du kich la 112.981 ngfldi (thing 12-1972 la 70.699 ngudi) (17) Sau ngfiy mien Nam hoan tofin giai phdng, nhu cau giai quyet cdng t i c chinh sfich, hfiu phudng quan ddi dfit khdng kdm p h i n efi'p bach Thflc hidn Chi thi sd 223/CT-TV ngfiy 8-7-1975 ciia Ban Cha'p hanh Trung Udng Dang ve cdng t i e thUdng binh vfi xa hdi sau chien tranh, Bd Tfl lenh Midn ban hfinh Chi thi sd 06/CT-75 yeu eau cic ddn vi vu trang: Nhanh chdng ehuyen tin tfle eua cae quan nhan tai ngu ve gia dinh; Khan trUdng xac dinh lidt si, qufin nhan tfl tran hofic ma't tieh, bAo tfl, an iii ddng vien vfi giai quye't chu dao quyen ldi gia dinh, cai liet si; Phat hien, tu siia, gifl gin quy tap mp liet si; Thd'ng kd, lap hd sd khen thudng tich chie'n tranh; Tflng budc bdi hoan ma't mfit vfi nhflng ddng gdp eua eac gia dinh cd cdng khfing ehien (18) Trong dieu kien cong vide hd't sflc he bpn, dcfi sd'ng khd khan, eae ddn vi vii trang da tap trung thflc hien td't chi thj ciia Bd Tfl ldnh Mien Mdi ddn vi deu cfl phd chinh uy, chinh tri vidn trflc tid'p phu trfich cdng t i c chinh sfich Cd quan chinh sach cfie cfi'p td chflc tfip hufi'n cin bp chuyen trich, lien he vdi ehinh quyen dia phUdng de eflng phdi hpp thflc hidn: lap danh sich, xfic minh cfie trudng hpp mat tich, bfio tii, quy tfip md ma; gifim djnh sflc khde, xe'p hang thUdng tfit, cfi'p sd; khen thudng cae trudng hdp tdn dpng sau ehien tranh (trong thdi ky khfing chid'n, ridng Chie'n dich Hd Chi Minh) gdm cac Ioai thi dua quye't thfing vfi de nghi huan huy ehUdng, danh hidu ddn vi va ea nhan anh luc Ifldng vu trang nhan dan Nhiem vu he't sfle khd khfin phfle tap, mac du vfiy, mdt thdi gian ngfin, liic lUdng vu trang B2 da hofin thfinh khdi lupng cdng viec dd so Tinh den thfing 12-1977, (khi Bd Tu lenh Mien da giai the), rieng Quan khu B6 Tif lenh quan giAi phong mi^n Ram da lfip danh sfich, quan Iy hd sd 68.566 lidt si; quy tfip ve nghia trang, kidm tra danh dfi'u cim bia 23.360 md liet si; thdng ke giam dinh 18.593 (trdn 36 dau ddn vi) thfldng binh cac hang, ca'p sd 6.342 ngfldi; khen thudng hfing chuc nghin huan chuong cic loai, xdt de nghi tuyen dfldng 11 ddn vi vfi 21 ca nhan anh Iflc Ifldng vu trang nhan dan (19) Song song, Bp Tu lenh Mien chi dao cic lUc lfldng vu trang B2 s i p xep lai Iflc Ifldng va td chflc quan sfl vung lanh thd theo tinh t h i n Nghj quyd't 24 Trung fldng Dang (thing 9-1975) vd nhiem vu efieh mang Viet Nam giai doan mdi, cd ndi dung xay dUng luc Ifldng vu trang cho phu hdp vdi dieu kien thdi binh Theo do, ve td chflc quan sfl theo Ifinh thd, Qufin khu (T6) nhap ve Quan khu 5, Quan khu (T2) nhfip ve Quan khu 9, Sai Gdn-Gia Dinh va eae tinh Binh Phudc, Tfiy Ninh nhfip ve Quan khu Trdn dia ban Nam Bp chi cdn quan khu: vfi Quan khu cd Thfinh Hd Chi Minh (Thfinh phd' Sfii Gdn-Gia Djnh cii) vfi cae tinh Ddng Nai (gdm tinh cu: Bidn Hda, Tan Phfl, Ba Ria-Long Khfinh, ke ca Viing Tfiu); Song Be (gdm tinh cu: Binh DUdng, Binh PhUdc); Tay Ninh Bd TU lenh Quan khu Tran Vfin Trfi lfim Tfl lenh kidm chinh uy (20) Qufin khu CO cic tinh Long An (gdm tinh cu: Long An, Kien Tfldng); Tidn Giang (gdm tinh cu: My Tho, Gd Cdng); Ci(u Long (gdm tinh cu: Vinh Long, Tra Vinh); Hau Giang (gdm tinh cu: Can Thd, Sdc Trfing); Ddng Thap (gdm tinh cu: Sa Dec, Kidn Phong); An Giang (gdm tinh An Giang cu vfi mpt so' huydn eila Long ChSu Hfi, Long Chfiu Tien, Sa Ddc); Kidn Giang (gdm tinh Rach G i i eii vfi huydn eua Long Chau Hfi); Minh Hai (gdm tinh eu; Cfi Mau, Bac Lieu); Ben Tre Bd Tfl ldnh Le Dflc Anh lfim Tfl lenh, Le Van Tfldng l i m Chinh uy (21) Ve Iflc lfldng chii lfle, Quan dofin dupc kien toan gdni sfl dofin bp binh (7, 9, 341) vfi mpt sd ddn vi bp binh trflc thudc, cac ddn vi binh chung Mot so' ddn vi khic dfldc dieu ehuydn trflc thude Bp Qud'c phdng hoac bo sung ve cic quan khu Sfl doan bd binh chuydn ve Quan khu Bd Tfl lenh Quan dofin Hofing Cim lfim Tu lenh, Hofing The Thien lam Chinh uy (22) Cfie td chflc vu trang ndi tren khfin trUdng s i p xe'p lai luc Iflpng theo bien chd' thdi binh dii cic khdi: ThUdng true san sfing chie'n dfi'u (bp binh vfi binh ehung); Cd quan (tham mUu, chinh trj, hfiu cin-ky thuat); Nha trfldng (quan ehinh, si quan, qufin y, vfin hda, thid'u sinh qufin); Hau ein, ky thufit (bdnh vidn qufin y, XUdng sfla chfla, kho tram); vfi Ddn vi true thude khic (ddl ngoai, phap che', tdng ke't chie'n tranh, tram khfich, dieu dudng ) Dfic biet, cfie qufin khu deu td chflc mdt Iflc Ifldng ldn lfim nhiem vu san xufi't Ridng Quan khu cd dofin kinh te': Dofin Phudc Long, (Sfl doan 3, gdm trung dofin), Dofin 600 (gdm trung dofin), Dofin La Nga (gdm trung dofin) (23) Viec sap xep lai td chflc quan sfl va lfle Iflpng vu trang den gifla nam 1976 mdi ed ban hofin thfinh Tuy nhien, tfl thang 21976, Uy ban quan quan ket thuc nhidm vu, Bd Tfl ldnh Midn cung giam d i n hoat ddng chi dao ddl vdi Iflc Ifldng vii trang trdn dia bfin B2 Cac quan khu, quan doan tflng bflde ehiu sfl lanh dao, ehi dao true tiep tfl Quan uy Trung Udng va Bp Qud'c phdng Vfi, 7-7-1976, Bp Tfl lenh Mien chinh thfle giai the, hofin thfinh nhiem vu ve vang sau 15 nfim hoat dpng Nhu vfiy, mac du sau mien Nam giai phdng, tinh chfi't cupc cfich mang d Nam Bd vfi cflc Nam Trung Bd dfi hofin tofin thay ddi, nhUng Bd Tfl lenh Quan giai Rghien cflu Lidi sir s6 4.2015 phong mien Nam Vidt Nam vfin tie'p tue tdn tai va hoat dpng Se co nhflng cdng trinh ridng phan tich khich quan ve nhidu ndi dung cac hoat ddng a'y, vi du nhfl vide giai quyd't cho quan mpt sd Ifldng k h i ldn cin bd chie'n si, dae bidt la sd si quan dfiy dan kinh nghiem chid'n da'u tren chid'n trfldng B2 sau ngfiy giai phong O dfiy, ehung ta thfi'y rfing, Bp Tfl lenh Mien dfi ed nhflng ddng gop quan trong vide lfim tham mUu eho ca'p tren va trflc tiep ehi dao Iflc Ifldng vu trang B2 thfle hidn mpt khdi lUdng cdng viec dd so sau chie'n tranh Dd lfi tie'p quan vung mdi giai phdng, nhfi't la cac phd', thi xa, can efl quan sfl, ehinh tri va he thd'ng kho tang dfl trfl vfit cha't ky thufit cua dich; truy quet tan quan dich, trfi'n ap luc lUdng phan each mang, thu dung vfi cai hua'n si quan, binh linh quan ddi Sai Gdn, bao ve an tofin cac muc tieu quan trpng, cae dia ban chien Ifldc, toan bd khu vUc bien gidi, bd bien vfi hai dao; tham gia khic phuc hau qua chid'n tranh, thao gd hom va cac chfldng ngai quan sfl, giiip dd nhfin dan xay dung chinh quydn each mang, dn dinh cupc sd'ng, xfiy dflng quan he san xua't mdi, gifl gin an ninh ehinh tri vfi trat tfl an toan xfi hdi; giai quye't chinh sieh hau phUdng qufin dpi va sap xd'p lai td chflc quan sfl vfi lfle Ifldng cho phfl hdp vdi dieu kien thdi binh Ke't qua cua nhflng hoat ddng iy dfi gop phan quan trpng vfio thfinh edng cua each mang Viet Nam nhflng nam 1975-1976, dfit tie"n de dd lfle lupng vu trang tie'n len dudng xfiy dUng chinh quy, tinh nhue vfi tflng bfldc hien dai CHU THICH (1) Trong khang chi^n chong de qu6'c My, chien biet) gom 11 t h a n h vien Vo Vkn Kiet Iam Bi trUdng mien Nam (tU Nam vi truyen 17 trS vao, goi thu, T r i n Van Tra va Mai Chi Thp lam Ph6 bi thU lfi chien trU&ng B) dUdc to chUc khu vUc v6i (5), Bp tu lenh Quan khu 7: Lich su! lUc lugng cac mat danh Bl, 32, B3, B4 Bl gom khu vUc vu trang Qudn khu (1945-2010), Nxb Quan d6i duyen hai trung Trung Bo (cac tinh tit Da Nang vao Nhan dan, 2010, tr 177-178 de'n Khanh Hoa) B2 gom khu vUc Nam Bo va cUc (6) Chl tinh rieng m i l n D6ng Nam Et6, Nam Trung Bo (cac tinh til Ninh Thuan, Binh thang vfi 6-1975, bo dpi bdt k h i u phan an v^ ThuSn, Lam Dong vfio den Ca Mau) B3 gom khu thu gom tfl cac kho tang cUu doi cho dan 661 tan vUc Tay Nguyen (cac tinh Kon Tum, Gia Lai, DSk gao, 27 ta'n va 475 gia !ua, trieu dong Lak) B4 g6m khu vUc Nam vi tuyen 17 den B5c d^o Hai Van (cac tinh Quang Tri, Thiia Thien-Hue) (2), (8) Quan khu 7: Lich sU Eg Chi huy (7) Tinh ri§ng cac don dien cao su b mien Dong Nam B6, den cuoi thang 6-1975, da khoi phuc hoat Miin ddng san xufi't tai 11 don dien cao su ,cho vay von: (1961-1976) Nxb Chi'nh tri Quoc gia, 2004, tr 7, 53 200.000 dong; cflu te, cilu doi cho c6ng nhan; 636-636, 450.000 dong, 42.000kg gao (3) Vien Lich sxl Dang: Lich s^ biin nien XU uy Nam Bg vd Trung Ucmg Cue miin Nam (1954- 1975), Nxb, Chi'nh tri quoc gia, 2003, tr 1083, (9) Cue Hau c i n Mien: Bdo cdo cdng tdc hgu cdn thdng ddu ndm 1975, lUu t r a Phong Khoa hpc quan sU Quan khu 7, tai lieu BC-214, tr (4), Gom 11 vien Tran VSn Tra lam (10), (16), (23) B6 Tu lenh Quan khu Lich si Chii tich Cac Pho chu tich: Vo Van Kiet, Hoang hau cdn Qudn khu (1945-2000) Nxb, Quan doi Cam, T r i n Van Danh, Mai Chi Thp, Cao Dang Nhan dan, 2000, tr 663-664, 655, 682 Chiem Cac iiy vien: Bui Thanh Khiet, Bay ThU, (11) Bien bdn Hgi nghi thudng trtic Qudn uy Luong Ky Hiep, Nguyin Vo Danh vfi Phan Minh Mien md rgng (ngay 8-5-1975), Luu trii Ban Tong Tanh Dang uy Quan quan (con gpi la Dang uy dac ke't chien tranh B2, tai lieu s^ 2050/BM, tr 6-7 Bd Ttr lenh quan giAi phdng mi^n Ram (12) Bdo cdo Tdng hgp sd Uiu cdc mat thdng vd 6-1975 cua khu viic mien Bdng 21 hai Nam Bo, LUu trU v a n phong Trung Udng Dang, tai lieu so 23 Tong ke't chie'n tranh B2, 1979, LUu trU Phong Khoa hpc qufin sU Quan khu 7, tr 7/KN (18), (19) Dang uy-B6 Tu lenh Quan khu 7: Tong ki't cdng tdc ddng, cong tdc chinh tn lUc (13) Bdo cdo tinh hinh kit qud tdn cdng vd tiep qudn cua cdc Qudn khu 7, 8, 9, LUu trfl tai Phong Khoa hoc quan sU Quan khu 9, tai lieu s^ 46/1975/TWC luong vU trang Quan khu (1975-2000), (20) Cac vien khac, Nguyin Thdi BUng (Pho tu kenh kiem tham mUu trUcfng); (14), Vien Lich sik Dang: Lich sH biin niin XU Nxb Quan dpi Nhan dan, 2006, tr 90-91, 94-95 lenh: Nguyin Minh Chau, Dong Van Pho tU Cong, uy Nam Bd vd Trung Udng Cue mien Nam (1954- Nguyin Van Bfla, Lfldng Van Nho; Pho chinh iiy: 1975), Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, 2003, tr.l084 Dao Sdn Tay, Vo Van Thanh, Nguyin Van Quang (15) Bdo cdo kit qud thu hdi vd khi, phUcfng tiin binh ky thudt cua dich (tti 1-5-1975 30-10-1975), (21) Cac vien khac: Nguyen Van Sy (Pho din tfl kenh kiem tham mflu trflflng), Pho tfl lenh: Luu trfl Ban Tong ke't chien tranh Nguyin Hflu Xuye'n, L§ Qu6'c San, Pham Ngoc B2, s ^ M I Hflng; Pho chinh tiy: Nguyen Van Tong (17), De cUcfng ty my bdo cdo tong kit kinh (22) Cac vien khac: Pho Tfl lenh: Bui nghiem cugc khdng chien cho'ng My cthi nUdc tren Cat Vu, Nguyen Huynh Ngan; Pho chinh iiy: chie'n trUdng Nam Bo vd cUc Nam Trung Bd, Ban Vfldng The'Hiep, BOI CANH LICH SlT XUAT HIEN THCKl CO CIAI PHONG HOAN T O A N MIEN NAM (Tiep theo trang 23) (20) Dan theo Chien tranh cdch mang Viet (24) Dan theo Cudc khdng chiin chong My, citu Nam 1945-1975 thdng lgi vd bdi hge Nxb Chinh nudc 1954-1975 tri Quo'c gia Ha Noi, 2000, tr.l68, Quan dpi Nhan dan, Ha Npi, 1980, tr 289 (21), Dai thang MUa Xudn qua nhiing trang hoi Nhting sU kien qudn sU Nxb (25) Dan theo Lich sii khdng chie'n cho'ng My tic, Thdi CO vd quye't tdm chie'n lugc Nxb Tfl didn cUu nUdc 1954-1975, Tap VIII, Todn thdng Nxb Bach khoa, Ha Npi 2005, tr 286 Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha N6i, 2013, tr.301 (23), Hien van c6 nhflng y kien k h a c n h a u , co tac gia cho lfi bat dau d a n h Buon Ma T h u t la 9-3 (theo N g u y i n P h u Dflc Tai My thua 369) d Viet Nam, sdd, tr, (26) DCSVN VSn kien Dang, Todn tap, tap 36, sdd, tr 95, 95-96 (28) Bdo cdo chinh tri cua Ban Chap hdnh Trung UOng Ddng tgi Dai hoi Ddng ldn thti TV Nxb Sfl That, Ha Noi, 1977, tr, 26-27 VIET NAM 40 NAM XAY DUNC DAT Nl/dC VA K H A C P H U C D I CHUNG CHIEN TRANH (19752015) NGUYfiN Htru NGUYfeN" M pt quoe gia chuyen tfl ehiln tranh sang hda binh luon cd hai va'n de cd ban phai tie'n hfinh dong thdi la: xay dflng da't nflde va khac phuc hfiu qua chiln tranh Cupc chiln tranh cfing khdc liet, cfing keo dfii thi cfie he qua cfing to ldn Cupc khfing ehiln 30 nfim eiia nhan dan Viet Nam lau dai va khoe Ii$t nha't sau Chiln tranh the gidi thQ II Di san vo gia ciia cupc khfing chiln fi'y Ifi: dpc lfip dfin tpc, thong nhfi't dfi't nudc, boa binh hanh phdc eho nhan dan vfi dfio luypn dUdc nhflng the hp anh Di chflng cua cudc chiln tranh fi'y lfi nhflng td'n thfldng khong nho v l tinh t h i n va vfit chfi't cua dfi't nflde va dan tdc Tfl each tiep efin dd, bai viet Ifla chpn trinh biy vfi'n d l xay dflng da't nflde va khic phuc di chflng chiln tranh cua sau linh vflc cu the: chinh tri, kinh tl-moi trfldng, vfin hda-xa hpi, quan h$ qudc t6', tfl quan ly vfi phat huy truyin tho'ng Th6'ng nhat dat mtofc v a khac phuc di chijfng cua qua trinh bj chia cat va y e u to noi chien * TS TrUdng DHKHXH&NV Tp Ho Chi Mmh Dpc lfip dan toe va tho'ng nhfi't dfi't nu6c Ifi mue tieu Idn nhfi't cua cupc khfing ehien Su tho'ng nha't khong phai chi ve lanh th^ vfi kinh t l ma quan trpng hdn Ifi thong nhfi't v l ehinh tri va vfin hda, xfi hpi vi lich scf Viet Nam da trai qua nhflng thdi kf bi ehia eat va ylu to ndi chiln Trong thdi ky phdng kiln, Viet Nam da tiftig cd thdi ky npi ehiln vfi chia cat Trinh - Nguyin phan tranh Den giQa thi ky XIX, thflc dan Phap xam lUde, chdng chia Vi$t Nam thfinh ba ky va i p dfit nhflng ehe dp cai tri khac nham thflc hi^n ehinh sach "ehia de tri" Cach mang Thing T i m nfim 1945 thfinh cdng, nU6c Vi$t Nam Dan chu Cong hoa ddi-v6i tfl each mpt quo'c gia dpc Ifip, tho'ng nhfii, tofin ven lanh thd va tie'n hanh cudc khfing chien cho'ng thflc dan Phap tai xfim Iflde Den den nam 1954, Hiep dinh Geneva lai ehia cat Viet Nam hai miln-c6 ranh gi6i Ifi Sdng Ben Hai - vi t u y i n 17 Cupc khang chie'n chong My kdo dfii 21 nfim (19541975) - dd cd ye'u to npi chiln My thUc hien chie'n lupe "Chiln tranh dfic bigt" Vi^t Ram 40 nflm xfly dung dof nir6e (1961-1965) vfi "Vi^t Nam hda chiln tranh" (1973-1975) Nhfl vfiy tinh trang chia cfit Ifiu dfii va yeu to npi chiln da de lai di chflng gi? vfi Viet Nam da khfic phuc sao? Dd Ifi vfi'n de rfi't quan trpng dm vdi sU thong nhfi't ciia Viet Nam vi phai ehuyen doi hofin tofin ca che dp chinh tri vfi kinh te xa hpi d mpt nCta dfi't nflde Tfl nhfin nguy cd sup cua chinh quyen Sfii Gon, ngfldi My da soan thao " k l hoach hfiu chie'n" nham gay bfi't dn cho ViSt Nam Ho cho rfing d mien Nam se CO mpt cupc "tfim m i u " tra thu Ngudi My tin vao dieu dd cd le vi hi$n tfldng fi'y da tiftig diln sau Chien tranh the gidi thfl II d mpt qud'c gia "vfin minh phfldng Tfiy"do Ifi trudng hdp nudc Phap da hfinh quylt nhilu ngUdi lfim vi§c cho quan Dflc thdi gian bi Phap ehilm ddng Sfl tuyen truyin cua ngfldi My v l "tam mfiu" da tao noi sp hai cua khong it ngfldi dan miln Nam c6 m6i quan h0 vdi My vfi chinh quyen Sfii Gon Do d6, ngUdi My phai "thao chay tan loan", mpt so' ngfldi Viet cung chen Ifi'n d§ leo len may bay, tau thuyin rdi bd dfi't nflde, md d i u cho mot thdi ky^ vfldt biSn trfii ph6p T h i nhflng sau ngfiy 30-4-1975, d miln Nam da khong co "tfim mau" vi nhilu le mfi ngUdi My khong hieu dflde Trflde bet, ban chfi't cua cupc khing ehien lfi cho'ng My xam Ifldc, yeu td npi chiln chi c6 chinh quyin Sfii Gon My thfle hi$n chiln lupc "Vifit Nam hda chiln tranh" Cam giac npi chiln h i u nhu khong c6 nhan dan va ca p h i n Idn binh si quan dpi Sfii G6n-hp c i m sung vi d i n g lUdng My vipn trd ehfl khong vi long hfin thu Nam Bic Chinh vi the mfi phfa Mfit trfin giai phdng luon keu gpi sfl "Hoa hdp dfin tpc", coi ngfldi than ciia binh si lfi "gia dinh dau kho'", dong thdi lfim cong t i c "binh vfin" chfl khong phai "dieh van" Qufin giai phdng tie'n vfio Sfii Gdn ngfiy 30-4-1975 la nhQng dofin quan oai nhung rfi't nghiem tuc vfi than thien nen sfl ngd ngang ciia ngfldi dan thfinh pho' nhanh ehdng tan biln, thay vfio la nhflng bfin tay vfiy chfio doan quan chie'n thfing Ngay ea nhflng si quan va nhan vien cao ca'p ciia chinh quyen Sai Gon cung khong hi doi xfl nhfl "tfl binh" - hp chi nhfin dfldc thong bao va tu d i n cae dia dilm trinh dien Trong qua trinh hpc tfip cai tao, hp khong bi si nhuc ve tinh than, khong bi xuc pham than thd Tuy nhien hp phai chfi'p nhan mpt thdi gian thieu thd'n v l vfit chfi't va tinh thin-trong hoan eanh ca nudc dang khung hoang kinh te-xa hot t r i m trpng My cfi'm vfin kinh t l Tuy nhien, thdi gian "hpc tap cai tao" keo dfii, khung hoang kinh t l , xfi hpi ngfiy efing t r i m trpng chien tranh bign gidi d hai dau dfi't nudc Ta't ca nhflng kho khan ch^ng chfi't a'y da tao sU hut hfing v l niem tin vfi dudng nhfl da khdi gpi lai tfim Iy nghi ky, chia re xfi hoi-thfim chi ran nflt cfie mm quan he nhQng gia dinh cd ngudi than tham gia ea hai phia Do do, Ian sdng vupt bien diln hang d miln Nam va lan ca miln Bfie (Theo so lieu thd'ng ke eua Lien hpp quoe, nam cud'i thap nien 80 the ky XX, vupt bien d Viet Nam tfl 15 ngan den 18 ngfin ngfldi/mpt thing) Tfl nfim 1986, Viet Nam bat dau thflc hien dudng loi doi mdi, kinh te thi trUdng, phuc hdi san xua't, eai thien ddi song nhan dan dong thdi bp phan "hpc tap cai tao" da dfldc trd v l doan tu vdi gia dinh (da thue hifin chUdng trinh "ra di ed trat tfl" eho 25 van ngUdi sum hpp gia (finh, cho 17 van si quan vfi cong chflc Sai Gon di dinh cfl d Rghien ciJru Uch sir, sd 4.2Q15 nflde ngoai, cho nhan van eon lai), Viet Nam hpi nhfip ASEAN va tham gia cae dinh c h l t h i gidi Nhiing qua a'y da tao hieu flng kinh te', xa hpi tich cuc-da chfi'm dflt dfldc tinh trang vflpt bien trai phep vfi bat d i u c6 xu hfldng dao chilu kilu bfio da trd v l thfim que hfldng va d i u tfl ngfiy efing nhilu vfio Vifit Nam (nfim 2014 lUdng thu hut kieu hoi Ifi ty USD) Difi'u dd chflng td di chQng v l tam ly chia re vfi nghi ky da dfldc khfic phuc rfi't nhilu, ding thdi eung chflng td p h i n ldn ngfldi Viet rdi bo qufi hUdng sau 30-4-1975 khong phai vi thQ hfin dan tpc (Tdng Bi thfl Nguyin Van Linh dfi noi: "Hg di, tmdc sau cUng trd vi, hg Id ngiidi Viet Nam, phdi sdp xip cho hg di binh thiidng) nhflng nd da anh hudng tieu efle khong nho dfi'n nhan thflc lieh sfl vfi tinh cam eua mpt bd phfin xa hpi-nhfi't lfi doi vdi Idp tre Dfin chflng v l hien tflpng cd the ke vfii fi'n phfim dfi xufi't ban tren mang nhfl "Den cfl", "Ben t h i n g cupc" da liet kfi rfi't nhilu sfl kifin, nhieu eau ehuyfin NhUng dd chl lfi "trinh bay nhflng hifin tupng Uch Sil" mfi lang tranh "ban chfi't lich sfl" Lich Sli chong ngoai xfim cua Vipt Nam mang dfim cha't "bi-hflng" nhflng "chfi't hung" phai la ehii dao vfi vfldt trpi mdi c6 the danh bai dupc tfi't ca cac the Iflc xam Ifldc manh nha't t h i gidi, chfl khong phai chi la nhflng mang m i u toi ma cac fi'n p h i m a'y da mo ta Tinh trang hofii nghi vfi phu nhfin Iieh sfl khong chi cd ci Viet Nam Tuy nhien, d6 cung ed mpt bp mfi cung dang xufi't hien tren thfi' gidi, d6 la phfin vi Iy chinh tri, hp chong doi Vifit nhQng mflu toan "vilt lai lieh sfl" mpt each Nam bfing nhieu each nhfl: thfinh lap cfie v6 dn nhfl lufin dieu: "trong Chie'n tranh dang phai cho'ng cong hoat dpng d hai thfi' gidi thfl II, Lien Xo da xfim lUdc ngoai, td chflc cfie nhom khung bo' dua ve Ukraina vfi nflde Dflc " Tuy dd chi lfi Vifit Nam, vifi't bfii tren Internet de kieh nhflng ke "bfin vao lich sii bang sung lue", ddng cho'ng dd'i hp gpi dd lfi "ehuyen liia khdng thay doi dflpc ban chfii Uch sfl, vl que hfldng" Ta't ca nhflng hoat dpng fi'y khdng thay ddi dfldc nhan thfle ciia nhflng dfiV tha't bai nhflng no eung gfiy nhflng ngfldi hidu bifi't- nhUng nd nhfl sfl khdi gdi tfie dpng tlfiu cflc khdng nho trfin cfie linh lai tam ly nghi ky eua mot thdi chia cfit vfi vue vfin hda-xa hdi va dofin kfi't tofin dan npi chifi'n d Vifit Nam De'n nay, nhQng di ehflng fi'y khong Ifi trd Iflc Idn tren eon dfldng phat trien eiia Vifit Nam nhflng dfldng nhfl Iai xufi't hien sU "bie'n tfldng" sang m i u sic hofii nghi vfi phu nhfin gifi tri eua lieh sii cho'ng ngoai xfim Dfing ehu y lfi dd ed ca mpt so' ngfldi da tflng tham gia k h i n g chie'n chong ngoai xam cung bi hut vfio xu hUdng Hp dfit lai vfi'n dfi': eupe khang chien 30 nam cd cin thie't khong? Thfim chi cdn cho rfing: "neu le thupc ngoai bang ma giau co edn hdn dpc lap mfi ngheo " Ta't nhien, chi Ifi suy nghi cua mot so it ngfldi va hoin tofin xa la vdi gii tri vfi y chi cua ngfldi Vi$t Nam: "Khong gi quy hdn dpc lfip tfl do", Thflc tfi' trfin cho thfi'y, nhflng di chflng Ioai nfiy c6 nhflng bieu hifin vfi bifi'n tUdng rfi't phfle tap ddi sS^ng xa hpi, dd sU t h i n g nhfi't dfi't nflde chi thflc sfl c6 y nghia khic phuc dfldc nhflng di chflng nfiy Xay dcfng k i n h t e va k h i c phuc hau qua tan pha cua chien tranh Chie'n tranh la cupc xung dot sflc manh toan dien cua hai ben-trong d6 kinh tfi' lfi mpt mat trfin quan trpng ludn gfin liln vdi mat trfin quan sfl Do vfiy ea hai ben deu sflc pha hoai cac cd sd kinh t l eua doi phfldng Cupc khfing chifi'n eiia Vifit Nam k^o dfii 30 nfim, phai chong Iai nhflng dSi ^ g L g g m 40 nam xfly dymg dfit nu-6c thii manh nhfi't the gidi nfin khoi Ifldng tfin p h i cflng rfi't ldn: Trong khang chifi'n chong My, phia Hoa Ky da tien hanh "chifi'n tranh pha hoai bfing khong qufin" quy mo Idn d mien Bfie Hp sU dung tfi't ea cae Ioai may bay hien dai n h i t de nfim hang trieu tfi'n bom dan, p h i huy mpt nfla so' eiu co'ng, 3/4 so' nhfi miy phat dien vfi h i u hfi't eac kho xfing dau d mie'n Bac O mifi'n Nam, quan giai phong cung sflc p h i hoai dudng xi, eiu eo'ng, danh phfi cae san bay, d6^t chiy nhieu kho tang va cd sd kinh te ky thufit cua dieh (nhfl teng kho Long Binh, san bay Bien Hda, kho xfing Nhfi Bfi ) Ve phia My va Sai Gon, hp dung ra't nhieu bom dan va chfi't dpc hda hpc danh phfi cic vung riftig nfli, nong thon nham triet p h i cac vflng can cfl-bie'n nhilu vung dfi't thfinh hoang hda vi nhilm chfi't dpe vfi dfiy dae bom chfla nd Trong chifi'n tranh Vifit Nam, sfl tan p h i moi trudng d l Iai nhQng di chflng lfiu dfii vfi ra't khd khfie phuc Theo nhflng so' lieu da edng bo^ qufin My da sfl dung hdn 18,2 trifiu Gallon chfi't dpc dioxin rai xuo'ng 10% difin tich mien Nam Vifit Nam, lfim nhiem ddc va tan pha hang trifiu rflng vfi dfi't nong nghiep De'n van nhifiu khu vflc bi nhilm ddc nfing nhfl d Dfi Nfing, Bien Hda vfi c6 khoang 4,8 trieu ngfldi bi phdi nhifim dioxin, hfing trfim ngfldi da chfi't, hang ngan ngfldi vfi chau ho dang bi benh tfit Ngay sau chien tranh, Vifit Nam lai rdi vfio tinh trang khung hoang kinh tfi', xa hoi rfi't t r i m trpng vfi k6o dfii hdn 10 nfim Su kdo dfii a'y nhie'u nguyen nhan khfich quan vfi chu quan nhUng phan rfi't ldn lfi sfl tfin pha q u i Idn cua chifi'n tranh, doi hoi rfi't nhilu ngudn Iflc v i thdi gian de khfic ph\ic, dd vi^e khfii phuc tang giao thong vfin tai rfi't chfim da ban che' ra't nhieu to'c dp phat trien san xufi't vfi lflu thong hfing hda Ngfiy nay, Viet Nam da thoat khoi nhdm eae nflde ngheo nhflng GDP/diu ngfldi kem xa mpt so' nflde ASEAN Tuy nhien de dat dfldc ket qua khifim tdn fi'y da phai mfi't mot thdi gian k h i dai (40 nam) la phai khac phuc hau qua tfin phfi qua nfing n l eiia ehien tranh Xay dflng n e n v a n h d a mdi va k h a c p h u c h a u q u a c u a v a n h o a thflc dan Nfi'u tinh tfl Phfip xam Ifldc thi mien Bac chiu anh hfldng cua vfin hda thflc dan phfldng Tay hdn 80 nam, mien Nam edn thfim 21 nam anh hudng van hoa My Trong qua trinh hdn 100 nam fi'y, chii nghla thuc dan luon thuc hien chifi'n Iflpc du nhap Ioi sd'ng ich ky, thflc dung vfi hfldng thu nhfim lfim cho ngUdi dan Viet Nam qufin di than phfin thudc dia vfi khong cdn y chi da'u tranh gifinh dpc l^p Ddng thdi ehung thfle hien ehinh sfich "ehia d l tri" ca ve dia ly, lanh tho vfi vfin hda Trong suo't q u i trinh a'y, cic thi bi chie'm dong Ifi ndi du nhfip efic loai tfi nan xfi hpi eiia phUdng Tay nhu: bfing dang tpi pham, buon lau, mai dam, nghien hut ma tuy, trpm cap, Ifla dao 16'i song fi'y c6 anh hfldng lfiu dfii vfi lfi kho khfin khdng nho doi vdi qufi trinh xay dung "nin vfin hda tifin tien, dam da ban sac dfin toe" Sau nam 1954, ngfldi P h i p rut khdi miln Bac, de lai nhieu loai te nan xa hpi ma chinh quye'n each mang phai ma't rfi't nhilu thdi gian de giai quye't Sau nfim 1975, ngfldi My rut khdi miln Nam de Iai nhflng te nan xa hpi nfing n l hdn, nha't la nan mai dam, ma vfi nhieu te nan xa hpi khic Rgfaian curu Ijch sir, sd 4.2015 Trong nhflng nfim dau miln Nam mdi giai phdng, cac Ioai tfi nan xa hoi d cfie thi Idn g i n nhu bien mfi't NhUng dfi'n khung hoang kinh te, xa hpi trd nen tram trpng thi cic tfi nan fi'y trd lai vfi phfit trien rfi't nhanh Tfl Viet Nam thflc hien ddi mdi, hpi nhfip, CNH-HDH, kinh tfi' thi trfldng, dfi't nudc da thoit ngheo, ddi sdng nhfin dfin dfldc cai thien ro ret, nhung mat khac, nan xa hpi eung tang theo Hien nay, rieng Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh eo khoang 15 ngfin ngfldi hfinh n g h i mai dam va hdn 19 ngan nghifin, nhifi'u hdn so vdi 40 nfim trflde Sfl gia tfing fi'y nhieu nguyen nhfin: dfin sd thfinh phd da ga'p l i n so vdi nfim 1975, mat t r i i eua kinh tfi' thi trUdng va di chflng vfin hda thflc dan vfi mpt nguyfin nhfin khfic, khdng trflc tifi'p nhUng quan trpng hdn, lfi tinh trang tham nhung da trd "qudc nan" (Nghi quyfi't Trung fldng da nhfin dinh, tham nhung dang " thich thflc sfl lanh dao cua Dang va sQ tdn vong cua c h l do) ThUe te' cho t h i y te nan xfi hpi ludn ty Ifi thufin vdi nan tham nhung vi chung c6 mcii quan hfi "cpng sinh" Cupc chien tranh Ifiu dfii de lai rfi't nhilu nan nhan nhU: thUdng bfinh binh, gia dinh lifit si, gia dinh neo ddn, nghfio kh6, tre em mdi eoi vfi rfi't nhifiV hfii cot liet Sl chfla tim tha'y (ehUa ke hfii edt ciia phia quan dpi Sfii Gon) Do cung la ganh nfing rfi't Idn doi hoi phai c6 chinh sich vfi cic ehUdng trinh xa hoi rpng Idn mdi khac phuc dupe NhQng di chflng v l tfi nan va an sinh xa hpi la thuc dan d l qudc de Iai, nhung tfi nan tham nhiing la xa hpi ngfiy sinh Hai yfi'u td dd dang "cpng hudng" de tao thfinh Iflc can khong nhd doi vdi cong cudc xay dflng nen van hda tifin tie'n, dfim dfi ban sic dfin tpc D l khfic phuc nhiing di chflng gTy dUdng nhien phai chdng ca hai loai te nan nhflng chdng tham nhiing dong vai tro quyfi't dinh vi dd ngudn go^c sinh cfie Ioai tfi nan khac Hoi n h a p q u o c te v a k h a c phuc h a u q u a c u a n g o a i giao t h d i c h i e n Trong hd sd chifi'n tranh Viet Nam, ehi ke tfl thfi' ky XIX da c6 nhii'u qud'e gia tham gia ehifin tranh xam lUdc vung da't nfiy Gifla the' ky XEX, quan P h i p xam Ifldc va chie'm dong g i n 100 nam, ehung hoc 16t th^m te vfi gay rfi't nhieu tpi ic Gin eu6i Chie'n tranh the' gidi thfl II, quan Nhfit chie'm ddng vfi gay nan chet ddi hdn trifiu ngfldi Sau dd lfi quan Anh, An Dp vfi quan Tfldng Gidi Thach vao giai giip quan Nhfit nhflng ddng thdi dung tung cho quan P h i p trd lai xam Ifldc Vifit Nam Dfi'n cu6c khing chifi'n ehdng My, nhflng nUdc da dua quan vao miln Nam Vifit Nam cung vdi quan vien ehinh My gdm: Thai Lan, Hfin Quo'c, Uc, Philippines Cic dpi quan da gfiy khong it dau thfldng eho nhan dfin Viet Nam, ddng thdi tan pha mdi trfldng Nhin tfl gdc dp quan hfi qudc tfi', t i t ca nhflng nflde dd deu ed mdn nd dao dfle v6i nhan dan Viet Nam Sau cupc khang chifi'n chdng My, Viet Nam lai bi Campuchia gay chie'n d bifin gi6i Tay Nam va Trung Quo'c tfi'n eong d bien gidi phia Bfie Trong boi eanh dd My mUdn cd Viet Nam "chiem dong" Campuchia de CO l^p ngoai giao Tfl Viet Nam thflc hien dfldng ldi doi mdi, hdi nhfip (nfim 1986), rut quan tinh nguyfin v l nflde (nfim 1989) vfi nhfip ASEAN (nam 1995) da phfi vd dUdc sfl c5 lfip ngdai giao va lfip lgi quan he binh thfldng vdi t i t ca cac nflde tren the' gidi Ngay nay, vi thfi' Vifit Nam trfin trfldng qudc tfi' dfi dUdc nfing cao vfi sfl hoi nhfip Vi^ Ram 40 nflm xfly dung ddt nudc ngfiy cang md rpng, vdi phUdng chfim Ifim ban vdi tfi't ca cae nflde tren cd sd tdn trpng ehu quyen va Idi ieh eiia mdi bfin Tuy nhifin, nhfl the khong co nghia lfi q u i khfl da hoan toan "khdp Iai" nen cung khdng Ioai trfl kha nfing nhflng di ehflng fi'y cd the bie'n thfinh trd luc ngoai giao cd nhflng bien dpng ve dia ehinh tri khu vUc vfi tren the gidi Nhfin dinh nfiy dupc rut tfl thuc te' moi quan hfi phfle tap gifla cae nUdc Trung Quo'c, Hfin Qudc va Nhfit Ban ve vfi'n di nan nhan tinh due eOia quan Nhfit Chifi'n tranh the' gidi II, ve' vific quan chflc Nhfit thfim ngdi dfi'n thd c6 tpi pham ehien tranh vfi g i n nhfi't Ifi tinh trang cang thfing mdi quan hfi gifla Vifit Nam va Trung Quo'c d Bien Dfing Ngay ca nUdc Nhat, lfi ddng minh chifi'n lUdc cua My nhUng nhan d i n Nhfit khong bao gid qufin hai qua bom nguyfin tii cua My da huy difit hai Thanh pho' Hirosima vfi Nagasaki vfi hfing chuc ngfin ngfldi dfin v6 tpi Nhan dan Viet Nam eung khdng the quen nhflng "dia nguc t r i n gian" mfi thflc dan Phfip da tao d Sdn La, Con Dao, Phu qudc khong the quen nan doi nfim 1945 quan Nhat gfiy dfi gifi't che't hdn trieu ngUdi, khong thd quen cupc tfin s i t da man cua quan My lang My Lai-Quang Ngai, khong the quen nhflng trfin bom B52 nem xudng Hfi Npi, tan p h i phd Kham Thien vfi cdn rfi't nhie'u nan nhan chfi't dpc da cam lfi nhan chflng sd^ng cua tpi ae chifi'n tranh Tfi't ca nhQng sfl kifin dau thUdng a'y khong the bifi'n mfi't lich sfl, nhien khong the de qufi khfl can trd hpi nhfip qude tfi' cua hien tai vfi tUdng lai, nhflng ne'u khong ghi nhd nhflng bai hpc ciia lich Sli thi cung sfi khong ed dudng loi ngoai giao khdn ngoan va tinh tfio Xay dflng kinh te thi trflding va khac phuc tap quan quan ly kinh te bao cap, thcfi c h i l n Dang Cpng san Viet Nam ddi tQ nfim 1930, de'n nfim 1945 mdi gifinh dUdc chinh quye'n vfi lap chinh phu de Ifinh dao cupc khfing ehien keo dfii 30 nam Co Ie hofin canh lich sfl a'y da tao mpt tfip qufin lanh dao vfi quan ly kinh tfi' chi huy cua thdi chifi'n, nen sU ehuyen doi sang tu vfi phUdng phfip quan ly kinh tfi', xa hpi thdi binh khong the lfi viee dfi dfing vfi nhanh chong Dfic difim eua kinh te' thdi ehien lfi: ehi ed hai che dp sd hQu la qul^c doanh vfi tfip thd Cic nganh san xufi't theo dinh mfle va mfinh Ifinh, phan phoi san pham theo che' dp bao cfi'p, hau nhu khong co thi trUdng tu ThUc chfi't lfi chinh sfich kinh tfi' thdi ehifin nhflng mim deo v i linh hoat hdn so vdi efic bifin phfip nhu trUng thu, trUng mua, trflng dung ma mpt so' nUde da i p dung thdi ehien Cd che quan Iy ehi huy bao ca'p c6 sU ban ehe' lfi khong khuye'n khich nang cao nfing sufi't lao dpng nhUng thdi chifi'n no la bifin phfip chu yfi'u de nhfi nUdc ed the nfim chfic tfi't ea eae san phfim chifi'n lUdc vfi chu dpng dilu phoi cho nhu cfiu ehien tranh va ddi sd'ng Trong khang ehien, nganh kinh tfi' quan trpng nhfi't d mifin Bac la san xufi't lUdng thflc cae hpp tac xfi nong nghiep dam nhiem Hdp tac xa quan ly 95% rupng dfi't va 100% lao dpng, phan phdl nong san theo ngfiy cong lao dpng vfi nhan khau Cfich quan ly fi'y nham muc dich tap trung ngudn lUc "tfi't ca cho tien tuyen, tfi't ca cho chifi'n thfing" Khi dfi't nUdc dfi thdng nha't vfi chuye'n sang thdi binh, nhflng cd chfi' quan ly bao efi'p cua thdi ehien vfin dupe tri-tfl dd sinh bien phap "ngfin song cfi'm chd", bifi'n cac dia phfldng nhflng "o'c dao kinh te*", tao tinh trang "thie'u vfi thfla gia tao" efic mat hang thifi't ye'u Do lfi ed 62 hpi va moi trfldng dd hinh "thi trfldng ehd den", d dd ngfldi ta buon ban dii thfl tfl tem phifi'u, gifi'y gidi thifiu mua hfing den cic Ioai nhu ye'u phim Thi trfldng chd den dfi Ifi'n i t thfldng nghifip quo'c doanh, eung vdi tinh trang vd nd tin dung, dinh ddn san xufi't, da diy khung hoang kinh tfi', xa hpi len mfle eao nhfi't: d "vua Iua" Nam Bp ma ngUdi dfin phai an dpn Bobo va hot mi Tinh trang khung hoang fi'y nhie'u nguyen nhfin nhflng phin ldn la nfi'n kinh te' bi troi bupc bdi cd chfi quan ly bao ca'p, cflng nhfic cua thdi chie'n, khong cdn thich hpp vdi thdi binh Trong hofin canh vo cung kho khan a'y, nfim 1986, Dang Cong san Viet Nam da tifi'n hfinh Dai hpi l i n thfl VI d l dudng ldi ddi mdi vdi npi dung cd ban la: cha'p nhan ne'n kinh tfi' nhifiu thfinh phan, vfin hfinh theo cd che' thi tru6ng eo dinh hudng XHCN Dd lfi sU ddi mdi tU ly lufin ve quan Iy kinh te-xa hpi manh me va dung cam so vdi nhflng quan niem ve CNXH truyfi'n thdng Dfldng loi doi mdi eo cd sd thflc tien tfl nhflng hoat dpng "xe rao" nhfl: bung san xufi't, bu gifi vfio Ifldng, khong go ep nong dan vfio efic tfip dofin vfi hdp tac xa nong nghiep Cfich lfim fi'y d Long An, Tp Ho Chi Minh vfi mot sd' dia phUdng da tao ngudn hfing tifiu dung phong phu hdn, khong chd den vfi kich thich dUdc dpng lUc san xua't Dfldng ldi doi mdi ciia Dai hpi VI da thfle sU "cdi troi" cho lUc Iupng san xufi't, dua dfi't nUdc thoat khoi khung hoang, tao tien de bflde vfio thdi ky CNH-HDH, md cia, hpi nhfip, thu hut d i u tfl nudc ngoai Ngfiy nay, Viet Nam da dupc cdng nhfin la ne'n kinh te' thi trfldng, dfi hdi nhfip sfiu hdn vfio thi trudng the' gidi, lfi thfinh vifin ciia WTO vfi nhie'u dinh che' kinh te' the' gidi Do lfi budc tie'n rfi't dfii hudng de'n kinh Rghien ciiru Lich sfl so 4.2015 t l thi trfldng, nhien tfip quan quan ly kinh te chi huy, bao cfi'p dfldng nhfl vfin chfla hoan toan bi xoa bo nen vfin edn tinh trang "xin-cho" d mpt so' ed quan chflc nfing ciia nhfi nflde Phat huy truyen thd'ng va khac phuc "hoi chiing tam ly chien tranh" P h i n ldn nhflng ngudi da tham gia ehifin tranh lau dai vfi khde lifit, diu it nhifi'u e6 yfi'u td hdi ehflng tam Iy Tuy nhifin, hoi ehiing cl moi bfin mang tinh chfi't khic Nhflng ngfldi linh viln ehinh xam Iflde thfldng bi fim anh bdi sfl an hfin, tpi loi, nhu trfldng hdp Iinh My chien tranh Viet Nam Hp da n^m nhflng chile huan chUdng Ien them nha qudc hpi nhfl mdt eii chi xfim hoi Nhflng ngfldi linh tham gia eupe chie'n tranh bao ve to qudc vi dai, nhu hdng quan Lifin Xo Chifi'n tranh thfi' gidi thfl II, hp cung bi hpi ehflng tam ly, la sfl mfit mdi, thfi't vpng nifi'm tin thdi chifi'n khong gidng nhfl thflc tfi' thdi binh Vfiy nhihig ngfldi linh Vifit Nam da trai qua khfing chiln lau dai CO bilu hifin hfii chflng tam Iy khong? Vfi anh hudng t h i nfio den viec giio due truyfin thdng cho Idp tre? Trong khang chifi'n, h i u nhu ngUdi Iinh nao eung phai chflng kifi'n sU ma't mfit hy sinh cua ddng dpi vfi eua ngUdi dan, thi nhflng hp vfin lao vao nhQng trfin dinh fie lifit vfi sfin sfing hy sinh vi hp co nilm tin rang sau chifi'n tranh se lfi cupc song eong bang va tdt dep Nifi'm tin fi'y dUdng nhU da trd hien thflc nhflng nam t h i n g hoa binh d i u tifin, hp thfle sfl dflpc song i n h hao quang ciia nhflng ngflcli chie'n thfing vfi dupc xa hpi vinh danh Thfi' nhUng dfi't hoang kinh te' xa sung lai vang lfin nhflng ngUdi Iinh nflde Iai rdi vfid khung hpi t r i m trpng, tifing d hai d i u dfi't nUdc Iai vac sung ehiln Viet Ram 40 nam xay dtfng dat Toidc trudng Khi dfi't nude thofit khdi khiing hoang thi nhilu ngfldi Iinh da de'n tuoi ve hflu va trd ve vdi gia dinh d nhflng Ifing qufi cdn nghfio khd Ho thupc ldp ngudi tQng trai kho khfin gian khd, ac liet nfin sU thifi'u tho'n v l vfit chfi't khong phai lfi nSi budn qufi ldn Hp cung la nhQng ngfldi khong "cong thin", khdng tranh gianh dia vi nhflng hp lfi nhflng ngfldi rfi't nhay cam vdi chinh tri, xa hpi nfin d l dfing nhfin tinh trang thie'u dan ehu, thie'u cong bfing xa hpi xay kha bie'n d nhieu ndi vfi d lfing que ciia hp Nfi'u lfing nghe nhQng cau chuyfin cua ho c6 t h i hidu dUdc phin nao tfim trang ciia nhQng ngUdi Iinh gifi: eau chuyen thfldng di tfl nhflng ky mfim budn, vui thdi chinh chifi'n, nhflng d l tfii soi ndi hdn lfi nhflng eau chuyen vl nan tham nhung, ho^i lp, mua ehfle, chay quyin, chay in ma hp dpc tren bio, trfin mang vfi nghe nhie'u ngUdi kfi lai Ho thudng noi vdi nhau: thdi chifi'n phai cd nfing Iue, phai cdrig hie'n xUdng mau mdi dUdc len cfi'p, lfin chflc cdn vi "mpt bp phan khong nho" ed thd dung tie'n mua dflpc chflc quyfi'n Do la n§i budn ldn nhfi't cua cfie eflu chie'n binh, nhflng ngfldi dfi co'ng hifi'n tfi't ca tudi tre eho khfing chifi'n P h i n ldn cic cflu chie'n binh vfin giQ dupc nhflng p h i m chfi't td't dep cua "Bp dpi Cu Ho", hp lfi Idp ngudi lfim nfin lich sfl, lfi Idp ngudi lUu giQ nhflng truyin tho'ng anh hung: "vi nhan dan quen minh, vi nhfin dan hy sinh trung vdi Dang, trung vdi Nudc, hieu vdi Dan, kho khfin nfio cung VUdt qua, ke thu nfio cung danh thfing " Tuy nhifin, nhQng truyfin thdng a'y khong thd chuyen giao cho efic the' hfi sau mpt cfich "tu dpng" nhu nude tfl thupng ngudn chay xuo'ng Mat khac, gifio due truyfi'n tho'ng khong phai chi d nha trfldng, d sach giao khoa lich sfl, mfi quan trpng hdn Ifi tfl nhflng "nhfin ehflng lieh sii", tfl nhflng eau ehuyen va cupc song hfing ngfiy eiia cUu ehien binh, cua nong dan, cong nhan va nhflng ngUdi Iao dong chan chinh, ldp ngfldi da dong gop eong sfle, xfldng mau cho eong eua khang chifi'n Do vific khae phue nhflng bifiu hifin eua hpi chflng tam Iy chifin tranh vfla co y nghia nhan vfin sfiu sac doi vdi ldp ngudi dfi co'ng hie'n cho khang ehien, ddng thdi co t i m quan trpng rfi't ldn doi vdi cong tfie gifio due nham giQ vflng vfi phfit huy nhflng truye'n tho'ng td't dep Ldi ket Ngfiy nay, Viet Nam da cd ban khic phue dflde nhflng di chQng chifi'n tranh ve vfit cha't, moi trudng-nhung cic di ehflng v l vfin hoa, tinh t h i n cd anh hudng sfiu sic vfi lau dai hdn Do gifl vflng dn dinh chinh tri, cong bfing xa hpi vfi ciing co'kho'i dai doan kfi't toan dan la nhflng ye'u td cd ban de khfie phuc nhflng di chflng va de no khong trd thfinh nhflng van d l ma cac thfi' luc cho'ng do^i ed thfi ldi dung nham thuc hifin nhQng thu doan "difin bie'n hoa binh"