Oxford concise dictionary of mathematics(1)

OXFORD PAPERBACK REFERENCE The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Mathematics Some entries in this dictionary have recommended web links When you see the symbol at the end of an entry go to the dictionary’s web page at http://www.oup.com/uk/reference/ resources/mathematics, click on Web links in the Resources section and click straight through to the relevant websites Christopher Clapham was until 1993 Senior Lecturer in Mathematics at the University of Aberdeen and has also taught at universities in Nigeria, Lesotho, and Malawi He is the author of Introduction to Abstract Algebra and Introduction to Mathematical Analysis He lives in Exeter James Nicholson has a mathematics degree from Cambridge, and taught at Harrow School for twelve years before becoming Head of Mathematics at Belfast Royal Academy in 1990 He lives in Belfast, but now works mostly with the School of Education at Durham University He is co-author of Statistics GCSE for AQA The most authoritative and up-to-date reference books for both students and the general reader ABC of Music Accounting Allusions Animal Behaviour Archaeology Architecture and Landscape Architecture Art and Artists Art Terms Arthurian Literature and Legend Astronomy Battles Better Wordpower Bible Biology British History British Place-Names Buddhism Business and Management Card Games Century of New Words Chemistry Christian Art Christian Church Classical Literature Classical Myth and Religion Classical World Computing Contemporary World History Countries of the World Dance Earth Sciences Ecology Economics Education Encyclopedia Engineering* English Etymology English Folklore English Grammar English Language English Literature English Surnames Environment and Conservation Euphemisms Everyday Grammar Family and Local History Finance and Banking First Names Food and Nutrition Foreign Words and Phrases Geography Humorous Quotations Idioms Irish History Islam Kings and Queens of Britain Law Law Enforcement Linguistics Literary Terms London Place-Names Mathematics Medical Medicinal Drugs Modern Design Modern Quotations Modern Slang Music Musical Terms Musical Works Nicknames Nursing Philosophy Physics Plant Sciences Plays Pocket Fowler’s Modern English Usage Political Quotations Politics Popes Proverbs Psychology Quotations Quotations by Subject Rhymes Rhyming Slang Saints Science Scientific Quotations Scottish History Shakespeare Ships and the Sea Slang Sociology Space Exploration Statistics Superstitions Synonyms and Antonyms Weather Word Histories World History World Mythology World Religions Zoology *forthcoming The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Mathematics FOURTH EDITION CHRISTOPHER CLAPHAM JAMES NICHOLSON 10 Appendix 10 Table of trigonometric formulae 862 Addition formulae Double-angle formulae Tangent of half-angle formulae 863 Product formulae Sums and differences 864 Appendix 11 Table of symbols 865 866 867 868 Appendix 12 Table of Greek letters 869 870 Appendix 13 Table of Roman numerals If smaller numbers follow larger numbers, then the numbers are added, but if a smaller number comes before a larger number it is subtracted, so CM is 900 and MC is 100 The basic values are I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, C = 100, D = 500 and M = 000 871 872 Appendix 14: Table of Fields Medal Winners 873 874 The formatting for cross-referencing has been changed since the second edition, and the above text has been modified to be consistent with the new format 875 * 876