GRAMMAR 12

Châu Quỳnh Giang Bài 13 : CÁCH BIẾN ĐỔI CÂU (TRANSFORMATION) Cách biến đổi câu là cách ta viết lại câu theo một cấu trúc mới (thường được cho trước) mà không thay đổi nghóa của câu ban đầu. * Ví dụ 1 : Hãy viết lại câu sau đây : - He didn’t go to school yesterday because he was ill.  Because of…… Theo ví dụ trên, ta viết lại câu bằng “Because of…” , có nghóa là ta biến mệnh đề “ he was ill” thành một cụm từ, vì sau “because of” ta phải dùng một cụm từ. Như vậy, câu viết lại có thể là :  Because of his illness, he didn’t go to school yesterday. Hoặc  Because of being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. Hoặc  Because of his being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. * Ví dụ 2 : Hãy viết lại câu sau đây : - They built that house a century ago.  That house…… Theo ví dụ trên, câu viết lại bắt đầu bằng “That house” – một túc từ – có nghóa là ta viết lại câu này ở dạng bò động (passive voice). Như vậy, câu viết lại như sau :  That house was built a century ago. * Ví dụ 3 : Hãy viết lại câu sau đây : - He didn’t go out because he didn’t have time.  If…… Theo ví dụ trên, câu viết lại bắt đầu bằng “If”, có nghóa là ta viết lại câu này thành câu điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ (loại 3) vì thì của động từ ở quá khứ. Câu viết lại như sau :  If he had had time, he would have gone out. * Ví dụ 4 : Hãy viết lại câu sau đây : - The last time I saw her was five years ago.  I haven’t………… Theo ví dụ trên, câu viết lại sẽ ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành vì câu bắt đầu bằng “I haven’t……”  I haven’t seen her for five years. (ago không được dùng ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành, nên ta dùng for để thay thế.) * Ví dụ 5 : Hãy viết lại câu sau đây : - His house is bigger than mine.  My house isn’t……… Theo ví dụ trên, câu viết lại sẽ chuyển thành dạng so sánh bằng ở thể phủ đònh.  My house isn’t as big as his. 1 Châu Quỳnh Giang Hay My house isn’t so big as his (house). EXERCISE I: Rewrite the following sentences without changing their meanings: 1/ His father is taller than his mother. - His mother is not _______________________________________ 2/ Tom didn’t come to the party. Ann didn’t come to the party, either. - Neither Tom _______________________________________ 3/ Although the traffic was bad, I arrived on time. - In spite of _________________________________________ 4/ If you have a car, you are able to travel around more easily. - Having a car enables __________________________________ 5/ The sudden noise caused me to jump. - The sudden noise made _________________________________ 6/ My father said I could use his car. - My father allowed ______________________________________ 7/ She wouldn’t allow me to read the letter. - She wouldn’t let _______________________________________ 8/ Tom is ill. He became ill three days ago. - Tom has _____________________________________________ 9/ I can’t give up smoking, but I’d like to. - I wish________________________________________________ 10/ She often writes to him and he often writes to her. - They ________________________________________________ 11/ If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late. - Unless _______________________________________________ 12/ Jane is a better cook than Mary. - Mary can’t ____________________________________________ 13/ Jack is too young to get married. - Jack is not _____________________________________________ 14/ I don’t really want to go to the museum. - I’d rather ______________________________________________ 2 Châu Quỳnh Giang 15/ Despite taking a taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert. - Although ______________________________________________ 16/ She made herself ill because she worked very hard. - She worked so __________________________________________ 17/ The book was so good that I couldn’t put it down. - It was such _____________________________________________ 18/ Nobody can solve this problem. - This problem ___________________________________________ 19/ The man injured in the accident was taken to the hospital. - The man who ___________________________________________ 20/ That girl is very beautiful. - What __________________________________________________ 21/ Bill is not old enough to drive a car. - Bill is too _______________________________________________ 22/ His house is not as comfortable as hers. - Her house is _____________________________________________ 23/ It is said that he is 108 years old. - He is said ________________________________________________ 24/ Tom said : “I’m feeling ill.” - Tom said that _____________________________________________ 25/ I got all the information I need from Tom. - Tom provided _____________________________________________ 26/ Ann said to Bill : “Don’t forget to have your appoinment with Mr.Brown.” - Ann reminded _____________________________________________ 27/ They don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak clearly. - If _______________________________________________________ 28/ She didn’t buy the coat because she didn’t have enough money. - If _______________________________________________________ 29/ She was very stupid when she went out in the rain. - It was ____________________________________________________ 3 Châu Quỳnh Giang 30/ I am always nervous when I travel by air. - Travelling by air _____________________________________________ 31/ The last time I saw her was in 1985. - I haven’t ___________________________________________________ 32/ That meal was excellent. - How ______________________________________________________ 33/ That factory is producing more and more pollution. - More and more pollution ______________________________________ 34/ We must leave now or we’ll miss the train. - If _________________________________________________________ 35/ She is a faster and more careless driver than I am. - She drives __________________________________________________ 36/ How old do you think this building is ? - When do you think ___________________________________________ 37/ He is sorry now that he didn’t invite Jane to his party. - He wishes __________________________________________________ 38/ This furniture is so old that it is not worth keeping. - This is _____________________________________________________ 39/ We spent five hours getting to London. - It _________________________________________________________ 40/ When I arrived in London, I wrote a letter home. - On ________________________________________________________ 41/ I hope to see you at Christmas. - I’m looking forward ___________________________________________ 42/ I’ve never seen such a mess in my life. - Never in my life ______________________________________________ 43/ Don’t try to escape. It’s no use. - It’s no use __________________________________________________ 44/ It won’t be difficult to get a ticket for the concert. - You won’t have any __________________________________________ 4 Châu Quỳnh Giang 45/ Whose is this handbag ? - Who _______________________________________________________ EXERCISE II : Rewrite these sentences as directed : 1. The number of discontented young men is increasing considerably. The reason for situation is that they haven’t been given vocational guidance at home or in the school. (Combine these two sentences, using “The reason why . ”) 2. He doesn’t speak much English. Only _________ words. (Use an adjective of quantity). 3. Adolescents haven’t been give vocational guidance at home or in the school. (change to the Active voice). 4. Most school leavers are badly prepared for employment. They know very little about their future work. (Use “so . that” to combine them). 5. Seldom did people travel far from home years ago. (Use the ordinary word order). 6. My brother is a factory worker. He talked with you yesterday. (Combine into one sentence). 7. That scientific discovery was so important that it has affected every man’s way of life ever since. (Use “such” instead of “so”). 8. She asked him, “Do you like your job ?”. (Write in the Reported speech). 9. The students have suggested that they should be given more employment guidance. (Use Gerund as Object). 10. He was given a gift. So were you. (Join into one sentence, using “as well as”). 11. My sister has already got married. So has my brother. (Join into one sentence, using “both . and”). 12. I don’t have any interesting book. I can’t lend you any. (Reduce into one sentence, using an infinitive instead of a clause). 13. They desire to have good jobs. (Use a noun instead of verb “desire”). 14. What you (do) if you had attended the meeting ? (Supply the correct verb form). 15. Mr. Nam is an experienced doctor. He saved my brother from death. (Combine into one sentence, using Relative pronoun). EXERCISE III: Rewrite these sentences as directed : 1. Because of his love for teaching, David would continue his teaching career. (Use “because” instead of “because of”) 2. Upon completion of his apprenticeship at the construction company, he worked for a small garage to get more experience. 5 Châu Quỳnh Giang (Use an Adverb clause instead of a prepositional phrase). 3. Only when they have chosen a right career can they devote themselves to their jobs. (Use the ordinary order). 4. He was given a chance to stay on at this garage for six more months to see how he got on. (Change to the Active voice). 5. It always requires of man best efforts to overcome every difficulty in life. (Use a gerund as Subject). 6. This maths problem is too difficult. He can’t solve it. (Reduce into one sentence, using an infinitive instead of a clause). 7. She hasn’t done her homework. I haven’t done my homework. (Join into one sentence, using “Neither . nor”). 8. She has little knowledge of English Grammar. (Transform the sentence using a verb instead of the knowledge). 9. Do you want to play football ? (Use “enjoy” instead of “want”). 10. She worked hard so she got high wages. (Make a conditional sentence contrary to this fact). 11. It doesn’t rain enough. The plants don’t grow properly. (Combine into one sentence, using “enough . to”). 12. “How long will it take us to go to My Tho by car ?” I don’t know it. (Combine into one sentence, using an indirect question). 13. She said she didn’t mind rode her bicycle to school. (Use a gerund as Object of he verb). 14. Some people think that it would be hard work to conserve natural resources. (Use a gerund as Subject). 15. He paid little attention to his teacher’s explanation. (Make a question of quantity). 6 . hurry, you’ll be late. - Unless _______________________________________________ 12/ Jane is a better cook than Mary. - Mary can’t ____________________________________________. married. So has my brother. (Join into one sentence, using “both ... and”). 12. I don’t have any interesting book. I can’t lend you any. (Reduce into one