CdNG TAG DAO TAO GlAO V | £ N it CAC T I N H MIEN NUI PHiA BAG TRONG NHUNG N A M 1954-1965 DUY THI H A I HirdNG" Tht^c tr^ng gifio d^c d cfic tinh mifin nui vfi y€u cau dfio tao gifio vi€n Nfim 1954, mifin Ble dupe giai ph6ng, bufic vfio thcli k^ khSi phye kinh tfi, hfin gin vet thUdng chifin tranh v6i bpn bfi kh6 khfin VPi nhfin dfin cfic tinh mifin niii lai cfing nhifiu kh6 khfin Nen kinh te eua cac tinh mifin nui chu yfiu lfi san xud't nong nghi§p von da ngh^o, lgc hfiu, mang tinh chfift ti^ cung, tu cSip Iai bi chifin tranh tfin phfi nfing nfi Dcfi sfi^ng eua nhan dan d6i kho Hfing nfim, dai bp ph^n nhfin dfin chi du fin bon, nfim thfing, cfin Iai hi d6i, thfim chi c6 nOi vin eon nhifiu ngUdi chet d6i (1) Tinh hinh ehfnh tn, xa h^i cQng c6 nhflng dien bifin phflc tgp (2) Unh vUc vfin h6a, d6 c6 giao dye cung c6 nhflng kh6 khfin nhfi't dinh Kh6 khfin ldn nhfit Ifi dgi da sfi* nhfin dfin ehUa bifit chfl Dfin nfim 1954, dfin sfi 10 tinh mifin niii phfa Bfic khoang 92 vgn ngUcli (3), A6, ehi e6 tren 31 van ngUdi bifit dpc, biet vifit, chifim 33,6% dan sfi eua viing Cd sd vfit ch^t phue vy cho cong tac giang dgy vfi hoc tfip hdu nhu chua ed gl Dpi ngu gifio vifin, nhfit lfi giao vien ngUdi dfin tpc thifiu so, gifio vien ngudi dia phUdng thifiu ThS Hpe vi^n Khoa hpe xfi h$i nghifim trpng Khfing nhOng v$y, ehd't lupng d^i ngd gifio vifin cdn nhifiu hgn chfi MOt b$ phgn gifio vi6n khfing thfch di dgy mfi mufi'n chuyfin vi xudi cdng tfic ho$c chuyfin cfing tfic khfic, nhu mpt sfi* gifio vifin ci tinh Cao Bdng, Lfio Cai Trong bdi canh mifin Bfic dang tifin hfinh kh&i phye kinh tfi', chu£[n bi cd sd v$t chfi^t cho edng cu0c xfiy dyng chu nghia xa h$i mfi nhfin dfin cfic tinh mifin niii, m$t viing Ifinh thfi r$ng ldn, gifl vi trf quan trpng vi kinh t^, an ninh - qufic phdng, lgi khdng bifit chfl sfi anh hudng rfit ldn dfin cdng cuOc khdi phye, phfit tri^n kinh tfi cua mien niii ndi nfing vfi mifin Bfic ndi ehung Tinh trgng dfin trf thdp sfi lfi cd h^i di cfic thfi lye thii dfeh Ipi dyng ehia rS khfii dgi dofin kfit dfin t ^ , Idi kfio dong bfio chfing lgi ehu trUdng cua Dang vfi chfnh sfich eua Nhfi nUdc ta Dl giai quyfit nhQng khd khfin ngu trfin ddng thdi nh$n thflc dUpc vi trf quan trpng cua cfic tinh mifin niii doi vdi cdng cupc khdi phye, phfit trifin kinh t^, vfin hda vfi an ninh, qufic phdng Dang vfi Nhfi nUdc d$c bi^t coi trpng cdng tfic gifio dye "Ndng cao trinh d^ vdn hoa d miin nui Id mdt v£n COng t6c dap tgo gi6o vian , di cdp bdch, co y nghia vd tdc dung to ldn din viSc thiic ddy todn bd sU nghiSp phdt triin kinh ti miin nui" (4) "Cdng tdc gido due CO mdt vi tri rdt quan trgng vi^c dong gop vdo c6ng cu6c xdy dUng chu nghia xd hot vd cung cd qudc phdng d miin niii Nhd trinh dfi gific ngd xa hdi chia nghia dupc nfing cao, dfing thdi vdi vi^c nfing cao trinh dd vfin hda vfi ky thufit, nhfin dfin eae dan toe mifin niii s6 ed thfim difiu ki§n d^y manh san xufi't, xfiy dyng ddi song mdi, mau ehdng Ifim eho "mifin niii tifi'n kip mifin xudi", thye hipn quyfin Ifim chu vfi binh ddng thye sU gii3a cfic dfin tdc vi mpi mfit, cung cfi tinh dofin kfit dfin tfic" (5) Song, mud'n xfiy dyng vfi phfit triln gifio dye thi vife trUde tien Ifi phai dfio tao dpi ngii giao vien Vi^c ddo tao vd bSi dUdng gido vien phdi di trUdc viec phdt trien gido due mdt budc Cong tac dao tao giao vien tai cac tinh mien nui phia Bac nhiifng nam 1964 - 1966 Khong chi coi trpng, dfi cao vi trf cua cfing tac gifio due, dfi cd cdng tae dfio tao dpi ngii gifio vien Dang vfi Nhfi nUdc cdn ban hfinh mfit so chii trUdng, chinh sfich, bipn phfip di tao difi'u ki^n thufin Ipi cho cdng tac dio tao giao vi§n ndi rieng vfi gifio due ndi ehung tai cac tinh mien niii phat trifin Dd la ehii trUOng thfinh Ifip cac khu tu trj (cae tinh Yen Bfii, Lfio Cai, Sdn La, Lai Chau thfinh Khu ty tri Thai - M^o; cfic tinh Cao Bfing, Bfic Kan, Hfi Giang, Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen vfi Lang Son thfinh Khu tU tri Vi§t Bfic (6)); Dieu dpng giao vien mifin xudi Ien mifin niii cdng tae (7); chinh sach ho trp giao vien, tu tri Vifit Bfic, nhi§m vy Ifi phy trfieh cfing tfic gifio dye eua Khu Dudi Ban Gifio dye Ifi Ty Gifio dye cfic tinh, phy trfieh edng tfic gifio due cua dia phuong Ban Gifio dye Khu ty tri Thai • M6o, phu trach cdng tfic gifio dye eiia Khu Dudi Ban Gifio due lfi Sd Gifio dye cfic ehfiu, phu trfieh cfing tfic gifio dye ciia cfic ehfiu Bfin canh dd, Uy ban Hfinh ehfnh Khu tu tri Thai - Mfio vfi Khu ty tri Vi§t Bfic cdn tS chijtc nhifiu hinh thiic dfio tao gifio vien nhU: Md eae tdp boi dudng, dfio tgo sU phgm cdp toe; Thfinh Ifip cfic trUdng sU pham dfi dfio tgo gifio vien dia phUOng cho cfic cdp hoc; Ci giao vien di hpe tgi cfic trudng d Trung Udng Md cdc ldp boi dudng, dao tao aU pham cdp tdc TrUdc thfinh Ifip Uy ban Hfinh ehfnh Khu ty tri Tfiy Bfic vfi Viet Bfic, tfl thang dfin thang nfim 1954, ngfinh gifio due cac tinh Yen Bai, Lao Cai, Sdn La va Lai Chfiu da md cae Idp sU pham dao tao dupe 120 ngudi Ldp hoc gdm ba phdn: chinh hudn, ly lufin chuyen mon vfi thUc tfip Hfit khda thi sat haeh dl di day Cung thdi gian dd, hai tinh Sdn La vfi Yen Bai md ldp sU pham cho 37 hpe sinh Thang 11 nfim 1954, ngfinh giao due tinh Sdn La to chflc Hdi nghi boi dudng nghiep vy sU pham eho 110 giao vien binh dfin hpe vu Thang 12 nfim 1954, cac tinh cung dfiu md eae Idp hudn luy^n sU phgm cho cfic bfic hoc, nhu tinh Son La md dupe ldp dfio tao giao vifin cho 146 ngfldi; ldp dfio tao giao vien binh dan hoc vy cho 259 ngUdi Tinh Y§n Bai md dupe Idp dfio tgo giao vien vd long vfi Idp dfio tao giao vifin binh dan hpe vy cho 96 ngUdi "finh Lfio Cai md dflpc ldp dfio tgo gifio vien binh dfin hpe vy (8) Ngay sau dupc thfinh Ifip, IJy ban hfinh chfnh cfic khu xay dung cfic ban chuyen trach dfi quan ly, chfim lo cdng tac giao due cua khu Dd lfi Ban Giao dye Khu D I nhanh chdng cd ddi ngu gifio vifin giang day dap flng yfiu cdu gifio dye va dfio tao, ngfinh giao due cfic tinh mien nui da Rghian cOru Ljch aJr atf 9.g01g thpc hi$n mdt sfi" bi§n phfip nhU md cfic ldp dfio tgo cfi'p td'c, thdi gian iii m^t tudn lfi, m^t thdng dfin mljt hpe k^ cho nhflng cfin b$ c6 trinh d^ nhdt dinh; md cfic ldp bfii dfldng sfl phgm; tuyfin hpe sinh phi thdng cd trinh cdp 2, cdp di dgy, Dfin nhflng nfim 1955, 1956, cfic tinh mifin niii dUpe thfinh I^p cfic khu ty tri ^hl cdng tfie dfio tgo gifio vifin cd tfnh chfnh quy vfi hO thfing hdn TrUdng Su phgm ad cdp Thfii Nguyfin, Bdc Kgn, TuySn Quang cdn md cdc trung bdi dudng vfin hda cho cdc gifio vifin cd nhu cdu nflng cao nghidp vy sfl phgm Dfin nfim 1963, cfic trudng nfiy dfi trd thfinh nhflng trung tflm bdi dflSng, hfim thy sfl phgm cho gifio vifin edp tifiu hilu ciia Khu t\f tri Vi$t Bdc Trong nfim nfiy, cde trfldng dfi bdi dfldng, hfim thy sfl phgm cdp cho 611 gifio vifin (12) T^i Khu V tri Thdi • Mdo Ban Gifio dye khu thfinh I$p cfic trfldng sU phgm sd cdp dfi dfio tgo gifio vifin edp (chiing tdi sfi trinh bfiy cy thfi d myc sau), BSn cgnh vi^c dfio tgo gifio vifin edp theo chUdng trinh quy dinh ciia Bd Gifio dye, dl dfip flng tfit hdn nfla ngudn gifio vifin cho ede trUdng phfi thdng Ban Gifio dye khu edn md cfic Idp bdi dfldng nghifip vu sU phgm, cdc ldp sU phgm cfi'p td'c Nfim 1955, Ban Gifio dye Khu to chflc cfic ldp sU phgm cdp tfic dfio tgo dflpc khoang 60 gifio vifin cd trinh dp dgy ldp 1, Nfim 1956, Ban phdi hpp vdi cfic trudng sU phgm sd cfi'p Khu md cfic ldp bdi dfldng sU phgm cho 47 gifio vi§n c6 trinh d^ ldp 3, Thdi gian hpe eiia mdi Idp tfl 18 ngfiy dfin thfing Dfin nfim 1959, Ban md ldp bdi dfldng chfnh tri eho tofin bd gifio vien cdp Khu (9) Thdnh l^p cdc trudng aU pham ddo tao gido vi£n d^a phuang cho cde cdp hgc Ddo t^o gido viSn cdp 1: TrUde nflm 1956, edng tfic dfio tgo gifio vifin edp cho cfic tinh mifin niii phfa Bfic Ifi TrUdng Su phgm sd edp Vifit Bdc dam nhi^m Nfim 1956, Khu t\( tri Vi§t Bflc dupc thfinh ldp Ban Gifio dye Khu tifip quan trfldng dl dfio tgo gifio vifin edp Khu Trong ba nfim, tfl nfim 1956 dfin nfim 1958, tudng da dfio tgo dflpc 636 gifio sinh (13) theo hpe, chii yfiu lfi ngudi dfln t^c Tfiy, Nflng vfi Kinh (14) Cung gid'ng nhU cfic tinh mifin niii Khu ti^ tri Vi§t Bfic, trudc nflm 1956, cdng tfic dfio tgo gifio \ ifin cdp eua Khu ty tri Thfii - Mfio Trudng Su phgm sd edp Vifit Bfic dam nhiOm Nfim 1966, TrUdng Sfl Ti?i Khu t\e tri Vi^t Bdc, nfim 1960, Ban phgm sd cdp Vi§t Bdc dupe chuyfin vi Khu gifio Khu md m^t ldp bdi dfldng sfl phgm ti.t tri Vi§t Bdc thi Ban Gifio dye Khu ti^ tri cdp td'c cho 254 gifio sinh lfi em ngfldi Thfii • Mfio xfiy dyng Trfldng sU phgm sd dfin tde dia phUPng (10) Nflm hpe 1961 edp mifin nfli dl dfio tgo gifio vifin cdp 1962, cfic Trudng Sfl phgm sO cdp Thfii Khu Nfim 1959, trudng dfio tgo dUpc Nguygn, Tuyfin Quang, Lgng Sdn, Trfldng 28 gifio vifin dgy ldp 1,2 vfi 50 gifio vifin cdp Sfl phgm sd cdp Vi^t Bfic dfi bdi dudng mdn td'c dgy ldp 1, chfl Thdi (15) Dfin nfim Trifit hoc thudng thflc cho 1.400 gifio vifin, 1960, trudng dfi dfio tgo dupc 741 gifio vifin mfin Tfim 1^ hpe eho 1.200 gido vifin; bdi di dgy tgi cfic chfiu (16) dudng vfin hda theo ehUdng trinh nflm thfl nhdt sU phgm cd'p (h§ 4+2) cho 1.671 gifio TrUdc nhflng nfim 1959, vi§c dfio tgo vifin ldp 1,2 (11) Ngofii vific dfio tgo gifio gifio vifin cfi'p lfi Khu t^ chflc vfi quan vifin cdp theo chUdng trinh quy dinh, cfic 1^, tfl nhflng nflm 1960, Ban giflo dye cdc COng Ibc dio tgo giao vian khu ty tri cho phfip cfic tinh vfi cfic chfiu thfinh lgp cfic trudng sfl phgm sd cfi'p dl trflc tifip ddo tgo gido vifin cdp cho dia phUdng minh Budc sang nfim 1961, Ban gifio dye cfic khu da dfi nhflng bifin phfip tfch cpc Dd lfi tflp trung dfio tgo gifio vifin tofin cfip, ddy dil hdn, tofin di^n hdn thay vi chii yfiu dfio tgo gifio vifin cdc ldp ddu edp (ldp 1,2) nhu nhflng nfim ddu hda binh l^p Igi; Tfing eudng sy lanh dgo eua cfic ngfinh, cfic cdp dfin cdng tfie gido dye; Tflp trung vfio ddi tflpng lfi nam nfl nifin cfic dfin t^c dia phflOng dl tuyin sinh vfi d$e bifit lfi md rdng mgng ludi trfldng sU phgm sd cfi'p theo khdu hifiu "Dfin t^c nfio ed gifio vien ciia dfin tdc dy", "Dia phfldng nfio ed gifio vifin ciia dja phUdng fiy" Triln khai nhiOm vy tren, tfl nflm hpe 1960-1961, Ty Gifio dye cfic dia phUOng da thfinh Iflp trUdng sU phgm sd cdp dl dfio tgo gifio vifin cdp Tai cfic tinh mifin niii Khu tU tri Viet Bfic, bfin canh TrUdng SU phgm so cfi'p Vipt Bdc Khu quan I^ cdn ed trUdng sfl pham sd cdp eiia tinh lfi Trfldng Sfl phgm ad cdp Cao Bdng, TrUdng Su phgm sd edp Thfii Nguyen, Trfldng Su phgm sO cfip Tuyfin Quang, Trfldng Su phgm sd edp Lang Son, Trfldng SU phgm sd cfip Bfic Kgn, Trfldng Sfl phgm eH cdp Tuyfin Quang Nfim hoc 1960-1961, cfic trUdng sU pham ciia Khu da dfio tgo dUpc 408 gifio sinh (17), dfin nflm hpe 1962-1963, dfio tgo them dupc 1.806 gifio sinh, ehii yfiu Ifi ngudi dfin tdc thilu sS" Nfiu tfnh s6 gifio sinh nfim hpe 1962 - 1963 Ifi 100% thi ngudi dfln tde Tfiy chifim 48%, Nung chifim 14%, Kinh chifim 28%, cfic dfln t^c thilu aS khfic chifim 10% (18) Dfin dfiu nflm hpe 1964-1965, Khu t\f trj Vifit Bdc cd trUdng sfl phgm sd cdp vdi 4.607 gifio sinh (19) Tgi cde tinh mifin nui Khu ty tri Tfiy Bdc (20), dfin nfim 1963, bfin cgnh trfldng BU phgm sd cdp mifi'n niii Khu quan I^ edn ed 18 trUdng sfl phgm sd cdp d cfic chflu (21) dl dfio tgo gifio vifin cdp Tfnh trung binh m^t chflu cd hdn mdt trfldng sfl phgm sd cd'p dl dfio tgo gifio vifin edp Tfl nfim 1961 dfin nflm 1963, Trudng sU phgm sd cdp mifin nui ciia Khu dflo tgo dUpc 497 gido sinh, dd cd tdi 398 gifio sinh (chifim 80%) lfi ngfldi dfln t^c thilu sfi (22) Cflng nhflng nfim dd, 18 trfldng sU phgm sd cdp d cfic chfiu eua Khu dfio tgo dupc hdn 200 gifio sinh, dd cd tdi 180 gifio sinh (chifim 90%) lfi ngUdi dfin t^c thilu sfi (23) Tfnh dfin nfim hpe 1964 - 1965, cfic tinh mifin nfli cd khoang 5,998 gifio vien edp 1, dd cae tinh mien nui thupc Khu ty t Vi^t Bdc ed 4.607 gifio vifin, cdn cfic tinh mifin nfli Khu tu tri Tfiy Bfic cd 1.391 giao vifin (24) Vdi sfi Iflpng gifio vien dupc dfio tgo tai dja phUOng tfldng doi ddng va cO ban nhfl v4y nfin tfl nhflng nfim 1962, 1963, cac tinh mifin nfli phfa Bdc da phdn nfio dam bao dflpc nhu edu vfi gifio vifin cdp Ddo t