A dictionary of literary symbols

A Dictionary of Literary Symbols This is the rst dictionary of symbols to be based on literature, rather than universal psychological archetypes, myths, or esoterica Michael Ferber has assembled nearly two hundred main entries clearly explaining and illustrating the literary symbols that we all encounter (such as swan, rose, moon, gold), along with hundreds of crossreferences and quotations The dictionary concentrates on English literature, but its entries range widely from the Bible and classical authors to the twentieth century, taking in American and European literatures Its informed style and rich references will make this book an essential tool not only for literary and classical scholars, but for all students of literature m i c h a e l f e r b e r is professor of English and Humanities at the University of New Hampshire His books include The Poetry of William Blake (1991) and The Poetry of Shelley (1993) A Dictionary of Literary Symbols Michael Ferber Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sóo Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521591287 â Michael Ferber 1999 This book is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 1999 - - ---- eBook (Gale) --- eBook (Gale) - - ---- hardback --- hardback - - ---- paperback --- paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For Lucy Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations Introduction Dictionary Authors cited 249 Bibliography 259 page viii Acknowledgments I must rst thank my colleague Douglas Lanier for helping me think through this dictionary from the outset, for encouragement during early frustrations, and for a great deal of detailed advice E J Kenney of Peterhouse, Cambridge, saved me from a number of mistakes in Latin and offered countless suggestions about not only classical but English literature; his notes would make a useful and delightful little book by themselves David Norton made many helpful suggestions regarding biblical passages Two graduate students at the University of New Hampshire gave valuable assistance, Heather Wood at an early phase by collecting data from books not close at hand and William Stroup by going over every entry with a keen eye to readability and cuts My wife Susan Arnold also cheerfully read every entry and offered many helpful ideas I am grateful to Maria Pantelia for providing me with the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae on cd-rom and advice on how to use it Cynthia Pawlek of Baker Library, Dartmouth, initiated me into the English Poetry DataBase, also on disk Robin Lent, Deborah Watson, and Peter Crosby of Dimond Library at UNH patiently handled my many requests and, during the reconstruction of the library, even set up a little room just large enough for the Loeb classical series and me I also made good use of the library of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and I thank Gordon Hunt for his good ofces there The Humanities Center of UNH gave me a grant for a semesters leave and an ofce in which to store unwieldy concordances and work in peace; its director Burt Feintuch and administrator Joanne Sacco could not have been more hospitable For contributing ideas, quotations, references, and encouragement I also thank Ann and Warner Berthoff, Barbara Cooper, Michael DePorte, Patricia Emison, John Ernest, Elizabeth Hageman, Peter Holland, Edward Larkin, Ronald LeBlanc, Laurence Marschall, Susan Schibanoff, and Charles Simic My editor at Cambridge University Press, Josie Dixon, not only solicited Professors Kenney and Norton to go over my entries but made many helpful suggestions herself while shepherding the book through its complex editing process For the errors and weaknesses that remain despite all this expert help I am of course responsible I would be glad to hear from readers who have found particularly glaring omissions of symbols or meanings of a symbol, or any mistakes, against the possibility of a revised edition I can be reached c/o English Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, nh 03824, USA viii Abbreviations AV NT OT NEB Olymp Pyth Isth Nem Bible Authorized Version (King James Version) of the Bible (1611) All quotations are from this version unless otherwise stated New Testament Quotations from the NT that are paralleled in more than one Gospel are cited from the rst in which they appear (usually Matthew) Old Testament New English Bible (1961) Pindar Olympian Pythian Isthmian Nemean Horace Quotations from Horace are from the Odes or Carmina unless otherwise stated Met Ovid Metamorphoses Met Apuleius Metamorphoses (or The Golden Ass) PF TC Chaucer Canterbury Tales (Gen Pro = General Prologue, Pro = Prologue) Parliament of Fowls Troilus and Criseyde FQ SC Spenser Faerie Queene (Pro = Prologue) Shepheardes Calendar CT 1H4, 2H4 1H6, 2H6, 3H6 2GV 12N AC AWEW Shakespeare King Henry the Fourth, Part One, Part Two King Henry the Sixth, Part One, Part Two, Part Three Two Gentlemen of Verona Twelfth Night Antony and Cleopatra Alls Well that Ends Well ix Abbreviations AYLI CE Cor Cym H5 H8 JC KJ Lear LLL MAAN MM MND MV MWW Per R2 R3 RJ TC Timon Titus TS WT As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Coriolanus Cymbeline King Henry the Fifth King Henry the Eighth Julius Caesar King John King Lear Loves Labours Lost Much Ado About Nothing Measure for Measure A Midsummer Nights Dream The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor Pericles King Richard the Second King Richard the Third Romeo and Juliet Troilus and Cressida Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus The Taming of the Shrew (Ind = Induction) The Winters Tale Line numbers for Shakespeare are keyed to the Riverside edition; they will not vary by much from any modern edition x PL Milton Paradise Lost PU Shelley Prometheus Unbound Introduction The idea for this dictionary came to me while I was reading a student essay on Byrons Stanzas Written on the Road between Florence and Pisa, which sets the true glory of youthful love against the false glory of an old mans literary renown.After a promising start the student came to a halt before these lines: the myrtle and ivy of sweet two-andtwenty / Are worth all your laurels, though ever so plenty. His copy lacked footnotes, and he lacked experience of poetry before the Romantics With disarming candor he confessed that he had no idea what these three plants were doing in the poem, and then desperately suggested that Byron might have seen them on the road somewhere between Florence and Pisa and been inspired to put them in his poem the way you might put plants in your ofce I wrote in the margin that these were symbolic plants and he had to look them up But where, exactly, you send a student to nd out the symbolic meaning of myrtle? The Oxford English Dictionary was all I could come up with, but I felt certain there must be a handier source, designed for readers of literature, with a good set of quotations from ancient times to modern But there is no such book A dozen times since then I have asked colleagues and librarians if they knew of one They were all sure they did, or thought there must be one, but they could never nd it Several of them came up with Cirlots Dictionary of Symbols, but that work, whatever its uses, is the last thing I would recommend to a student It has no entry at all for myrtle Under ivy it mentions the Phrygian god Attis and its eunuch-priests and then says,It is a feminine symbol denoting a force in need of protection. One can hardly imagine the interpretations of Byron that would arise from those claims Under laurel it names Apollo and mentions poets, but has nothing about fame, and it goes on about inner victories over the negative and dissipative inuence of the base forces. Only slightly better are two recent ones: Hans Biedermanns Dictionary of Symbolism: Cultural Icons and the Meanings Behind Them, translated from the German, and Jean Chevalier and Alain Gheerbrants Penguin Dictionary of Symbols, translated from the French Both range widely but unsystematically over the cultures of the world, packing Mayan and Chinese meanings next to those from medieval alchemy The latter book, much the larger, lacks an entry for myrtle; under ivy it discusses Dionysus, which is on the right track, but it says nothing about its uses in Roman poetry that lie behind Byron Neither book quotes widely from poetry or prose ction If no adequate dictionary exists, but everyone thinks it does (because it must), that seemed a good reason to write one It was also a reason not to write one, for if even the Germans have not produced one, as it seemed, it might be beyond mortal powers.After all, anything can be a Authors cited Name Dates Language or nation Achilles Tatius Aelian (Claudius Aelianus) Aeschylus Aesop Akenside, Mark Alanus de Insulis (Alain de Lille) Alcaeus Alcman Aleri, Vittorio Ambrose Amos Anacreon Antipater of Sidon ap Gwilym, Dafydd Apollonius of Rhodes Apuleius, Lucius(?) Archilochus Argentarius, Marcus Arion Ariosto, Ludovico Aristophanes Aristotle Arnim, Achim von Arnold, Matthew Athanasius Athenaeus Atta, Titus Quintus Augustine (Aurelius Augustinus) Ausonius (Decimus Magnus Ausonius) Austen, Jane ad c 150 ad c 170235 525456 bc 6C bc 172170 c 11281202 Greek Greek Greek Greek English Latin 7C bc 7C bc 17491803 d ad 397 8C bc 6C bc 1C bc 14C ad c 295215 bc ad c 125160+ 7C bc 1C ad? 7C bc 14741533 c 445c 385 bc 384322 bc 17811831 182288 ad 293?373 ad c 200 d 77 bc 354430 c 310c 393 Greek Greek Italian Latin Hebrew Greek Greek Welsh Greek Latin Greek Greek Greek Italian Greek Greek German English Greek Greek Latin Latin Latin 17751817 English 5C bc 15611626 153289 180044 17431825 17541812 18591929 Greek English French Russian English American American Bacchylides Bacon, Francis Baùf, Jean Antoine de Baratynsky, Evgeny Barbauld, Anna Laetitia Barlow, Joel Bates, Katharine Lee 249 Authors cited 250 Name Baudelaire, Charles Beddoes, Thomas Lovell Berkeley, George Bernard Silvestris Bion (of Smyrna) Blair, Robert Dates 182167 180349 16851753 c 1150 2C bc 16991746 Blake, William Blok, Alexander Boccaccio, Giovanni Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus Borges, Jorge Luis 17571827 18801921 131375 ad c 476c 524 Boswell, James 174095 Bowles, William Lisle Bradstreet, Anne 17621850 c 161072 Brentano, Clemens Bridges, Robert Brontở, Charlotte Brontở, Emily Brooks, Gwendolyn Browne, Thomas Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Robert Brun, Friederike Bryant, William Cullen Bunyan, John Burnett, Frances Hodgson 17781842 18441930 181655 181848 1917 160582 180661 181289 17651835 17941878 162888 18491924 Burns, Robert 175996 Burton, Robert Byron, George Gordon, Lord 15771640 17881824 Calderún de la Barca, Pedro Callimachus Camoens, Luis Vaz de Campbell, Thomas Carew, Thomas Carroll, Lewis (Charles Dodgson) Catullus, Gaius Valerius Cazotte, Jacques Celan, Paul 16001681 c 310c 240 bc c 152480 17771844 15951640 183298 c 84c 54 bc 171992 192070 18991986 Language or nation French English English (Irish) Latin Greek English (Scottish) English Russian Italian Latin Spanish (Argentine) English (Scottish) English English/ American German English English English American English English English German American English English/ American English (Scottish) English English Spanish Greek Portuguese English English English Latin French German (Romanian) Authors cited Language or nation Spanish French (Martinican) English French English Russian French Greek Latin English English Latin Greek English English English (b Polish) French English English English Name Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de Cộsaire, Aimộ Dates 15471616 1913 Chapman, George Chateaubriand, Franỗois-Renộ de Chaucer, Geoffrey Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich Chộnier, Andrộ Choerilus Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) Clanvowe, Thomas Clare, John Claudian (Claudius Claudianus) Clement of Alexandria Coleridge, Samuel Taylor Collins, William Conrad, Joseph 1559?1634 17681848 c 13431400 18601904 17621794 6C bc 10643 bc 1390 17931864 late 4C ad ad c 200 17721834 172159 18571924 Corneille, Pierre Cowley, Abraham Cowper, William Crabbe, George 160684 161867 17311800 17541832 Daniel Dante Alighieri Darớo, Rubộn 2C bc 12651321 18671916 Darwin, Erasmus Davies, John Denham, John Dickens, Charles Dickinson, Emily Diderot, Denis Donne, John Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Drayton, Michael Dryden, John Du Bellay, Joachim Dunbar, Paul Laurence Dwight, Timothy 17311802 15691626 161569 181270 183086 171384 15721631 182181 15631631 16311700 152260 18721906 17521817 Hebrew Italian Spanish (Nicaraguan) English English English English American French English Russian English English French American American Eco, Umberto Eliot, T S Emerson, Ralph Waldo Ennius, Quintus Erasmus, Desiderius Euripides 1932 18881965 180382 239169 bc c 14691536 c 485406 bc Italian American American Latin Dutch Greek 251 Authors cited 252 Language or nation Hebrew English English English French English English Italian (Greek) French American Name Ezekiel Fielding, Henry Finch, Anne (Lady Winchelsea) Fitzgerald, Edward Flaubert, Gustave Fletcher, John Forster, E M Foscolo, Ugo France, Anatole Frost, Robert Dates 6C bc 170754 d 1720 180983 182180 15791625 18791970 17781827 18441924 18751963 Galen (Galenus) Garcia Lorca, Federico Garcia Marquez, Gabriel ad 12999 18981936 1928 Garcilaso de la Vega Garnier, Robert Gascoigne, George Gay, John Gellius, Aulus Gibbon, Edward Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von Golding, William Gúngora, Luis de Gosse, Edmund Gottfried von Strassburg 150336 c 154490 1539?77 16851732 ad c 130c 180 173794 17491832 191193 15611625 18491928 13C Gower, John Gray, Thomas Green, Matthew Grimm, Jakob Grimm, Wilhelm Guthlac 1330?1408 171671 16961737 17851863 17861859 c 700 Greek Spanish Spanish (Colombian) Spanish French English English Latin English German English Spanish English Old High German English English English German German Old English Hardy, Thomas Hawthorne, Nathaniel Hazlitt, William Heine, Heinrich Hellman, Lillian Hemingway, Ernest Henley, William Ernest Heraclitus of Ephesus Heraclitus of Halicarnassus Herbert, George Herder, Johann Gottfried von Herodotus Herrick, Robert 18401928 180464 17781830 17971856 190684 18991961 18491903 c 540c 480 bc 3C bc 15931633 17441803 c 490c 425 bc 15911674 English American English German American American English Greek Greek English German Greek English Authors cited Name Hesiod Hippocrates Hoffmann, E T.A Hửlderlin, Friedrich Homer Hood, Thomas Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) Hosea Howe, Julia Ward Hunt, Leigh Dates c 700 bc c 460c 370 bc 17761822 17701843 8C bc 17991845 6568 bc Language or nation Greek Greek German German Greek English Latin 8C bc 18191910 17841859 Hebrew American English Ibsen, Henrik Ibycus Irving, Washington Isaiah Isidore of Seville 18281906 6C bc 17831859 8C bc ad 60236 Norwegian Greek American Hebrew Latin James the Apostle James, Henry Jammes, Francis Jeremiah Joel John the Evangelist John of Patmos Jonson, Ben Joyce, James Juvenal (Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis) 1C ad 18431916 18681938 6C bc 5C bc? 1C ad 1C ad 15721637 18821941 2C ad Greek American French Hebrew Hebrew Greek Greek English English (Irish) Latin Kafka, Franz Keats, John Kerouac, Jack 18831924 17951821 192269 Khayam, Omar King, Henry King, Martin Luther, Jr Kipling, Rudyard 1050?1123? 15921669 192968 18651936 German (Czech) English Canadian/ American Persian English American English La Cruz, Sor Juana Inộs de Lactantius Lamartine, Alphonse de Landon, Letitia Elizabeth Landor, Walter Savage Langland, William La Vega, Garcilaso de Lawrence, D H (David Herbert) 165195 ad c 240c 320 17901869 180238 17751864 c 1332? 150336 18851930 Spanish Latin French English English English Spanish English 253 Authors cited Name Leopardi, Giacomo Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim London, Jack Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth Lorris, Guillaume de Lovelace, Richard Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus) Lucian Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus) Luke the Evangelist Lyly, John Dates 17981837 172981 18761916 180782 ?c 1235 161857 ad 3965 ad 115c 180 98c 55 bc 1C ad 15541606 Language or nation Italian German American American French English Latin Greek Latin Greek English Machiavelli, Niccolo Malachi Mallarmộ, Stộphane Mangan, James Clarence Mann, Thomas Marino, Giovan Battista Mark the Evangelist Marlowe, Christopher Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis) Marvell, Andrew Maseeld, John Matthew the Evangelist McCrae, John Meleager Melville, Herman Meredith, George Meun, Jean de Micah Middleton, Thomas Milton, John Mimnermus Mitchell, Margaret Montagu, Mary Wortley Moore, Thomas Mửrike, Eduard Morton, Thomas Moschus Musset, Alfred de 14691527 5C bc 184298 180349 18751955 15691625 1C ad 156493 ad 40103 Italian Hebrew French English (Irish) German Italian Greek English Latin 162178 18781967 1C ad 18721918 c 14070 bc 181991 18281909 ?c 1305 6C bc? 15801627 160874 7C bc 190049 16891762 17791852 180475 15751646 c 150 bc 181057 English English Greek Canadian Greek American English French Hebrew English English Greek American English English German American Greek French Nabokov, Vladimir 18991977 Russian/ American English German Greek German Nashe, Thomas 15671601 Nietzsche, Friedrich 18441900 Nonnus 5C ad Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg) 17721801 254 Authors cited Language or nation English (Irish) English English Latin Name OCasey, Sean Opie, Amelia Orwell, George (Eric Blair) Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) Dates 18801964 17691853 190350 43 bc ad 17 Paine, Thomas 17371809 Parmenides Pascoli, Giovanni Paul the Apostle Peacock, Thomas Love Persius (Aulus Persius Flaccus) Peter the Apostle Petrarch (Petrarca), Francesco Philostratus Phrynichus Pindar Plato Plautus (Titus Maccius Plautus) Pliny the Elder (G Plinius Secundus) Plutarch Poe, Edgar Allan Polidori, John William Pope, Alexander Pound, Ezra Propertius, Sextus Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich c 515c 450 bc 18551912 d ad 64 17851666 ad 3462 1C ad 130474 ad c 200 c 510475 bc 518438 bc 427347 bc c 250184 bc ad 23/479 English/ American Greek Italian Greek English Latin Greek Italian Greek Greek Greek Greek Latin Latin ad 46c 120 180949 17951821 16881744 18851972 c 48c 16 bc 17991837 Greek American English English American Latin Russian Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco de Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus) Quintus Smyrnaeus 15801645 ad c 35c 95 Spanish Latin 4C ad Greek Rabelais, Franỗois Racine, Jean Radcliffe, Ann Ralegh, Sir Walter Randolph, Thomas Richard of St Victor 1494?1553 163999 17641823 15521618 160535 d 1173 Richardson, Samuel Rilke, Rainer Maria Rimbaud, Arthur Robinson, Mary Ronsard, Pierre de Rosenberg, Isaac 16891761 18751926 185491 17581800 152485 18901917 French French English English English Latin (b Scotland) English German French English French English 255 Authors cited 256 Language or nation English English Name Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Dates 183094 182882 Saint-Amant, Antoine-Girard de Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de Sappho Sartre, Jean-Paul Scốve, Maurice Schelling, Friedrich W J von Schiller, J C Friedrich von Schlegel, Friedrich Scott, Walter 15941661 180469 17371814 7C bc 190580 1501?63? 17751854 17591805 17721829 17711832 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus (the Younger) Servius (Marius Servius Honoratus) Sewell, Anna Shakespeare, William Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shenstone, William Shirley, James Sidney, Phillip Silone, Ignazio Simonides Skelton, John Socrates Solomon Solon Sophocles Southey, Robert Spenser, Edmund Sponde, Jean de Staởl, Germaine de Statius (Publius Papinius Statius) Steinbeck, John Stendhal (Marie Henry Beyle) Stevens, Wallace Stevenson, Robert Louis (Scottish) Stoker, Bram Strindberg, August Sturluson, Snorri Sue, Eugốne Suetonius (Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus) c bcad 65 French French French Greek French French German German German English (Scottish) Latin 5C ad Latin 182078 15641616 17921822 171463 15961666 15541586 190078 556468 bc c 14601529 469399 bc 10C bc c 640c 560 bc c 496406/5 bc 17741843 155299 155795 17661817 ad 45c 96 190268 17831842 18791955 185094 English English English English English English Italian Greek English Greek Hebrew Greek Greek English English French French (Swiss) Latin American French American English 18471912 18491912 c 1220 180457 ad c 70? English Swedish Icelandic French Latin Authors cited Language or nation English (Irish) English Name Swift, Jonathan Swinburne, Algernon Charles Dates 16671745 18371909 Tacitus, Publius Cornelius Tasso, Torquato Tennyson, Alfred, Lord Terence (Publius Terentius Afer) Tertullian Theocritus Theognis Thomas, Dylan Thompson, Francis Thomson, James ad 56/57c 117 154495 180992 193/183159 bc ad c 160c 225 3C bc 6C bc 191453 18591907 170048 Tieck, Ludwig Tolkien, J R R Tolstoy, Leo Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemens) Tyrtaeus Tyutchev, Feodor I 17731853 18921973 18281910 18351910 7C bc 180373 Latin Italian English Latin Latin Greek Greek English (Welsh) English English (Scottish) German English Russian American Greek Russian Valerius Flaccus, Gaius Valộry, Paul Varro, Marcus Terentius Vaughan, Henry Vega Carpio, Lope de Verlaine, Paul Verne, Jules Vigny, Alfred de Villiers de lIsle-Adam, Philippe Villon, Franỗois Virgil (Publius Virgilius Maro) ad c 40c 90 18711945 11627 bc 162195 15621613 184496 18281905 17971863 183889 1431? 7019 bc Latin French Latin English Spanish French French French French French Latin Wagner, Richard Waller, Edmund Walther von der Vogelweide German Wesley, Samuel West, Nathanael Wheatley, Phillis Whitman, Walt Wilde, Oscar Wilson, Harriet E Wollstonecraft, Mary Wordsworth, William Wroth, Lady Mary 181383 160687 c 11701230 German English Old High 16621735 190340 c 175384 181992 18541900 1808c 1870 175997 17701850 1587?1651? 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