UNLESS (TRỪ KHI) = IF ..... NOT (NẾU KHÔNG) WISH CLAUSES (Mệnh đề mong ước) Mệnh đề với WOULD RATHER Mệnh đề sau AS IF, AS THOUGH (cứ như thế) PASSIVE VOICE REPORTED SPEECH(Câu tường thuật) STATEMENT (Câu trần thuật) QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi) ...
Trang 1UNLESS (TRỪ KHI) = IF NOT (NẾU KHÔNG)
UNLESS
CÔNG THỨC CỦA MỆNH ĐỀ IF (PHỤ)
- unless = if not
- unless chỉ dùng để thay thế mệnh đề phụ
trong câu điều kiện, mệnh đề chính không đổi.
- khi thay thế unless = if not thì cả hai vế
đổi phải có cùng dạng câu điều kiện.
- trong cấu trúc của unless không bao giờ có
dạng câu phủ định.
1 Unless S + V1/s(es) ↔ If S + don’t / doesn’t +
Vo
2 Unless S + am, is, are ↔ If S + am, is, are + not
3 Unless S + V2/ ed ↔ If S + didn’t + Vo
4 Unless S + were ↔ If S + weren’t
5 Unless S + had V3/ed ↔ If S + hadn’t V3/ed
6 Unless S + had been ↔ If S + hadn’t been
Examples :
1 Unless you stay at your bed, you will be punished
If you don’t stay at your bed, you will be punished
2 Unless she drinks water, she will feel thirsty
If she doesn’t drink beer, she will feel thirsty
3 Unless they were absent now, they would meet the head master
If they weren’t absent now, they would meet the head master
4 Unless he cleaned up the car now, his boss could ask him to do this
If he didn’t clean up the car now, his boss could ask him to do this
5 Unless you had stayed at home yesterday, you wouldn’t have enjoyed a delicious meal
If you hadn’t stayed at home yesterday, you wouldn’t have enjoyed a delicious meal
6 Unless he had been busy last night, he could have met his friends
If he hadn’t been busy last night, he could have met his friends
Rewrite the statements by using the conditional sentences:
1 You can’t run fast unless you try your best
2 Because Tom is out, you don’t see him at home
3 The boy wouldn’t go swimming unless the weather were nice
4 Everything was tidy, so I felt pleasant
5 We could have slept well unless the noise had been turned off
6 People hear you coming to my office They phone me
7 Unless you lived in the dormitory, you could annoy me
8 Ngoc didn’t save my kids from hot water because Ngoc was busy meeting his customers
9 Unless the student goes to school early, he will be punished
10 Minh doesn’t get rid of his job because he loves working with computers
11 Unless last night your sister had gone home early, your mother could have waited for her
12 Because my mother wasn’t here, I didn’t ask for some money
13 The dogs can’t bite you unless you touch them
14 The books are expensive I can’t buy them
15 I couldn’t think of myself unless I had some troubles
16 Harry Porter is an adventure film because it talks about the life and the discoveries of him
Trang 2
17 Her car wouldn’t have been broken yesterday unless she had driven fast.
18 Hoa wrote to her parents She wanted to greet them
19 Unless people knew you, they wouldn’t give you some precious information
20 Because these projects were out of date, the manager looked uncomfortable
21 Unless the young girl stops smoking, she won’t be healthy
22 I don’t like cats because cats are fury
23 Unless ten years ago they had lived in USA, they couldn’t have been the citizens in this country
24 Tom didn’t join the camping I couldn’t persuade him to go with us
25 People can’t swim unless they study how to swim
26 Anne doesn’t attend the party because she wants to be alone
27 This department couldn’t be destroyed unless it built carefully
28 Susan agreed to go swimming because she liked water
29 Yesterday, I could have been injured unless I had seen a big container in the street
30 Sports make people healthy, so they do exercise every morning
31 Unless you were me, you couldn’t understand me
32 We are the world We can co - operate one another
33 Unless this man is a driver, he can’t help you move by car
34 Dannis isn’t at home because he is on business
35 Unless they had been on the phone last night, they couldn’t have known the big secrets
36 Because man is the first person on Earth, he discovers the earth by hands and brain
37 You can’t join the club unless you are sick
38 Our picnic was passed easily because my mother helped me
39 Unless he refused everything, he would lose his family
40 Anne carried out a plan Her family admired her so much
41 Unless I saved my money, someone would take it
42 Because she wasn’t tired, she could go on running
43 Linda can’t do her homework unless she is free
44 Richard played piano well, so everyone clapped their hands
Trang 3
WISH CLAUSES - (Mệnh đề mong ước)
1 Mong ước không thật ở hiện tại:
Khẳng định: S + wish(es) + S + V2/-ed + O (to be: were / weren’t)
Phủ định: S + wish(es) + S + didn’t + V1
2.Mong ước không thật ở quá khứ:
Khẳng định: S + wish(es) + S + had + V3/-ed
Phủ định: S + wish(es) + S + hadn’t + V3/-ed
3.Mong ước không thật trong tương lai
Khẳng định: S+ wish(es) + S + would + V1
Phủ định: S + wish(es) + S + wouldn’t + V1
Examples:
1 I wish I were on the beach now.
2 She wishes she could speak French.
3 My parents didn’t understand me
– I wish my parents had understood me.
4 I don’t have a computer
– I wish I had a computer.
5 What a pity! She won’t come with us tomorrow
– We wish she would come with us tomorrow.
I Put the verbs in brackets into correct tenses:
1 I wish I (go)……… to the movie with you
2 I wish I (have)……… day off
3 I wish I (study)……… Latin instead of Greek
4 I wish I (not / spend)……… so much money
5 I wish the weather (be) ………… ……….warm, so we could go swimming
6 I wish I (ask)……….……… him how to get there
7 I wish I (not stay)………….……… at home
8 I wish I (not/ buy) ……….……… that book
9 I wish I (not/see) ……….……….him
10 I wish I (not/call)……….……… him a liar
11 I don’t have time to go to “High Quality Good Fair “ I wish I (go)………there
12 The weather is very hot I wish it (be) ……… cooler
13 We seldom write to her I wish we (write) ……… to her more often
14 John doesn’t know how to swim He wishes he (can) ……… …… swim
15 John doesn’t buy the book She wishes she (buy) ……… … it
16 Mai doesn’t pass the exam She wishes she (study) ……… …… harder
17 We will not go to Ha Long Bay next week I wish we (go) ……… there
18 It is raining now I wish it (stop) ……… raining soon
19 My parents are not in now I wish they (be) ……….……at home with us now
20 I know Nam will not lend me his car I wish he (lend) ……… it to me
II Rewrite the following sentences, using "Wish"
1 I don't know more people
I wish
2 I don't have a key
I wish………
3 Ann isn't here
I wish
4 It is cold
I wish
5 I live in a big city (I don't like it)
Trang 4I wish
6 I can't go to the party (and I like it)
I wish
7 I have to work tomorrow (I like to stay in bed)
I wish
8 I don't get good marks
I wish
9 I'm not lying on a beautiful sunny beach
I wish
10 Hoa and Ba won't go fishing this weekend
They wish
Mệnh đề với "WOULD RATHER"
1.Muốn:
S + would rather + V (infi) (ở hiện tại)
S + would rather + have + VPII (Ở quá khứ)
Example: I would rather have something to eat now
She would rather have gone to the cinema last night
2 So sánh, thích hơn:
S + would rather + V (infi) than V (infi)
S + would rather + have + PII than have + PII
= would sooner
Example : I would rather play badminton than (play) game on internet
I'd rather have had meat than (have had) fish last night
3 Muốn làm gì hơn:
-
Hiện tại :
S1 + would rather + S2 + Ved
S1 + would sooner + S2 + Ved
Example : I'd rather he behaved better
I'd rather he didn't shont at me
- Quá khứ:
S1 + would rather + S2 + had + PII
S1 + would sooner + S2 + could+ have PII
Example : We went by car but we would rather we had gone by train.
Mệnh đề sau " AS IF", "AS THOUGH" (cứ như thế) 1.As if/ as though : dùng như một liên từ bình thường (look, sound, feel, )
Example : The house looked as if nobody was living in it
I am very tired, I feel as though I haven't slept for ages
2.Dùng để giả định:
* S + VHTĐ + as if / as though + S + Ved / were hoặc (were + Ving) (trái với thực tế hiện tại)
Example : She treats as if she were my mother
Mary dresses as though she were a Queen
* S + Ved + as if / as though + S + had + VPII (giả định trong quá khứ, trái với quá khứ)
Xảy ra trước hành động mệnh đề chính
Example : She smiled as if she had met me before
CHÚ Ý :
Nếu hành động sau “as if” không xảy ra trước ⇒ vân dùng quá khứ đơn ở mệnh đề chính
Ex : When I told them about my plan, they looked at me as if I was mad
PASSIVE VOICE Công thức đổi từ câu chủ động sang câu bị động đối với các thì thường gặp nhất:
Present Continuous S + am/is/are + V-ing + O S + am/is/are + being + PP.2 + by + O
Present Perfect S + has/have + PP.2 + O S + has/have + been + PP.2 + by + O
Trang 5Past Continuous S + was/were + V-ing + O S + was/were + being + PP.2 + by + O
Past Perfect S + had + PP.2 + O S + had + been + PP.2 + by + O
Simple Future S + will/shall + V + O S + will + be + PP.2 + by + O
Future Perfect S + will/shall + have + PP.2 + O S + will + have + been + PP.2 + by + O
Be + going to S + am/is/are + going to + V + O S + am/is/are + going to + be + PP.2 + by + O Model Verbs S + model verb + V + O S + model verb + be + PP.2 + by + O
Câu bị động đặc biệt:
1 Chuyển câu chủ động có sử dụng to-V thành bị động: S + V + Sb + to-V + O
Mẫu A: S + V + to be + PP.2 + (by Sb)
Mẫu B: S + V + O + to be + PP.2 + (by Sb)
Mẫu C: Sb + be + PP.2 + to-V + O
* Cách 1: Nếu tân ngữ sau to-V trong câu chủ động cũng chính là chủ ngữ trong câu bị động à dùng mẫu A.
Example: I want you to teach me
⇒ I want to be taught by you.
* Cách 2: Nếu tân ngữ sau to-V trong câu chủ động khác với chủ ngữ trong câu bị động à dùng mẫu B
Example: I want him to repair my car
⇒ I want my car to be repaired by him
* Cách 3: Có thể dùng Sb trong câu chủ động làm Chủ ngữ của câu bị động à dùng mẫu C
Example: People don’t expect the police to find out the stolen car
⇒ The police aren’t expected to find out the stolen car.
2 S + V1 + V-ing + O + …
⇒ S + V + (that) + O + should be + P.P2 + …
Example: She suggests drinking beer at the party
⇒ She suggests that beer should be drunk at the party
3 S + V1 + Sb + V-ing + O…
⇒ S + V + being + P.P2 + …
Example: She remember people taking her to the zoo
⇒ She remember being taken to the zoo
* Trong mẫu câu 2 và 3, V1 là những V đòi hỏi được theo sau bởi V-ing
4 Chuyển câu chủ động dùng Bare-Infinitive (Động từ nguyên thể không có To) sau các V chỉ giác quan
thành câu bị động :
S + see / hear / watch / look /catch … + Sb + V + O …
S + be + seen / heard / watched / looked / caught … + to-V + O …
Cách chuyển: Đổi V thành to-V khi chuyển sang bị động.
Example: I sometimes see him go out
⇒ He is sometimes seen to go out
5 Chuyển câu chủ động có V-ing sau các V chỉ giác quan sang bị động:
S + see / hear / watch / look / catch … + Sb + V-ing + O …
S + be + seen / heard / watched / looked / caught/ …+ V-ing + O …
Cách chuyển: Khi chuyển sang bị động, V-ing vẫn giữ nguyên là V-ing
Example: -I see him bathing her dog now
⇒ He is seen bathing her dog now
-We heard her singing loudly
⇒ She was heard singing loudly
6 Chuyển câu mệnh lệnh chủ động à bị động: Dùng LET
Khẳng định: V + O
⇒ Let + O + be + P.P2
Phủ định: Don’t+ V + O
⇒ Don’t let + O +P.P2
Example:Do the exercise!
⇒ Let the exercise be done!
Don’t leave him alone!
⇒ Don’t let him be left alone!
Trang 6* Câu mệnh lệnh chủ động cũng có thể chuyển thành bị động với SHOULD trong một số tình huống:
Example: Don’t use the car in case it breaks down.
⇒ The car shouldn’t be used in case it break down
7 Don’t let + Sb + V + you
⇒ Don’t let + yourself + be + P.P2
Example:Don’t let the others see you
⇒ Don’t let yourself be seen
8 It + be + adj + to-V + O …
⇒ It + be + adj + for O + to be + P.P2 ….
Example: It’s very difficult to study English
⇒ It’s very difficult for English to be studied
9 It + be + my/your/her/his/our/their… + duty + to-V + (O)
⇒ I/You/She/He/We/They + be + supposed + to-V + (O)
Example:It’s their duty to do this job
⇒ They are supposed to do this job.
10 Mẫu câu với have/get:
* S + have + Sb + V + O …
⇒ S + have + O + PP.2 + (by+ Sb)
Example: I had him repair my bike
⇒ I had my bike repaired by him
* S + get + Sb + to-V + O …
⇒ S + get + O + to be + PP.2 (by + Sb)
Example:We get him to look after our house when we are on business.
⇒ We get our house to be looked after (by him) whem we are on business
11 S + make / let / help … + Sb + V + O …
⇒ Sb + be + made / helped + to-V + O …
Example:She made me work hard.
⇒ I was made to work hard
* Chú ý:
Mẫu câu chủ động với “to let” khi chuyển sang bị động nên được thay thế bằng dạng bị động của ALLOW + to-V:
S + let + O + V + (O)
⇒ Sb + be + allowed + to V + O.
Example:She let him enter the room.
⇒ He was allowed to enter the room
12 Sb + need / deserve … + to-V + Sth + …
⇒ Sth + need / deserve … + V-ing + …
Example:We need to water the plants everyday.
⇒ The plants need watering everyday
13 Câu bị động có động từ tường thuật
– Chủ động: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + O + …
* Những động từ tường thuật (Reporting Verbs = V1) thường gặp:
think consider know believe say
suppose suspect rumour declare ………
………… ………… ………… ………… ………
* Đối với loại câu này, S thường là People/They …và thường được dịch là “Người ta ….”
Có thể biến đổi câu chủ động này theo các trường hợp sau:
a V 1 ở Hiện Tại Đơn – V 2 sau That cũng ở Hiện Tại Đơn
Active S1 + V1-s/es + that + S2 + V-s/es + O + …
Passive It is + PP2 của V1 + that + S2 + V-s/es + O + …
S2 + am/is/are + PP2 của V1 + to + V + …
Example:People say that he always drink a lot of wine.
⇒ It is said that he always drink a lot of wine
Or: He is said to always drink a lot of wine
b V 1 ở Hiện Tại Đơn – V 2 sau That ở Quá Khứ Đơn
Trang 7Active S1 + V1-s/es + that + S2 + V-ed + O + ….
Passive It is + PP.2 của V1 + that + S2 + V-ed + O + …
S2 + am/is/are + PP.2 của V1 + to + have + PP.2 của V-ed + O + …
Example:Villagers think that he broke into her house.
⇒ It is thought that he broke into her house
Or: He is thought to have broken into her house
c V 1 ở Quá Khứ Đơn – V 2 sau That cũng ở Quá Khứ Đơn
Active S1 + V1-ed + that + S2 + V-ed + O + …
Passive It was + PP.2 của V1 + that + S2 + V-ed + O + …
S2 + was/were + PP.2 của V1 + to + V + O + …
Example:The police believed that the murderer died.
⇒ It was believed that the murderer died
Or: The murderer was believed to die
* Ngoài ra, còn có thể gặp một số trường hợp khác của mẫu câu này:
d V 1 ở Hiện Tại Đơn – V 2 sau That ở Hiện Tại Tiếp Diễn
Active S1 + V1-s/es + that + S2 + am/is/are + V-ing + O + …
Passive It is + PP.2 của V1+ that + S2 + am/is/are + V-ing + O + …
S2 + am/is/are + PP2 của V1 + to + be + V-ing + O + …
Example:They think that she is living in London
⇒ It is thought that she is living in Lodon
Or: She is thought to be living in London
e V 1 ở Hiện Tại Đơn – V 2 sau That ở Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn
Active S1 + V1-s/es + that + S2 + was/were + V-ing + O + …
Passive It is + PP2 của Reporting Verb + that + S2 + was/were + V-ing + O + …
S2 + am/is/are + PP2 of Reporting Verb + to + have + been + V-ing + O + …
Example:We think that they were doing homework.
⇒ It is thought that they were doing homework
⇒ They are thought to have been doing homework
* Chú ý:
– Nếu V ở mệnh đề trước và sau “THAT” trong câu chủ động được chia cùng thời thì khi chuyển sang bị động,
ta dùng “to-V”
Example:They rumored that the man killed his wife
⇒ The man is rumored to kill his wife
– Nếu V ở mệnh đề trước và sau “THAT” trong câu chủ động được chia ở 2 thời khác nhau, khi chuyển thành
bị động, ta dung “to + have + PP.2”
Example:They rumor that the man killed his wife.
⇒ The man is rumored to have killedhis wife
Chuyển sang câu bị động:
1.My father waters this flower every morning
……… 2.John invited Fiona to his birthday party last night
……… 3.Her mother is preparing the dinner in the kitchen
……… 4.We should clean our teeth twice a day
……… 5.Our teachers have explained the English grammar
……… 6.Some drunk drivers caused the accident in this city
……… 7.Tom will visit his parents next month
……… 8.The manager didn’t phone the secretary this morning
Trang 8……… 9.Did Mary this beautiful dress?
……… 10.I won’t hang these old pictures in the living room
……… 11.The German didn’t build this factory during the Second World War
……… 12.The Greens are going to paint this house and these cars for Christmas Day
……… 13.Ann had fed the cats before she went to the cinema
……… 14.The students have discussed the pollution problems since last week
……… 15.Have the thieves stolen the most valuable painting in the national museum?
……… 16.Some people will interview the new president on TV
……… 17.How many languages do they speak in Canada?
……… 18.Are you going to repair those shoes?
……… 19.He has broken his nose in a football match
……… 20.Have you finished the above sentences?
………
REPORTED SPEECH(Câu tường thuật)
a.Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì hiện tại thì khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta chỉ đổi ngôi; không đổi thì của động từ và trạng từ
Example: She says: “I am a teacher.”
⇒ She says that she is a teacher.
Example: “I am writing a letter now” Tom says.
⇒ Tom says that he is writing a letter now.
b.Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì quá khứ thì khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp ta đổi ngôi, thì của động từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn
I Thay đổi ngôi (Đại từ nhân xưng, Đại từ sở hữu và Tính từ sở hữu)
1 Ngôi thứ nhất: dựa vào chủ từ của mệnh đề tường thuật; thường đổi sang ngôi thứ ba
I → He / She me → him / her my → his / her
We → They us → them our → their
Example: He said: “I learned English.”
⇒ He said that he had learnt English.
Example: She said to me, “My mother gives me a present.”
⇒ She told me that her mother gave her a present.
2 Ngôi thứ hai: (You, your)
- Xét ý nghĩa của câu và đổi cho phù hợp, thường đổi dựa vào túc từ của mệnh đề tường thuật
Example: Mary said: “You are late again.”
⇒ Mary said that you were late again.
Example: “I will meet you at the airport”, he said to me.
⇒ He told me that he would meet me at the airport.
3 Ngôi thứ ba (He / She / Him / Her / His / They / Them / Their): giữ nguyên, không đổi
II Thay đổi về thì trong câu:
Trang 9Simple present
V1 /Vs(es)
Present progressive
am / is / are + V-ing
Present perfect
have / has + P.P
Present perfect progressive
have / has been +V-ing
Simple past
V2 / -ed
Past progressive
was / were + V-ing
Simple future
will + V1
Future progressive
will be + V-ing
Simple past
V2 / V-ed
Past progressive
was / were + V-ing
Past perfect
had + P.P
Past perfect progressive
had been + V-ing
Past perfect
had + P.P
Past perfect progressive
had been + V-ing
Future in the past
would + V1
Future progressive in the past
would be + V-ing III Thay đổi các trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:
Now Here This These Today Yesterday Last year Tonight Tomorrow Next month Ago
Then There That Those That day The day before / the previous day The year before / the previous year That night
The following day / the next day The following month / the next month Before
STATEMENT (Câu trần thuật)
Direct: S + V + (O) : “clause”
Indirect: S + told / said + (O) + (that) + clause
Note: said to → told
Example: Tom said, “I want to visit my friend this weekend.”
⇒ Tom said (that) he wanted to visit his friend that weekend.
She said to me, “I am going to Dalat next summer.”
⇒ She told me (that) she was goingto Dalat the following summer.
Thay đổi trạng từ chỉ thời gian
This That
Tomorrow The next day / the following day
These Those
Yesterday The day before / the previous day
Here There
Last + danh từ thời gian
Example: Last week
The previous +danh từ thời gian/ the + danh từ thời gian + before
⇒ The previous week/ the week before
NowThen
Next + danh từ thời gian
Trang 10Example: Next week
The following/ The next + danh từ thời gian
⇒ The following/ the next week
Today That day
Today That day
Last night / week / month /year The night/week / year before hoặc the previous night/ week / month / year Tonight that night
Ago earlier / Before ( Ex : 2 days ago 2 days before / earlier )
_ Các động từ của mệnh đề chính trong câu tường thuật là : SAY , TELL , ANNOUNCE , INFORM , DECLARE , ASURE , REMARK , DENY
Example : He said : "I want to go to see An tomorrow"
⇒ He said that he wanted to go to see An the next day
QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi)
a.Yes – No question
Direct: S + V + (O) : “Aux V + S + V1 + ….?”
Indirect: S + asked + O + if / whether + S + V + ….
Example: He asked: “Have you ever been to Japan, Mary?”
⇒ He asked Mary if / whether she had ever been to Japan.
“Did you go out last night, Tan?” I asked
⇒ I asked Tan if / whether he had gone out the night before.
b.Wh – question
Direct: S + V + (O): “Wh- + Aux V + S + V1 + …?”
Indirect: S + asked + O + Wh- + S + V + ….
Example: “How long are you waiting for the bus?” he asked me.
⇒ He asked me how long I was waiting for the bus.
DANH ĐỘNG TỪ (V-ING) TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP
Khi lời nói trực tiếp là lời đề nghị , chúc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi, …động từ tường thuật cùng với danh động từ (V-ing) theo sau nó thường được dùng để chuyển tải nội dung lời nói trên
a Reporting Verb + V-ing + ….
Deny (phủ nhận), admit (thừa nhận), suggest (đề nghị), regret (nuối tiếc), appreciate (đánh giá cao, cảm kích)
Ex: Peter said: “I didn’t steal the painting.”
→ Peter denied stealing the painting.
“Why don’t we go out for a walk?” said the boy
→ The boy suggested going out for a walk.
b Reporting Verb + (Someone) + Preposition + V-ing + ….
- thank someone for (cám ơn ai về ….)
- accuse someone of (buộc tội ai về …)
- congratulate someone on (chúc mừng ai về ….)
- warn someone against (cảnh báo ai về ….)
- dream of (mơ về …)
- object to (chống đối về ….)
- apologize someone for (xin lỗi ai về …)
- insist on (khăng khăng dòi …)
- complain about (phàn nàn về ….)
Example: “I’m happy to know that you win the game Congratulations!”, Jim said to Mary.
⇒ Jim congratulated Mary on winning the game
Daisy said: “Thank you for helping me”
⇒ Daisy thanked me for helping her.
Note:
1 Why don’t you / Why not / How about → suggested + (someone) + V-ing …
Example: “Why don’t you send her some flowers?” he said.