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Concise Dictionary
of
Pharmacological Agents
Properties
and
Synonyms
by
Ian
K.M.
Morton
King's
College,
London, United Kingdom
and
Judith
M.
Hall
University
of
Surrey,
Guildford,
Surrey, United Kingdom
KLUWER
ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
DORDRECHT
/
BOSTON
/
LONDON
Library
of
Congress Catalog Card Number:
98-67965.
ISBN
075-1404-993
Published
by
Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O.
Box 17,
3300
AA
Dordrecht,
The
Netherlands.
Sold
and
distributed
in
North, Central
and
South America
by
Kluwer Academic Publishers,
101
Philip Drive, Norwell,
MA
02061, U.S.A.
In
all
other countries, sold
and
distributed
by
Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O.
Box
322,
3300
AH
Dordrecht,
The
Netherlands.
Printed
on
acid-free
paper
All
Rights Reserved
©
1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers
No
part
of the
material
protected
by
this copyright notice
may be
reproduced
or
utilized
in any
form
or by any
means, electronic
or
mechanical,
including
photocopying, recording
or by any
information
storage
and
retrieval system, without written permission from
the
copyright owner.
Printed
in the
Netherlands.
Introduction
The
purpose
of
this dictionary
is to
provide
a
convenient
and
affordable
personal desk
reference
resource.
The
authors,
who
have many years experience
in
pharmacological research, teaching
and
editing,
recognized
a
need
for a
single up-to-date volume encompassing material that hitherto could
be
gathered only
from
a
well-stocked library. This book comprises
two
main sections:
an A-Z
listing
of
drugs
and
their properties;
and a
descriptive glossary
of
technical
terms.
The
level
and
scope
of
this
reference
material
will
make
it
essential
for
pharmacologists
and
medicinal chemists,
from
the
graduate
student
to
established worker.
It
should also
be
valuable
to
workers
in
allied
biomedical
disciplines,
such
as
biochemistry
and
physiology, medical students
and
science writers
and
editors.
Scope
The
dictionary
is
centred
on
pharmacologically active agents. Workers
in
drug-related disciplines
need
to
correctly
identify
individual agents from
an
arsenal
of
pharmacologically active compounds,
each
with
a
number
of
alternative drug names according
to the
country
or
naming convention.
The
A-Z
Section
contains details
of
individual drugs together with their alternative names (some
10,000
in
all),
classified
into
families
according
to
mechanism
and
use.
These
families
are the
subject
of
descriptive articles
(see
below).
Some
of the
drugs detailed here were developed
for use in
therapeutics,
including
most
of
those currently
in
clinical
use
(especially
in the UK and
USA),
together with many formerly used
in
medicine,
and
some featuring
in
drug development
programmes. Also listed
are
numerous agents
- not
themselves
of
therapeutic value
- but
important
as
pharmacological
tools
in the
analysis
of
receptor recognition mechanisms
and
physiological
or
biochemical processes. Many
compounds
listed
are of
natural origin, including plant
or
animal
alkaloids,
antibiotics
and
toxins
or
venoms that
can be
used
as
'chemical
scalpels'
in the
analysis
of
mechanisms.
The
Glossary
is a
straightforward alphabetical
reference
source, explaining
the
meaning
of
some
3,000 biomedical
terms.
Researchers
and
writers
in
biomedical science need,
at
times,
to
understand
the
precise
and
accurate meaning
of
sometimes
arcane terms. Collected here
are
definitions from
pharmacology, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, pathology, physiology, anatomy
and
microbiology.
We
have given rather
more
explanation
for
terms
that
can
cause confusion,
for
example,
certain
terms
relating
to
drug receptors
and to
mediators, including autacoids,
hormones
and
neurotransmitters.
The
rapidly evolving area
of
molecular biology
is
also covered.
How
to use
this
book
The
A-Z
Section
lists
both
names
and
families
of
pharmacologically active agents.
Of the
10,000
cross-referenced
names
of
these agents, about 4,000 entries
are
short
descriptions
of the
properties
and
uses
of
agents under their main generic drug names. Where
available,
all
official
names
are
given.
Main articles
are
listed alphabetically under British Approved Names
[BAN],
with
United
States
Adopted
Name
[USAN]
,
Japanese
Accepted
Name
[JAN]
and
International Non-proprietary Name
[INN]
also provided
in
brackets. Some types
of
agents, mainly pesticides, also have certain other standard
names quoted, including American National Standards Institute
[ANSI],
British Standards Institution
[BSI]
and
International Standards Organization
[ISO].
Individual
agent's
entries
also
give
the
main
alternative
names, alternative spellings, abbreviations, chemical names, alternative chemical forms,
company codes
and
main British
and
American proprietary names that
are in
current use.
All
name
variants
are
cross-indexed
(in
bold
type)
to the
main entries.
The
spelling
of
common medical
and
scientific
terms
is in
British English rather than American English: thus oestrogen,
not
estrogen;
haemoglobin,
not
hemoglobin; sulphonamide,
not
sulfonamide. This book provides
a
much-needed
biological
companion
to
encyclopaedic database references, such
as the
Merck
Index
and the
Dictionary
of
Pharmacological
Agents,
which extensively detail
full
chemical names
and
much other
chemical
material.
It
might
be
noted that
the
classification
of
drugs into
families
corresponds
fairly
closely
to the
latter
of
these books (the pharmacology
of
which
was
also
our
responsibility).
Drug family
articles
form
the
other component
of the A-Z
Section. Groupings
of
agents
are
described
in
some
300
short
articles, each with references
to
further reading. Family grouping
is by
mechanism (e.g.
(3-adrenoceptor
antagonists)
as
well
as by
clinical
application (e.g. antihypertensive
agents);
these cross-references
are in
BOLD
SMALL
CAPS.
The
Glossary (Appendix
A)
contains nearly 3,000 technical
terms
and
acronyms, with coverage
of
most
areas that
are
related
to
drug discovery, extending
to
trials
and
licensing. There
is an
emphasis
on the
specialized nomenclature
of
material related
to
drug receptors
and
molecular biology.
Appendix
B
comprises
three tables: amino acid abbreviations
(common
natural),
amino acid
abbreviations
(found
in
literature
-
related
and
unnatural)
and
Greek
and
Latin multiplicative
prefixes.
This
is the
first
edition
of the
work.
The
authors welcome (via
the
publishers)
all
criticisms,
corrections
and
suggestions
for
material that might
be
covered
in
subsequent editions.
IKMM
&
JMH
King's
College London
&
University
of
Surrey
v
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
Contents
Introduction vii
A – Z Section 1
A 301 - Azulfidine™ 2
A 301 - AN1 2
AN 448 - Antileishmanial Agents
17
Antileprotic Agents - Azulfidine
™
32
B 306 - BZQ 45
C6 - Cytoxan™ 59
C6 - CEENU™ 59
Cefacetrile - Clidanac
69
Climaval™ - Cytoxan™ 79
D 138 - Dytide™ 90
'E' - EXPECTORANTS 107
F 2207 - FX 703 118
G/18 - Gynol™ 127
H 33 - Hytrin BPH™ 138
I 612 - Ivermectin 149
JB 11 - Kytril™ 158
3123L - Lyxoascorbic Acid 160
M 99 - Mytelase™ 171
N 0774 - Nytol™ 188
Obidoxime Chloride - Ozagrel 206
vi Contents
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
P2S - PYY 213
P2S - Picenadol Hydrochloride
213
Picloxydine - Progynova
™ 222
Proheptazine - PYY 233
Qinghaosu - Quipazine M
aleate 243
R200 - Rythmodan™ 244
S 46 - Syscor™ 251
T3 - Tyzine™ 267
U 4191 - UTP 284
Vadocaine - Vumon™ 287
W 108 - Zyprexa 293
Appendices 297
Appendix A. (Glossary) 297
A - CSF 298
CSF-1 - Infarction 307
Infection - Neurogenic
319
Neurogenic inflammation - Zwitterion 326
Appendix B. (Tables) 341
JlP^
JS**
m
#$№!%&
<%&$$%&
A
301
^
norgestrienone.
A
2774
•»
delprostenate.
A
3665
~
trefentanil.
A
4492
•»
pentamorphone.
A
4828
^
trofosfamide.
A
4942
~
ifosfamide.
A
5610
~
azelastine.
A
8103
^
pipobroman.
A
33547
•*
remoxipride.
A
46745
•*
gestrinone.
A
71623
is a
substituted pentapeptide structure,
a
selective
(CCK
A
-subtype)
CHOLECYSTOKININ RECEPTOR AGONIST.
It is an
APPETITE SUPPRESSANT
with
low
oral bioavailability,
and is
used
as a
pharmacological tool.
AA
149
•»
trepibutone.
AA
673
^
amlexanox.
AA
861
^
docebenone.
AB
1404
•*
ethchlorovynol
Abbokinase™
•»
saruplase;
urokinase.
Abbott 41070
•»
gonadotrophin-releasing
hormone.
Abbott
43818
•»
leuprorelin.
Abbott 44090
•»
valproic acid.
Abbott 47631
•»
estazolam.
abciximab
[BAN,
USAN]
(CentoRx™;
ReoPro™)
is
a
monoclonal antibody,
a
purified
47,615
dalton
Fab
fragment
manufactured
in
mammalian cell culture. This antibody
binds
to the
glycoprotein
Ilb/IIIa
(GPIIb/IIIa)
receptors,
members
of the
integrin
family
of
adhesion receptors,
and
the
major platelet surface receptor involved
in
platelet
aggregation
of
human platelets. Acting through this
mechanism,
it is a
PLATELET AGGREGATION
INHIBITOR,
and can
be
used parenterally
as an
ANTITHROMBOTIC AGENT
(as an
adjunct
to
heparin
and
aspirin),
especially
for the
prevention
and
treatment
of
acute arterial occlusive disorders, including
prevention
of
ischaemic complications
in
high-risk patients
undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.
ablukast
[INN, USAN]
(ablukast
sodium
[USAN])
is a
benzopyran derivative,
a
(LTC
4
)
LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR
ANTAGONIST
with potential
as an
ANTIASTHMATIC
AGENT.
ablukast
sodium
•»
ablukast.
AC
*•
ethotoin.
AC 187
(acetyl-[Asn
30
,Tyr
32
]-salmoncalcitonin
8
.3
2
)
is an
AMYLiN
RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
that inhibits several metabolic
actions
of
amylin.
AC
223
~
melinamide
ABORTIFACIENTS
are
drugs
used
to
induce
abortion
or
miscarriage.
A
number
of
types
of
drug have been used,
but
commonly
the
PROGESTOGEN
antagonist
mifepristone
is
used
(orally)
and/or
the
prostaglandin
gemeprost
or
dinoprostone
(by the
extra-amniotic
route) (see
PROSTANOID
RECEPTOR AGONISTS)
. A
wide variety
of the
synthetic
or
natural
agents, e.g. quinine, urea, ergot alkaloids, including
ergotmetrine,
and
certain microbial toxins,
may
cause
abortion (depending
on
dose
and
route
of
administration).
See
also
LUTEOLYTIC AGENTS.
Petrie,
R.H.
et
al
(1981) Maternal
and
fetal
effects
of
uterine
stimulants
and
relaxants.
Diagn.
Gynecol.
Obstet.,
3,111-117.
Silvestre,
L. et al
(1990)
Voluntary
interruption
of
pregnancy
with
mifepristone
(RU
486)
and a
prostaglandin analogue.
A
large-scale French experience
N.
Engl.
J.Med.,
322.645-648.
Baulieu,
E.E. (1995)
The
combined
use of
prostaglandin
and
antiprogestin
in
human
fertility
control. Adv. Prostaglandin.
Thromboxane.
Leukot.
Res.,
23,
55-62.
ABT
077
•>
zileuton.
acadesine
[BAN,
INN]
(GP
1-110)
is a
purine nucleoside
analogue.
It
accumulates
in the
culture medium
of E.
coli
under
SULPHONAMIDE
stasis,
and is
manufactured
by
Bacillus
pumilus
and
Bacillus
subtilis.
It is
being investigated
for the
management
of
myocardial ischaemia
(it may act by
influencing
ischaemic cells
to
release
adenosine,
which
has
beneficial
actions
as a
PLATELET AGGREGATION
INHIBITOR)
and
also
an
ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT
(with
CARDIAC DEPRESSANT
and
VASODILATOR
ACTIONS).
acamprosate
[BAN,
INN]
is
related
to
taurine
and is a
GABA
RECEPTOR AGONIST
and
PSYCHOTROPIC
AGENT.
It has
been used
in the
treatment
of
alcoholism.
acarbose
[BAN,
INN,
USAN]
(Bay
g
5421;
ct-GHI;
Glucobay™)
is
an
oligosaccharide isolated from
the
microorganisms
of the
Actinoplanes
sp. It is an
ENZYME INHIBITOR
potently active
against
a-glucosidases
and
saccharases
(a
'starch
blocker');
and
thereby delays conversion
in the
intestine
of
starch
and
sucrose
to
glucose,
so
slows
its
subsequent absorption.
It can
be
used
as an
ANTIDiABETiC
AGENT,
usually
as an
adjunct
to
(sulphonylurea
or
biguanides) oral
HYPOGLYCAEMICS
in the
treatment
of
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM).
It can
also
be
used
in
ANTIHYPERLIPIDAEMIC
and
obesity treatment.
ACARICIDES
are
chemicals used
to
kill
ticks
and
mites.
Ticks belong
to an
order
of the
arthropods called Acarina,
which
also contains
the
mites;
and
chemicals used against
the
latter
may be
referred
to as
SCABICIDAL
agents
(or
miticides
in
USA).
Some ticks transmit
other
diseases (including
Lyme
disease, typhus
and
Rocky Mountain spotted
fever),
but
they
may
themselves cause local irritation (e.g.
in
scabies caused
by
itch-mites
Sarcoptes
scabiei),
and
sometimes serious skin
lesions
and
more general toxic
manifestations,
scabicidal
drugs
are
used
to
kill
the
mites that cause scabies,
in
which
the
female
mite tunnels into
the top
surface
of the
skin
in
order
to lay
eggs, causing severe irritation
as she
does
so.
Newly
hatched mites, which also cause irritation with their
secretions, then pass easily from person
to
person
by
direct
contact;
so
every member
of an
infected household should
be
treated,
and
clothing
and
bedding should also
be
disinfected.
Treatment
is
usually with local applications
of a
cream
to
kill
the
mites,
but
some
agents
can be
irritant
or
have
toxic manifestations; further resistance
to
many
of
these
agents
has
developed
in
many ticks
and
mites. Acaricides that
can,
or
have been used, include
the
halogenated hydro-
carbons (e.g. dieldrin
and
lindane),
organophosphorus
compounds (e.g.
malathion),
carbamates
(e.g.'carbaryl),
pyrethroids (e.g. permethrin,
phenothrin),
and a
number
of
other substances, including benzyl benzoate, crotamiton
and
monosulfiram.
Some
of
these agents
are
also used
as
pediculicidal
treatments
against lice.
Solomon,
L.M.
et al.
(1977) Gamma benzene
hexachloride
toxicity:
a
review.
Arch.
Dermatol.
113. 353-357.
Kunz,
S.E.
era/.
(1994)
Insecticides
and
acaricides:
resistance
and
environmental
impact.
Rev.
Sd.
Tech.
13,1249-1286.
Brown,
S. et al.
(1995)
Treatment
of
ectoparasitic
infections:
review
of the
English-language
literature,
1982-1992.
Clin.
Infect.
Dis.
20
Suppl
1.
S104-9.
accelerator
globulin
•»
factor
V.
Accolate™
*
zafirlukast.
Accupril™
•»
quinapril.
SMALL CAPS
=
drug families
(by
mechanism
or
application) bold
=
individual agents italic
=
Latin
or
Greek optical
isomers;
emphasis
Accupro™
•tquinapril.
AccuSite™
•»
adrenaline;
fluorouracil.
Accutane™
^
isotretinoin.
acebutolol
[BAN, INN,
USAN]
(acebutolol hydrochloride
[JAN);
Secadrex™;
Sectral™)
is a
P-ADRENOCEPTOR
ANTAGONIST
showing
p,-selectivity
and
some intrinsic
(^-
partial
agonist activity, which
is
relatively lipophilic.
It can be
used therapeutically
as an
ANTIANGiNAL,
ANTIARRHYTHMIC,
and
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE,
and in
ANTIGLAUCOMA
TREATMENT.
acebutolol
hydrochloride
•»
acebutolol.
aceclidine
[INN,
USAN]
is
an
acetoxyquinuclidine analogue,
a
MUSCARINIC CHOLINOCEPTOR AGONIST
and has
been used
in
ANTIGLAUCOMA
TREATMENT.
acedapsone
[BAN, INN, USAN]
is a
sulphone with
ANTIMALARIAL
and
ANTILEPROTIC
activity.
aceglutamide
[INNJAN]
(acetylglutamine)
has
been given
as a
psychostimulant
and
NOOTROPiC
AGENT
in an
attempt
to
improve memory
and
concentration.
aceglutamide
aluminium
[JAN, USAN]
(KW
no)
is
an
Al(III)
complex,
an
ANTIULCEROGENIC AGENT
and
gastric
cytoprotectant.
ACE
INHIBITORS
(angiotensin-converting
enzyme
inhibitors)
act by
inhibiting
the
enzyme
EC
3.4.15.1,
variously
known
as
angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE),
kininase
II,
dipeptidyl peptidase
A.
This peptidase, found
in
vascular
endothelial cells
and
plasma, converts,
by
carboxyterminal
dipeptidyl cleavage,
the
circulating vascular
hormone angiotensin from
its
inactive decapeptide form
angiotensin
I, to the
active
octapeptide
form,
angiotensin
II.
Since angiotensin
II is a
very potent vasoconstrictor,
the
effect
of ACE
inhibitors
is to
cause vasodilatation with
an
overall
hypotensive
effect.
Such drugs
can be
used
as
ANTIHYPERTENSIVES,
and
also
in
HEART
FAILURE
TREATMENT.
However, drugs
of
this class have
a
number
of
side-effects
(in
particular
an
irritating
cough),
some
of
which
can be
attributed
to the
fact
that
ACE
inhibitors necessarily prolong
the
duration
of
action
of, and so
potentiate,
bradykinin.
This sensory nerve activator
and
hypotensive hormone
is
degraded
to an
inactive dipeptidyl cleavage product
by the
same enzyme
(in the
kinin context commonly referred
to as
kininase
II).
ACE
inhibitor drugs were developed
by
modelling
interaction with
the
active site
of the
enzyme
of a
snake-
venom-derived
bradykinin-potentiating
peptide,
and
from
this
the
necessary structure
of
non-peptide inhibitors
was
inferred.
The
first
such
ACE
inhibitor used medicinally
was
captopril. Later examples
in
clinical
use
include: cilazapril,
enalapril,
fosinopril,
lisinopril, perindopril, quinapril,
ramipril,
trandolapril.
Several
ACE
inhibitors
are now
administered clinically
as
prodrugs
-
which have good
bioavailability,
but are
inactive
in
their
own
right. They
are
then converted
to the
active molecule
in
vivo, usually
by
esterases (e.g. enalapril
to
enalaprilat,
and
ramipril
to
ramiprilat).
Petrillo,
E.W.
et
al.
(1982) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: medicinal
chemistry
and
biological
actions.
Med.
Res.
Rev.,
2,
1-41.
Ondetti,
MA
(1991) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors:
An
overview.
Hypertension
Suppl.
3,18III134-III135.
Leonetti,
G. et al
(1995)
Choosing
the
right
ACE
inhibitor:
A
guide
to
selection.
Drugs,
49,
516-535.
Opie,
L.H.
et al
(1995)
The
discovery
of
captopril: From
large
animals
to
small
molecules.
Cardiovasc.
Res.,
W,
18-25.
acemetacin
[BAN,
INN,
JAN]
(Bay
f
4975;
Emflex™)
is
the
glycolic
acid ester
of
indomethacin
(to
which
it is
partly
converted
in
vivo).
It is one of the
indole acetic acid series
of
CYCLOOXYGENASE
INHIBITORS
with
NSAID ANALGESIC
and
ANTHNFLAMMATORY
activity.
It has
been used orally
to
treat
serious pain
and
inflammation
in
rheumatic disease
and
other musculoskeletal disorders.
acenocoumarol
~
nicoumalone.
acetaminophen
~
paracetamol,
acetarsol
[INN]
is a
pentavalent organic arsenical,
an
antisyphilitic
and
ANTIPROTOZOAL
used
in
veterinary practice.
acetazolamide
[BAN,
INN,
JAN, USAN]
(acetazolamide
sodium
[USAN];
Diamox™)
is a
thiadiazolesulphonamide
derivative
with potent
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
INHIBITOR
activity.
Clinically,
it is
used
for
ANTIGLAUCOMA TREATMENT.
It
is
a
weak
DIURETIC.
It can be
used
to
treat mountain sickness.
acetazolamide sodium
•»
acetazolamide.
acethydroximic
acid
•»
acetohydroxamic
acid,
acetohexamide
[BAN,
INNJAN,
USAN]
(Dimelor™)
is
one
of
the
sulphonylurea (oral)
HYPOGLYCAEMiCS.
It can be
used
as
an
ANTIDIABETIC
in
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM).
Its
active
metabolite
is
hydroxyhexamide.
acetohydroxamic acid
[INN, USAN]
(N-acetyl-
hydroxylamine;
N-hydroxyacetamide;
acethydroximic
acid;
Lithostat™)
is a
UREASE
INHIBITOR,
reversibly acting
on
bacterial
forms
of the
enzyme preventing formation
of
ammonia from urea.
It is
used
in
adjunctive therapy
in
chronic urease-splitting urinary tract infection.
acetomenadione
•»
acetomenaphthone.
acetomenaphthone
[BAN]
(acetomenadione; menadiol
diacetate;
vitamin
K
4
diacetate)
is a
naphthoquinone,
a
diacetate salt
of
menadiol,
a
synthetic
VITAMIN
and an
analogue
of
vitamin
K. It can be
used
as a
HAEMOSTATIC
prothrombogenic agent
to
treat haemorrhagic states
in
cases
of
deficiency.
It
also
has
VASODILATOR
properties.
acetomorphin
*
diamorphine.
acetonide
^desonide.
p-acetophenetidide
•»
phenacetin.
acetophetidin
~
phenacetin.
acetorphan
[INN,
USAN]
(Tiorfan™)
is a
mercapto-glycine
derivative,
a
prodrug
of
thiorphan,
a
NEUTRAL
ENDOPEPTI-
DASE INHIBITOR
('enkephalinase'
inhibitor).
It has
been used
as an
ANALGESIC
in
humans,
and as an
ANTIDIARRHOEAL.
The
(S)-form
is
ecadotril,
the
(/?)-form
is
dexecadotril
[INN],
and
the
racemic form
is
racecadotril
[INN].
acetorphine
[BAN, INN]
(M
183;
NIH
8074;
UM
501)
is
a
derivative
of
etorphine
and
member
of the
thebaine
series.
It
is an
OPIOID
RECEPTOR AGONIST
potent
as an
OPIOID
ANALGESIC.
acetosulfone
sodium
[USAN]
(sulfadiasulfone
sodium
[INN])
is a
SULPHONAMIDE
with
ANTIBACTERIAL
activity.
acetoxyprogesterone
•»
hydroxyprogesterone.
N-acetyl-2-benzyltryptamine
•»
luzindole
acetylcholine
•*•
acetylcholine
chloride,
acetylcholine chloride
[BAN, INN, USAN]
(acetylchoiine;
Miochol™)
is a
quaternary ammonium choline ester.
Acetylcholine
itself
occurs endogenously
in
cholinergic
neurons. Also found
in
plants
in
complexed form (e.g.
in
ergot).
It is a
neurotransmitter
in the
peripheral autonomic
and
somatic nervous systems
and in the
CNS.
It is a
MUSCARINIC CHOLINOCEPTOR AGONIST
that
has
PARASYMPATHO-
MIMETIC
actions;
it is a
CARDIAC DEPRESSANT,
has
peripheral
VASODILATOR
actions
and is a
HYPOTENSIVE AGENT.
It is a
stimulant
of gut
motility
and
exocrine
gland secretions.
It is
a
NICOTINIC
CHOLiNOCEPTOR
AGONIST
and can
stimulate
autonomic ganglia
and at the
skeletal neuromuscular
junction.
It is
quickly
hydrolysed
in
vivo
by
cholinesterases,
which
limits
its
clinical
uses, though administered
anticholinesterases potentiate endogenous acetylcholine.
It
can be
used
on
local application
to the eye as a
MiOTiC
AGENT.
acetylcysteine
[BAN,
INN,
USAN]
(llube™;
Mucomyst™;
SMALL
CAPS
=
drug
families
(by
mechanism
or
application) bold
=
individual
agents
italic
=
Latin
or
Greek;
optical
isomers;
emphasis
Parvolex™)
is
used
a
MUCOLYTIC AGENT,
which reduces
the
viscosity
of
sputum,
so can be
used
as an
EXPECTORANT
in
patients with disorders
of the
upper respiratory airways, such
as
chronic asthma
and
bronchitis.
It is
also used orally
to
treat abdominal complications associated with cystic fibrosis,
and
locally
in the eye to
increase lacrimation
and
mucus
secretion.
It is
also used intravenously
as an
ANTIDOTE
in
paracetamol
poisoning.
acetyldigitoxin
[INN]
is a
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE
and
derivative
of
digoxin
with
CARDIAC STIMULANT
actions similar
to
other cardiac glycosides.
acetyldihydrocodeinone
•*
thebacon.
acetylglutamine
~
aceglutamide.
N-acetylhydroxylamine
•»
acetohydroxamic
acid.
/V-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine
•»
NAS.
N-acety(mescaline
•»
mescaline
acetylmethadol
•»
dimepheptanol.
N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine
~
melatonin.
acetylsalicylamide
•»
salacetamide.
acetylsalicylic
acid
•»
aspirin.
acetyl-[Asn
so
,Tyr
32
]-salmon
calcitonin8-32
^
AC
187
Achromycin™
•»
tetracycline.
aciclovir
[BAN,
INN,
JAN]
(acyclovir
[USAN];
acyclovir
sodium
[USAN];
Zovirax™)
is a
synthetic nucleoside analogue
ANTI-
VIRAL.
It can be
used orally
or
topically
to
treat infection
by
the
herpes viruses,
and is
valuable
in
immunocompromised
patients.
It is
also used
in the
form
of
chemical derivatives.
'Acid'
-ttysergide.
acifran
[INN,
USAN]
(AY
25712)
is a
furancarboxylic
acid
derivative,
an
ANTIHYPERLiPIDAEMIC
AGENT.
acipimox
[BAN, INN]
(K
9321;
Olbetam™)
is a
pyrazinecarboxylic
acid derivative, used
as an
ANTIHYPER-
LIPIDAEMIC AGENT.
acitretin
[BAN, INN,
USAN]
(Ro
10-1670;
Neotigason™)
is
a
retinoid
and
metabolite
of
etretinate.
It is a
topical
DERMATOLOGICAL
AGENT
that
effects
epithelial proliferation,
and is
used topically
to
relieve severe psoriasis
and
other skin
conditions.
It is
also
an
ANTICANCER AGENT
active against
epithelial
tumours.
Aclacin™
•»
aclarubicin.
aclarubicin
[BAN, INN,
USAN]
(MA
144A1;
NSC
208734;
antibiotic
MA
144A1;
Aclacin™)
is an
(anthracycline group)
ANTIBIOTIC
isolated from Streptomyces
galilaeus,
used
as an
ANTICANCER
AGENT
for
leukaemia;
it
shows
ANTI-HIV
activity.
aclatonium
napadisylate
[BAN, INNJAN]
(celatonium
napadisiiate;
SKF
100916J;
TM
723)
is a
choline ester,
a
MUSCARINIC CHOLINOCEPTOR AGONIST
with
PARASYMPATHOMI-
METIC
actions.
It has
been tested
in
gastrointestinal disorders.
Aclovate™
•»
alclometasone.
Acnecide™
•»
benzoyl
peroxide.
Acnegel™
*
benzoyl
peroxide.
Acnisal™
~
salicylic
acid
aconiazide
[INN]
is an
isoniazid
analogue
and an
ANTITUBERCULAR
and
ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT.
aconitine
is an
alkaloid from monk's
hood
or
wolfsbane
(Aconitum
napellus)
and
other
Aconitum
spp.
(Ranunculaceae).
It is a
NEUROTOXIN
implicated
in
poisoning
by
A.
spp.,
especially
A.
chasmanthum
in
India. Experimen-
tally,
it is a
SODIUM-CHANNEL ACTIVATOR
that binds
to
Na
+
-
channels,
slows inactivation, shifts inactivation
to a
more
negative
value,
and
alters
ion
specificity. This results
in
repetitive firing
of
neurons,
with marked
effects
on the
heart
including
positive inotropism
and
arrhythmias. Aconitine
(and
the
related alkaloid
delphinine)
were formerly used
in
medicine
to
promote
sweating,
and in
liniments
to
relieve
pain,
but
have proved
too
toxic
so are now
obsolete.
It is
used
as a
pharmacological tool.
acrisorcin
[INN,
USAN]
is an
ANTIFUNGAL
and
ANTHELMINTIC.
acrivastine
[BAN, INN,
USAN]
(BW
825C;
Semprex™)
is a
pyrrolidinyltolylpyridylacrylic
acid derivative,
a
HiSTAMINE
H
1
-RECEPTOR
ANTAGONIST.
It is one of the
newer less sedative
agents.
It can be
used orally
for the
symptomatic
relief
of
allergic
conditions, such
as
allergic
rhinitis
and
urticaria.
Ac-SDKP
•»
goralatide.
Act
a
I™
•»
alexitol
ACTH
•*
corticotrophin.
Acthar™
•»
corticotrophin.
Acthrel™
^
corticotrophin-releasing
factor.
Actifed™
•»
pseudoephedrine
hydrochloride;
triprolidine
Actigall™
-»
ursodeoxycholic
acid
Actilyse™
^alteplase.
Actimmune™
^
interferon
y.
Actinac™
^
chloramphenicol.
Actinex™
^
masoprocol
actinomycin
AIV
•»
dactinomycin.
actinomycin
B
1
^
dactinomycin.
actinomycin
BIV
•»
dactinomycin.
actinomycin
C
[BAN]
(cactinomycin
[INN,
USAN];
S-67;
antibiotic
HBF
386; antibiotic
S-67;
NSC
18268)
is a
mixture
of
ANTIBIOTICS;
actinomycin
D,
actinomycin
C
2
and
actinomycin
C
3
.
It is
produced
by
Streptomyces
chrysomallus.
It has
ANTIBACTERIAL
activity against Gram-positive bacteria;
and is
also
a
cytotoxic agent active
in
ANTICANCER
chemotherapy against tumours.
No
longer marketed.
actinomycin
C
1
~
dactinomycin.
actinomycin
D
~
dactinomycin.
actinomycin
DIV
•»
dactinomycin.
actinomycin
Fo
•»
dactinomycin.
actinomycin
IV
^
dactinomycin.
actinonin
is a
microbial product that
is an
ENZYME
INHIBITOR
With
selectivity
as an
AMINOPEPTIDASE
INHIBITOR
active
against aminopeptidase
N (EC
3.4.11.2).
It can be
used
as
a
pharmacological tool
in
experimental analytical studies.
Activase™
-»alteplase.
Acular™
•*>
ketorolac
trometamol.
Acupan™
^nefopam
acyclovir
•»
aciclovir.
acyclovir
sodium
~
aciclovir.
AD
810
^
zonisamide
AD
1590
•»
bermoprofen.
Adagen™
•»
pegademase.
Adalat™
->
nifedipine.
adamexine
[INN]
is an
adamantyl derivative,
an
ANTISPASMODIC
and
MUCOLYTIC AGENT,
used
in the
treatment
of
respiratory tract disorders.
Adamsite
(DM; diphenylamine
chloroarsine;
phenarsazine
chloride)
is a
toxic arsenical vesicant
and
SENSORY IRRITANT,
used
as war gas and
riot-control agent.
adapalene
[BAN,
INN,
USAN]
(CD
271;
Differene™)
is an
adamantylnaphthoic acid derivative,
a
retinoid-like
agent
used
as a
topical
DERMATOLOGICAL AGENT
for
mild
to
moderate acne, where
it is a
modulator
of
cell
differentiation.
Adapin™
-*doxepin
adaprolol
^
adaprolol
maleate.
adaprolol maleate
[USAN]
(adaprolol
[INN])
is a
P-ADRENOCEPTOR
ANTAGONIST.
It can be
used
therapeutically
as an
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE.
ADCA
^bisantrene
SMALL
CAPS
=
drug families
(by
mechanism
or
application)
bold
=
individual
agents
italic
=
Latin
or
Greek; optical
isomers;
emphasis
[...]... uricosuric but to decrease synthesis of uric acid The result of its action is a decrease in blood and tissues of the relatively insoluble xanthates and of xanthic acid, so there is less formation of renal stones, and some reversal of existing crystals in tissues It is also an inhibitor of ATP synthesis from guanine and of RNA biosynthesis; it has ANTITHROMBOTIC and antiparasitic activity alloxanthine... enhance anabolic effects and minimize others See ANABOLIC AGENTS Androgen antagonists are drugs that directly inhibit the actions of androgens, or indirectly inhibit production of androgens, and are also used in medicine See ANTIANDROGENS; AROMATASE INHIBITORS Mooradian, A.D et al (1987) Biological actions of androgens Endocr Rev., 8, 1-28 Swain, S.M., et al (1990) Endocrine therapies of cancer, in Cancer... Karchmer, A.W (1995) 'Cephalosporins', in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th edn, (eds G.L Mandell et al.), Churchill Livingstone, New York pp 247-263 Standiford, H.C (1995) Tetracyclines and chloramphenicol', in Mandell Douglas, and Bennet's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 4th edn, (eds G.L Mandell et al.), Churchill Livingstone, New... state often results from atheroma; a degeneration of the lining of the arteries of the heart due to build-up of fatty deposits The objective is to relieve the heart of work, and to prevent spasm or to dilate coronary arteries Unloading can be achieved by stopping exercise, preventing the speeding of the heart and by dilating the coronary arteries Beta-blockers, by inhibiting the effect of adrenaline and. .. permeability and transport of fungal membrane, allowing K+-loss; and is active systemically, but only against certain fungi and not bacteria Nystatin is a polyene macrolide antibiotic used to treat fungal infections of the skin and gastrointestinal tract Griseofulvin was isolated from cultures of Penicillium griseofulvum and was eventually developed as a narrowspectrum antifungal with fungistatic properties, ... inhibitor) and by its inhibitory action both on the adrenal cortex (cholesterol to D5-pregnenalone and other biosynthetic steps), and also on peripheral aromatase, blocks the production of adrenal steroids and conversion of androgens to oestrogens It produces a state of 'chemical adrenalectomy' and is used in ANTICANCER therapy, specifically for treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women and sometimes... Effects of differing rates of protamine reversal of heparin anticoagulation Surgery, 119,123-128 ANTICOAGULANTS are agents that prevent the clotting of blood Blood coagulation involves the conversion of fluid blood to a solid gel or a clot The formation of a clot contributes to the process of haemostasis (see HAEMOSTATICS) The formation of fibrin filament, together with the adhesion and activation of platelets,... and severity of the epilepsy For tonic-clonic seizures (Grand MaI) as part of a syndrome of primary generalized epilepsy the drugs of choice are carbamazepine and phenytoin For absence seizures (Petit MaI), sodium valproate and ethosuximide For myoclonic seizures, sodium valproate, clonazepam and ethosuximide For other types of seizure, such as atypical absence, atonic and tonic seizures (often in childhood),... ketoconazole and miconazole They work by blocking the synthesis of ergosterol, a major constituent of the fungal membrane, and are active against most fungi and yeasts They can be used to treat infections of the skin and mucous membranes, the hair and nails, including candidiasis and thrush Some may be used systemically, though there may be hepatotoxicity (e.g miconazole, isoconazole and ketoconazole)... ANTI-HIV AGENT and an inhibitor of related retroviruses It also has IMMUNOMODULATOR properties adefovir dipivoxil •» adefovir Adenic™ ~ adenosine adenine [JAN, USAN] (vitamin B4; 6-aminopurine) is a vitamin of the B group, and is widespread throughout animal and plant tissue It is a purine component of DNA, RNA, and coenzymes and biosynthetic intermediates It has ANTIVIRAL activity, and is used as . Concise Dictionary
of
Pharmacological Agents
Properties
and
Synonyms
by
Ian
K.M.
Morton
King's
College,
London, United Kingdom
and
Judith
. sections:
an A-Z
listing
of
drugs
and
their properties;
and a
descriptive glossary
of
technical
terms.
The
level
and
scope
of
this
reference
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