CÁC DI TÍCH CÔNG XƯỞNG Ở LÂM ĐỒNG TƯ LIỆU VÀ NHẬN THỨC

CAC DI TICH CONG XlTCTNG d LAM DONG Tir LIEU VA NHAN THlTC LEXUANHUWG* ii ndm 2005 den nay, trdn dja ban tinh Ldm Ddng da phdt hifn dugc 10 di tich cdng xudng chi tdc cdng cy dd Trong dd di tich duge ddo thdm sdt la Thdn Bon 1, Thdn Bdn (Trdn Vdn Bdo 2007: 36), Thdn Bdn 3, Thdn Bdn 4, Thdn Bdn 5, Gan Thi 1, Gan Thi (Le Xudn Hung 2010); di tfch duge khai qup Id Thdn Bdn (Trdn Vdn Bdo 2007: 31-42), Hodn Kilm (Biii Chi Hodng 2010a: 35-49) vd Phiie Hung (Bui Chf Hodng 2010b) Day Id ngudn tu lifu quan trgng cho vifc nhgn thire giai dogn tiln sir Lam Ddng ndi chung va vdn dl cdng xudng che tde cdng cy da ndi rieng / Ghi chii: • l.Th6nB((n • l.ThAnBCTnl • S.ThdnBffha • 4.Th0nBAi3 • S.ThAnB(fo4 • ThSnBtfnS • GanTUl • 8.UiiiiThi2 • 9.HainKi£nil • 10 PhdcHung 10km • ' DAM RdNG ^/ - > / UfX: DUONG ; / j f' ' Jt ,, -'""' _/*" ' * ' N' O y^ ''^r~ • \ f ) Z.— DA LAT %.4 ' f DXKNONG / ' V ( / *•'*' V''' •-V -—'"N / ^A / *\ \ ^ 10 V \ %^D» Ding ' \ j /l ir * ^^^"^ DI LINH iP.-' irdr LAM HA /" V DCC TRQNG / f y DflNhim^^rVy^ ll Tuy nhien, cdc di tich khdo cd hgc "" *i—tf"^ iT tien siir d Lam Ddng mdi dugc nghien ciru vd cdng bd sa bd pham vi timg di tich *"" "^'^ Cdc di chi - xucmg thcd tiin siir d huy^n Ldm Hd dan Id Bdi bao ndy cd gdng hf thdng hda tu lifu dilu tra, thdm sat vd khai quat cdc di tich cdng xudng ndi trdn; budc ddu tim hilu ddc trung, tinh chdt, nien dgi vd vj tri cua chiing bdi cdnh rgng hom Tir lifu cac di chi - xudng d Lam Dong 1.1 Cdc di tich diegrc diiu tra, suu tam - Cym di tich Thdn Bdn gdm di tich d Thdn Bdn xd Gia Lam: Thdn Bdn, Thdn Bdn I, Thdn Bdn 2, Thdn Bdn 3, Thdn Bdn vd Thdn Bon 5, dugc cdn bf gidng dgy va sinh vidn Khoa Sir, Dgi hgc Da Lgt dilu tra, phdt hifn vd suu tdm hifn vgt (Bdn ve 1) Kit qua khdo sdt cho thay hifn vp xudt If tren bl mdt, dlu Id hach dd, manh tudc da opal; ddc bift d di ehi Thdn Bdn manh tudc tgp trung thdnh timg cym Nhihig mdnh tudc d day thudng ed mau gan gd, mdn chin hoac mau vdng; da sd Id mdnh tudc nhd, mdng, difn ghe hgp vd dugc tach Giang vien D^i hgc Da Lp Le Xudn Himg - Cic di tfch cong xudng d Ldm Dong 13 qud trinh chi tac cdng cy Ben cgnh mdnh tudc, cdn phdt hifn dugc mgt sd hgch da, phac vp cdng cy riu tur gidc, riu mdi, cdng cy mdnh vd dd gdm tiln sur Hifn vat dd suu tdm tren mdt cdc di tich d Thdn B6n cd 1.984 tieu bdn, gdm nhdm: Nhdm di v p cd ddu vlt chi tac hodc sii- dyng vd nhdm phi lifu Nhdm di vgt cd 105 tieu ban, gdm: 51 phdc v p riu, 27 hgch dd, riu mdi, I bdn da mdi todn than, 19 cdng cu mdnh tudc, dye, vidn dd ghe, 29 manh dd nguydn lifu Nhdm phi lifu cd 1.850 mdnh tudc (Bdng 1) Dd gdm cd 75 mdnh, tim thdy mdnh d Thdn Bdn, 47 mdnh d Thdn Bdn 2, 19 mdnh d Thdn Bdn Ddy Id logi gom thd, ddt set pha cdt vd ba thyc vp, khdng milt ldng, de ngdm nudc; khdng cd hoa vdn; thdnh gdm mdng, cd mdt sd logi mifng loe, chdn dl thdp vd tir ndi vd bdt Bdng Cdc logi Mnh hifn v^t dd suu thm d cum di tich Thdn Bdn (2005-2010) Loai hinh Dia diem Phac v p riu Nguyen V9 Hach da Thdn Bdn 27 13 16 Thdn Bdn Bdn Cdng cu manh 17 1 Th6n Bdn Riu mai Due Da ghe Da nguyen iron lieu 2 Manh tudic Tong 15 1.079 1.175 235 245 65 71 Thfln Bdn 1 109 114 Thfln Bdn 88 92 Thdn Bdn 2 274 287 35 16 27 29 1.850 1.984 Tong cong 19 2 - Di tich Gan Thi vd Gan Thi 2: Tgi Gan Thi dd thu dugc ban 20 di vgt dd, gdm: phdc vp riu, hgch dd, dd nguyen lifu vd 17 mdnh tudc (Trdn Vdn Bdo 2007: 36) Trong di tfch Gan Thi khao sat ndm 2009 dd thu dugc phdc vp riu tur gidc, hgch da vd 25 mdnh tudc cdc logi (Le Xudn Hung 2010) Suu tgp dd dd Gan Thi vd gan Thi gidng nhau, dlu Id dd opal, hgch da, phdc vp cdng cy vd mdnh tudc dlu cd kich thudc Idn, logi mdnh tudc ban ddu (mdt lung cdn luu ddu vd da phong hda) chilm ty If cao Ddy la nai khai thdc vd so ehl cdng cy dd cua ngudi tiln siir - Di tich Hodn Kilm I dugc phdt hifn tndm 2007, dgt dilu tra ldn ddu suu tdm dugc Id 917 tieu ban, gdm: phdc vp riu, 39 phi vat, 187 hgch dd, 164 khdi da nguyen lifu vd 518 mdnh tudc (Biii Chi Hodng 2009) Thdng ndm 2010, chiing tdi trd Igi khdo sdt vd suu tdm d ddy dugc 406 di vp dd, gdm: phdc vatriuttrgidc, phi vp, mdnh tudc gia cdng, 11 hgch dd, 16 khdi da nguydn lifu vd 364 mdnh tudc vd dlu cd chdt lifu opal (Ld Xuan Hung 2010) - Di tich Phiic Hung dugc phdt hifn ndm 2009 (Bui Chi Hoang 2010b) Ndm 2010 khu vyc la rSy nhd anh Nguyen Vdn Phdng vd Trdn Vdn Khiem, chung tdi thu thap dugc phdc vp cdng cu, hgch dd, 19 manh dd nguyen lifu vd 255 mdnh tudc Dang chii y Id bg suu tgp dd phdt hifn dugc riu tur gidc doc thudn nhgn, gidng riu Budn Rau vd Dhaproong (Ddk Ldk) vd riu gdn hinh bdu dye gidng riu Thdn Tam (Ddk Ndng) (Le Xudn Hung 2010) 1.2 Cdc di tich ddo thdm sdt Cdc di tfch Thdn Bdn: "Thdn Bon ddo 2m^ Thdn Bdn dao h6 vdi difn tich 6m^; Thdn Bon ddo I h6 rgng 2m^ Thdn bon ddo I hd rf ng 2m^ Thdn Bdn ddo hd rf ng 2ml Khdo cdhpc, sd6/2011 14 Tdng difn tich cdc hd tham sat Id I4m^ Vl co bdn cdu tgo dja tdng cdc hd thdm sdt d day Id gidng nhau, cd ldp (tir tren xudng): Ldp mp, ddy trung binh tir 20cm - 25cm, ddt canh tdc mau nau sdm Ldp van hda, day trung binh tij 25cm - 35cm chiia di vat khdo cd Sinh thd la ddt basalt khd thudn, khdng cd hifn vp Trong cac hd thdm sat ndy thu dugc 476 di vdt da, vien thd hoang va 134 mdnh gdm, phan bd d cdc hd tham sat vdi cdc logi hinh khde (Bdng 2) Bdng Cdc logi hinh hlpi v^t dd thdm sdt & c^m di tich Thon Bdn (2005-2010) Loai hinh Dia diem Phac v p riu Nguyen Thdn Bdn V9 Hach da Riu mai Manh ban mat I Cdngcu manh Due I Da nguyen lieu Manh tudc T6ng cong 210 224 11 11 Thdn Bdn Thdn Bdn Thdn Bdn Thdn Bd'n Thdn Bdn 2 Tong cong 6 1 1 57 64 36 39 117 130 18 438 476 - Di tich Gan Thi: tgi di tich Gan Thi vd Gan Thi dugc chiing tdi ddo hd tham sat nam 2010 vdi difn tich 4m^ Dia dilm Gan Thi khdng tim thdy tdng van hda; d Gan Thi 2, dja tdng ddy 90cm, gdm ldp (tir tren xudng): Ldp mat, day tijr 20cm 2Scm, ddt canh tdc mau nau sam Ldp vdn hod ddy tir 25cm 35cm, cd chura cac di vp khao cd Sinh tho la ddt dd basalt, khdng cd di vp khdo cd Trong hd thdm sat thu dugc phac vp riu, I phac vp dye, mdnh ban mai, vien thd hoang, 18 mdnh dd nguyen lifu vd 178 manh tudc 1.3 Cdc di tich khai qugt Di tich Thdn Bdn, xd Gia Lam, huyfn Lam Ha, cd tga 11®48'694" vT Bdc vd 08''l9'369" kinh Ddng Di tich rdng khoang 16.000ml chilu ddng tay 115m, chilu bdc nam 150m; cao 888,5m so vdi myc nudc biln (Trdn Van Bao 2007: 31) Diu ling vicli Ddag UUdlu: I.Ldpmti VSiiilrill* Hd khai qup dugc md gdn nhu d trung tam, hai chlch vl phia 30in VBJmrt phe (Ddileii It ivMiHiwgc • ruc •• C I & c l r c i p M • Tlrfliotin Bin vi a: H6 khai qu^t; b: Bja ting di tich Thdn BSn Le Xuan Hung - Cac di tich cong xudng a Lam Dong 15 tdy ciia gd, bl m p hd khai qugt ddc 15"; thdp hom so vdi dilm cao rihdt cua gd ddt 0i69m (Bdn ve 2a) Difn tich hd khai q u p la 52m^ (8,0m x 6,5m), dugc ddo theo tihig ldp, mdi Idp day tir lOem 15cm; vdtheo d, mdi d l,Om^ Dja tdng di tich gdm ldp: Ldp mdt, ddy 15cm - 20cm, ddt cdt pha it set, mau xam den, tai Ldp vdn hda, ddy 30cm - 35cm, cdn tuomg ddi nguydn ven (in situ), ddt dd basalt, ldn nhilu cdt; ddt mdu ndu sam, mim, xdp vd chua cdc di v p khdo cd Sinh thd, ddt basalt mdu nau nhgt laterit nhg, khdng cd di vat (Bdn ve 2b) Hifn vat hd k hP qup cd 7.860 dd dd va 127 mdnh gdm, khdng cd dd xuong va kim lop - Dd dd ed 7.860 tidu bdn, gdm hai nhdm: NhQmg di vat ed ddu vlt ehl tdc hodc su dyng 251 tieu bdn va nhdm phi lifu 7.609 mdnh Trong nhdm di vdt cd 94 phdc vat riu (21 nguyen, 73 vd), 40 hgch da, riu mdi (4 nguyen, vd) mdnh riu; 10 ban mdi; ludi cua; hdn ghe; vien dd ghe frdn; 12 hdn nghiin, 24 cdng cy mdnh tudc, phdc v p vdng vd mdnh vdng, vien dd in hinh Id cdy va 30 eye thd hodng (Bdn ve 3) Trong 7.609 phi lifu ed 6.858 mdnh tudc vd 113 philn tudc Tuyft dai da sd mdnh vd philn tudc lam tir da opal (chilm 90,2%); 513 manh (6,7%) ldm tir dd basalt, 123 mdnh (1,6%) Idm tir dd phtanite, sd cdn lai Id cac logi da khac Nhin chung, mdt dd phan bd hifn vdt dd d day khd cao (151,1 hifn vat/1 m^) Vl chdt lifu, kich thudc, kf thudt ehl tgo cd sy tuong ddng giiia phdc v p vd mdnh tudc Nhdm di vgt cd vlt gia cdng ciia ngudi (3,2%) it hon rdt nhilu so vdi phi lifu (96,8) Hach da va phdc vat riu eiing chilm ty If eao so nhdm di v p da (134/251 tieu bdn) Trong 94 phdc vat riu, logi bj vd, bd di chilm sd lugng rdt Idn (73 di vp), tire chilm 3/4 tdng sd phdc vp Hilm nhifng phdc vdt hodn thifn Id ehiing da dugc xudt xudng Trong hd khai qugt di tich Thdn Bon, hifn vdt phdn bd d mgi dg sdu, nhung tdp trung nhdt Id ldp vd 2, tdc la cdc Idp dgii^ Dd gdm cd 127 mdnh, mdt thdp (2,4 manh/lm^); phdn bd rai rac d cdc dg sdu khde nhau: ldp I cd 61 mdnh, Idp cd 64 mdnh Gom d di chi Thdn Bdn dlu Id gdm thd, bd; ddt set pha nhilu cat va ba thyc vp Gdm khdng cd milt lang, khdng cd hoa vdn, mim vd dS thdm nudc; phdn Idn cdc mdnh dlu dd bj bong mdt Idp ben ngoai Thdnh gdm tuong ddi mdng, mdt ngoai thudng cd mau xam Ky thup Idm gdm bdng bdn xoay; nhihig mdnh gdm vd tir cdc dd gia dung Dd gdm d di chi Thdn Bdn cd hai logi: Logi gdm mdu xam den, pha it bd thuc vat vd nhilu cP, gom mau dd nhat gdn vdi gdm di chi Ddk R'ldp (Ddk Ndng) Logi gdm mdu dd nhat, pha cdt va nhilu ba thyc v p Idp gdm mdu dd nhgt Trong sd mdnh gdm d day cd mdnh dl vd mdnh mifng, cua logi noi mifng loe, than phinh, di thap, kich thudc nhd Di tich Hoan Kilm 1, xd Nam Ha, huyfn Ldm Hd, tga 108**19'02" kinh Ddng vd 11''48'58" vT Bdc Di tich rgng gdn 2.000ml Tai day da khai qugt ho vdi difn tieh 31m^ vdo ddu ndm 2008 (Biii Chi Hodng 20 iO: 33-49) Hd khai q u p rgng m l tdng vdn hda mdng, rdt it di v p khdo cd Tdng sd dd da cd 367 tieu bdn, gdm 14 phdc vdt cdng cy (7 nguyen, vd); 30 hgch d p 53 dd nguyen lifu (41 dd opal, 12 Bjchdc) va 270 mdnh tudc (199 mdnh cd trung binh vd nhd; 71 mdnh kich thudc Idn); khdng phdt tiif n g6m tiln sur (Biii Chi Hodng 2009) 16 Khdo cd hpc, sd 6/2011 Hd khai qup cd difn tich Id 25m^, tdng van hda day trung binh 20cm - 25cm, ken day dp; cac mdnh tudc, dd nguyen lifu, phdc vp cudc, phdc vp riu tur gidc Chi phdt hifn nhdt mdnh gdm thd Trong hd thu dugc 9.906 dd dd, vdi hai nhdm dudi day - Nhdm di vp cd 131 tieu bdn, gdm: phae vp cdng cy; 19 phac vp riu - cudc; 21 di vp chua djnh hinh vgt hay nhihig tieu ban chua rd hinh va nhihig phi vp - Nhdm phi lifu cd 9.775 tidu bdn, gdm: 1.557 hgch da vd 739 dd nguyen lifu; 7160 mdnh tudc, philn tudc Vl chdt lifu cd 9.456 la dd opal, cdn lgi 319 mdnh Id cdc chdt lifu khac Vl kich thude manh tudc cd: 3.218 mdnh nhd dudi 3cm, 2.905 manh cd kich thudc 3,0cm den 6,0cm, 1.037 mdnh Idn ban 6,0cm Vl loai hinh, dang chii y d ddy cd mdt sd mdnh tudc dgng hinh hgc, cd ddu tu chinh: 22 mdnh tudc hinh tam gidc, cd mdt ddu nhgn; 16 mdnh hinh tu gidc; manh hinh da gidc cd mdt ria canh tu chinh nhd; 14 philn tudc hinh chii' nhgt vd philn tudc dgng Id Phdc vat cdng cy da d di tich Hodn Kilm hdu hit da dugc ghe deo djnh hinh, phd bien Id logi hinh tur gidc Chung thudng bj gay, vd d ddc hoac ludi, hifn vdt nguydn ven rdt it, chi chilm gdn 1/3 sd phdc vgt edng ey Phdc vdt riu tii gidc d day cd dac trung dn djnh la loai riu cd mdt mat Idn tuong ddi phdng, it vlt ghe tu chinh; mat Idm cong vdng vdi nhieu vdt ghe Ria cgnh dugc ghe hai mat, vat mdng dlu hai ben Ria ludi eong nhe, hinh vdng cung, ria ludi vdt dlu hai phia; mat cdt ngang than hinh thdu kinh; da sd cd kieh thudc ldm Ddc dilm ndy cd netriengphan bift ddi chiit vdi phdc vp riu tiir gidc d di tich Thdn Bdn Cd nhilu kha nang Hodn Kilm Id cdng xudng khai thac vd so ehl cdc phdc vat riu, rdi xudt xudng di noi khac de tu chinh tilp (Biii Chi Hoang 2009) Di tfch Phiic Hung, xa Tan Ha, huyfn Ldm Hd Di chi dugc can bf Vifn phdt triln bin viimg vimg Nam Bd phdi kit hgp vdi Bao tdng Ldm Ddng thdm sat, khai qugt ddu nam 2010 vdi difn tich 34m^ (Biii Chi Hoang 2010b) Trong eae hd khai qup thu dugc 32.575 di vat da, gdm 134 phdc vp (23 phdc vgt riu tur gidc, 83 phi vdt riu, phdc vat khdng rd hinh, 11 phi vdt cdng cu, 13 cdng cy mdnh); 32.441 mdnh tudc, hach da va da nguyen lifu, hdn ghe Phdc vp cdng cy hodn thifn d di tich Phiic Hung thudng cd kich thude nhd Nhihig ngudi khai quat cho rdng, Phiic Hung la di tich cdng xudng chi tac cdng cy dd opal thdi tiln sur, nai sa ehl nguyen lieu dd ban ddu, rdi xudt xudng; ddng thdi cung la noi gia cdng vd hodn thifn cdng cy Tinh ehdt edng xudng khd dgm net, ddu vet cu trii md nhat hay noi cu tru ndm d nhiimg vimg Idn can Dgc tru-ng, tinh chat, nien dai cac di tfch cdng xuvng 2.1 Bgc trtmg di tich vd di vgt Cdc di tich cdng xudng chi tdc riu dd d Lam Ddng phan bd tren dja hinh cao nguyfn tuomg ddi bdng phdng, gdn sdng, sudi hodc cdc ao, hd, noi cd ngudn nudc sinh hogt cho eon ngudi Cac di tich phdn bd cym, mdi cym cd vdi ba di tich ndm cac khiic lugn cong hinh sin eiia edc sudi Idn bdn dja thung lung xd Gia Ldm, Nam Hd vd Phiic Hung Cdc khiic sdng ndy vira la noi idy nudc sinh hogt, trdnh gid, ngdn thu dO, chuydn cha nguyen lifu vd sdn phdm cdng xudng, danh bdt thuy sdn, dgc bift cac dogn sdng udn khuc cdn la hao ty nhidn bao Idy noi cu tru, ngdn each dilm cu tru vdi dilm cu trii khde, tgo nen "lang phdng thu" mft cdch Le Xuan Hung - Cac di tfch cong xudng or Lam Dong 17 ty nhien (Trdn Vdn Bdo 2007: 41) Cdch kit cau "ldng" kilu ndy ehua gap cdc di tieh tiln sur d Vift Nam Cac di tich d day dlu cd tang vdn hda mdng, cdu true don gidn Tdng vdn hda ndm dudi Idp ddt canh tdc, ddy trung binh 20cm 35cm, cdu tgo tir ddt dd basalt, pha nhilu cdt; ddt mau ndu sdm tuomg ddi mim, xdp vd chiia cdc di v$t khdo cd Trong tang vdn hda cdn bdo luu ede vlt tieh hogt ddng ciia ngudi Trong dd, vlt tich eu trii md nhgt, cdn ddu vlt xudng rat dam net Ddu vlt edng xudng d ddy cho thdy, khdi lugng phi lifu tdch qud trinh gia edng, ehl tac da rdt Idn Dd Id cdc manh tudc vd mdnh tdch Ben cgnh dd cdn khd nhieu dd nguyen lifu da hodc chua dugc siir dyng; mdt sd vidn da dgng hgch da da khai thdc mgt phdn mdnh tudc; ddc bift la nhOmg phdc vgt riu Trong nhdm phdc vdt riu ndy logi bj gdy, v& hodc bj mdt loi ky thugt ndo dd md khdng thi tilp tyc nO^a chilm tuyft ddi, cdn logi gdn hodn chinh hay hodn thifn dl cd thi mai rat it 06.TB.L2.e7:73 ?cin 06TB.L2*?: 108 Ban ve3 Phdc vgt rlu Thon BSn Dilu cho thdy cdc san pham dgt ydu cdu da xudt xudng rdi, nhifng hifn vdt ma cdc nhd khdo cd cd dugc d day deu d dgng phi vp Ddu vlt cu trii dugc ghi nhgn d sy hifn difn cdc cum dd gdm, ddu tich bIp, mgt s6 l§ chdn dgng chan cdt cua llu nhung ciing rdt md nhgt Dilu ndy cd thi la ddu tich cu trii tgm thdi Ddc trung di vdt cdc di tich edng xudng ehl tac dd d Ldm Ddng dlu la chdt lifu da opal Trong cdc di tich cdng xudng khac d Tdy Nguyen nhu d la Mar (Gia Lai) riu bdn dugc Idm tir dd opal, silex vd phtanite; d Taiper (Gia Lai) cdng cy ldm tir dd opal vd silex, d Thdn Tdm (Ddk Ndng) xudng chi tdc riu da 06 rB.Ll£4:4 dugc Idm tir silex, basalt va chert Trong edc Ban vi4 Riu tit gidc, dd opal & Thdn BSn cdng xudng d Lam Dong, dd opp dugc diing cho hogt dgng chi tdc riu cua cdng xudng, edn mdt sd dyng ey khde d ddy dugc Idm tir ede loai da khde nhu basPt, phtanite, gres, shiste, quartzite, nhung sd lugng rdt it, chd ylu lam dd hang sure, hdn Khdo cdhpc, 18 sd6/2011 ghe hoac ban mai Cd thi ndi, ddc trung ndi bat nhdt cua cdc riu da cdng xudng Ldm Ddng la dirge lam tii opal Sdn phdm tieu bilu nhdt cdc di tich cdng xudng Ldm Ddng la riu va cuoc hinh tur giac Dilu ndy khac vdi cac cdng xudng Chu K'Tu, nai chi tdc riu cd vP; cdng xudng la Ma noi chi tgo bdn rdng trau va cdng xudng Thdn Tdm, nai chuyen ehl tgo riu hinh bdu dye NgoP nghe deo, cac cdng xudng d Lam Ddng sir dyng ky thudt tu chinh ep, ddi cd ky thup mdi Ciing ndi them, d mdi di tfch tdn tai mgt sd loai di vat ddc trung, chdng hgn Gan Thi 1, Gan Thi 2, Hodn Kilm I va Phiic Hung phac vat thudng d dang thd, diu ylu la nhiing nhp ghe Idn, rdt it phdc vat cdng cy hoan chinh Trong dd, d cdc di tieh Thdn Bdn da sd la cac phdc vp kich thudc nhd, ria ludi xde rdng han than va ddc, cung ludi ve trdn, gde ludi mdng, vlt ghe tu chinh d cd hai mdt, mat cat ngang than phd biln Id hinh bdu due, hinh thang, mdt it la hinh gdn tam gidc va chO' D (BdnVeS) 2.2 Tinh chdt di tich 06.TB.LI.O: 169 M.TB.I.2JI6: 17] Ban veS Cong cu mdnh tudc dd opal Thon Bdn P M H L B : 41 Ban ve6 Cdng cu mdnh tudc dd opal PhU My Dya vdo edc logi hinh hien vdt timg di tich cd the ghi nhpi day Id cdc di chi xudng, noi vira ehl tac la chinh, vita cu tni (tgm thdi) Tuy nhien cd thd mdi di tfch dai difn eho mdt cdng doan nhdt dinh chu trinh chd tac cdng cy da Cdc di tich dp difn cho giai dogn khai thdc nguyen lifu va so chi cdc cdng cy thd, b ^ ddu gdm di tich: Gan Thi 1, Gan Thi 2, Hodn Kilm va Phiic Hung Trong cac di ti'ch cd nhilu dd nguyen lifu, phdi da kem djnh hinh phac vp va rp hiem gap phdc vp hodn thifn Mdt sd phdc vp cdng cy thudng khdng nguyen ven, thudng bi gay, vd Khai thac nguyen lifu va so ehl Id cdng doan ddu cdng dogn ehl tac da d Lam Dong Cd the tuong urng vdi cung doan I vd theo each phan logi ciia Nguyen Gia Ddi va Le Hai Dang (Nguyen Gia Ddi, Le HP Ddng 2007: 15-25) Dgi difn cho cung doan gia cdng hoan thifn vd mP, xudt xudng la cdc di tich d Thdn Bdn Tgi day tim thdy rat it phac vp thd, nhilu phdc vp nhd, dugc mai, da sd bj gay v6, rdt nhilu mdnh tudc nhd vd vay tudc tu chinh md cd Nhimg chile riu da opal ndy lam vira dl siir dyng vira dl trao ddi vdi cac di tfch khac Nghien ciiu tu lifu khai qup cho thdy cac cdng xudng khdng cd dd nguyen lifu ban ddu, chi cd phdc vp da qua so chi tir mdt dja dilm khac Cu ddn d cdc di tich Thdn Bdn 1, Thdn Bdn 2, Thdn Bdn 3, Thdn Bdn va Thdn B6n tiep tyc hodn thifn phdi phdc vdt riu tiir gidc, mdt sd dugc mai dl sur dyng, mdt sd khac dem trao ddi tren thj trudng Nhumg cu ddn dgi difn cho cdng doan vd ciia quy trinh chi tgo riu tii giac da opal d Ldm Ddng Le Xuan Hung - Cac di tich cong xuong a Lam Dong 19^ 23 Niin dgi Hf thdng di tieh cdng xudng d Lam Ddng dd dugc trinh bdy trdn hifn chua cd dilu kifn xdc djnh nidn dgi tuyft ddi (C'*) Dya vdo ddc dilm cdng cy da phdt triln tdi dinh cao ky thup ghe ddo, tu chinh vd mdi; chua xudt hifn kim loai, dd gdm cdn nhd le, chua xudt hifn gdm khde vgch hodc gdm mdu, chung tdi cho rdng, cdc di tich cdng xudng d Lam Ddng thudc hgu k^ Dd mdi - so ky Ddng thau hay Dk mdi mugn phdn ky tiln sir Tay Nguyen ciia Nguyin Khde Sir (Nguyin Khde Sir 2007: 197) Trong ldp Dd mdi miidn di chi Lung Leng (Kon Tum) cd gdn 20 mau dugc phdn tich nien dgi C'", cho tudi trung binh Id 3.000 BP - 3.500 BP (Nguyin Khde Sir 2007: 220) So sdnh vdi cdc nien dai ndy, nhihig ngudi khai qugt mdt sd di tfch cdng xudng d Tdy Nguydn dy dodn nien dgi nhu sau: Di tich Taiper (Gia Lai) cd tudi 4.000 BP - 3.500 BP (Nguyin Khde Sir, Phan Thanh Toan 2007: 24); la Mar (Gia LP) ed tudi 3.000 BP - 3.500 BP (Nguydn Khde Sir 2009: 4); Thdn Tdm (Ddk Ndng) cd tudi khodng 5.000 BP (Le Hai Ddng, Nguyen Gia Ddi 2008: 18) Vl nidn dgi eua edc di tich edng xudng d Lam Ddng cung dugc dodn djnh nhu sau: Di tieh Thdn Bon Id 3.500 BP (Trdn Van Bao 2007: 37); Hodn Kilm ed tudi khodng 4.000 BP (Biii Chi Hoang 2010a: 49) va Phiic Hung cd tudi 4.000 BP - 3.500 BP (Biii Chf Hodng 2010b) Cac di chi - xirdng bdi canh rf ng horn 3.1 V&i cdc di tich Dd m&i - Bong thau & Lam Bdng Trong tiln sir Lam Ddng vdo giai dogn hau ky Da mdi - so ky Ddng thau da xudt hifn mdt sd di tich vdi ddc trung chi tdc vd sir dyng rtu tii giac, lam tir da opal Nhihig di vgt ndy cd sy dn djnh cao vl hinh thdi • ky thudt ehl tde, gidng vdi sdn phdm lam tur cac cdng xudng Ldm Ddng Dd Id nhumg eu dan d 10 di tfch d Lam Hd dd trinh bay, sau niia Id cdc di tieh Dd mdi mudn d cdc huyfn Dan Duong, Di Linh, Dam Rdng vd Cdt Tidn, nhilu nhdt vdn la cdc di tfch d huyfn Ldm Hd Nhu vgy, cdc sdn phdm riu vd cudc dd tir edc cdng xudng Ldm Ha da cd mdt khdp cdc di tfch Da mdi mugn d Lam Ddng Cd thi sdn phdm riu dd d cdc cdng xudng ndy Id tien dl cho sy thdng nhdt van hda ciia todn khu vyc Ldm Ddng Cdc sdn phdm tir edng xudng ndy edn dnh hudng tdi ed cdc bd Igc mudn ban sau Cac nhd khao cd tim thdy mdt sd cdng cy mdnh tudc dgng hinh hgc, ldm tir dd opal, dugc ehl tgo tai di tfch Thdn Bdn da cd mdt Idp sdm nhdt di tieh Phii My (Cdt Tien) (Trdn Vdn Bdo 2008a: 143) (Bdn ve vd 6) Hoge di tfch so ky Ddng thau d chan Niii Voi, cdc nhd khdo cd cdn phat hifn dugc mgt sd ludi cudc dd, riu da mdi hinh tur giac, todn thdn, lam tir da opal, gidng di v p cdng xudng Thdn Bdn Rd rdng, tdm dnh hudng ciia cdc cdng xudng Lam Ha khdng chi d chilu rgng, md ca chilu sdu cua thdi dp Ddng thau Ldm Ddng 3.2 V&i cdc di chi - xu&ng che tdc cong ctf dd Tay Nguyen Hifn d Tdy Nguyen da tim thdy tren 150 di tieh Da mdi mudn, mdt sd thudc vdo mdt ba vdn hda khdo cd: Biln Hd, Lung Leng va Budn Trilt, hay ba tdc ngudi khac Ngodi vdn hda ndi tren thi cdn cd khd ndng xdc lap dugc cdc vdn hda mdi khde nhu: vdn hda Taiper (nam Gia Lai, bdc Ddk Ldk), vdn hda Budn Ma Thuft (cao nguyen Budn Ma thugt, Ddk Ldk); vdn hda Thdn Tdm (Chu Jut, Ddk Ndng) vd vdn hda Thdn Bdn (Lam Hp Lam Ddng) Net chung ndi bgt 20 Khdo cdhpc, sd6/2011 cia ede vdn hda Da mdi mudn d Tdy Nguyen Id ndng nghifp diing cudc va gdn vdi cdc boat dgng thu cdng che tgo dd da cdc cdng xudng khac Din nay, cdc nhd khao cd da ghi nhdn cd trung tdm ehl tde riu, bdn khac vl nguyen lifu, vl sdn phdm tgo ra, vl quy md vd tdm dnh hudng ciia chiing giu'a cac viing khac ciia Tdy Nguyen (Nguydn Khde Sir 2009: 3) Trong trung tdm dy, vai trd cua trung tam cdng xudng Ldm Hd rdt quan trgng tiln six Tdy Nguyen Trung tdm la Mar gdm mdt s6 di tfch d huyfn Chu Prdng (Gia Lai), tgi day chuyen chi tgo riu cd vai vd bdn hinh rdng trau, nguydn lifu chinh Id dd phtanite, hilm da opal va silex Trong trung tam ndy, di tich la Mar Id noi khai thdc va so ehl tgo phdi cdng cy rdi cung cdp cho cdc cdng xudng Ddng Hai, Thdn Bay, la Nhim 2; cd thd ca Taiper, Lang Ngoi, Soi Tre, Ddc Giang hodn thifn vd xudt xudng Nhiimg sdn phdm ciia trung tdm ndy cd mat tren phgm vi khd rf ng, chii ylu Id cao nguyen Pleiku vd Kon Tum (Nguyin Khde Sur 2009: 10) San phdm tir cdng xudng la Mar cd mdt vdn hda Lung Leng (Kon Tum), Biln Hd (Gia Lai); di tich Tsham A (Ddk Ldk) Tren ddt Lam Hd (Ldm Ddng) cung da tim thdy tieu ban bdn hinh rdng trau, cd thi la sdn phdm tir cdng xudng la Mar Trung tdm Ea Kar gdm mdt sd di tfch d Chu K'tu, Thanh Son vd Ban Thdi, xa Xuan Phu, huyfn Ea Kar (Ddk Ldk) (Nguydn Gia Ddi, Le Hdi Ddng 2007: 22) Sdn phdm ciia cdc cdng xudng la ehl tgo riu cd vai, bdng da opal Nhiimg sdn phdm ciia xudng cd mat di tich Tsham A, huyfn Ea H'leo (Dak Ldk), cdc di tich Taiper, Lang Ngoi d huyfn Chu Se (Gia Lai), viing gidp ranh giua cao nguyen Pleiku vd cao nguyen Budn Ma Thup (Nguyin Khde Sir 2009: 10) Ddng chii y la, nhiimg chile riu cd vai kilu Chu K'tu hdu nhu khdng thdy cdc di tich Lam Dong Nguge lgi, nhiimg chile riu tur gidc kilu Ldm Ha khdng gdp trung tdm Chu K'tu Tu lifu trSn cho thdy tdm dnh hudng ciia Chu K'tu theo hudng bdc la chu ylu Trung tdm Thon Tdm gdm mft sd di tfch d xd Ddk Wil, huyfn Chu Jut (Ddk Ndng), sdn phdm tir cdc cdng xudng la riu hinh bdu dye, ldm tir da silex, basalt va da chert, hinh dang cdng cy gdn vdi riu bdu dye vdn hda Hda Binh Cdc sdn phdm d ddy phan bd khu vyc Ddk R'ldp (Ddk Ndng) Cd mdt vai edng cy kilu Thdn Tdm cac di tich Dd mdi d tinh Binh Phudc va Ldm Dong Nhung khu vyc Ddk Ndng hodn todn vdng bdng riu tii gidc bdng da opal, khdng gdp bdn hinh rdng trau bdng da phtanite hay riu ed vai bdng opal va silex Phdi chdng, vdo giai dogn Dd mdi muf n trdn dja bdn Tdy Nguyen dd hinh thdnh cdc trung tdm ehl tgo riu da vdi dac thii rieng, va vifc giao luu vdn hda giiia cdc trung tdm, cac bd Igc viing dd diln mft mgnh Hifn tugng chuyen hda cdc sdn phdm vd sy thfch ling cua nd cho moi vimg cho thdy su phdn cdng lao dfng moi trung tdm, vd mdi lidn hf nhdt djnh giiJa cdc trung tdm vdi Ngudn tu lifu thu dugc tir cdc di tich cdng xudng d Ldm Hd (Ldm Ddng) cho thdy moi cdng xudng d ddy dam nhifm mdt hodc hai khdu quy trinh ehl tac riu tii gidc bdng dd opal Cdc di tich vlt tich cu tru md nhgt, nhung ylu td cdng xudng Igi rat dgm net; difn phdn bd liln khoanh vd cd mdi lien hf chat chd vdi Phdi chdng, cym cac di tfch cdng xudng d day la cua mgt cfng ddng bd Igc, hay mgt vdn hda khdo cd nhu cdc nhd khdo cd dd gid thilt, vdi ten ggi "•Van hoa Ldm Hd" (Trdn Vdn Bdo 2008b: 164) L6 Xuan Hung - Cac di tfch cong xudng Lam Dong 21 Nghien curu cdng xudng ehl tac riu dd Lam Ddng ndi rieng va Tay Nguyen ndi chung gdp phdn soi sdng mgt so vdn dl khdo cd hgc ly thuylt dang ddt Ndm 1932, Heine Geldem dua ly thuyet gdn moi lop riu dd vdi mgt vdn hda rifng, mft ngdn ngii - tdc ngudi rieng Ong chia thdi dgi Da mdi Ddng Nam A thdnh cdc vdn hda riu cd vai, riu tur gidc va riu bdu dye Theo Heine Geldem, chii nhdn vdn hda riu cd vai Id ngudi siir dyng ngii' he Nam A (Austro-Asiatique) dd cd nhdm Mon-Khmer vd Munda, thufc dai chiing Mogoloide; vdn hda riu tir gidc gdn vdi ngudi Nam Dao (Malayo-Polynesien) ngudn gde tiir viing tdy nam Tmng Qudc, vao khoang 4.000 ndm tmde, hg tran xudng Ddng Duong qua Tir Xuydn va Vdn Nam hinh thdnh van hda hdn hgp giua van hda riu cd vP vd vdn hda riu tii gidc (Geldem 1932: 543) Ndm 1956, B Lafont dya vdo day giai thich rdng ngudi dung riu tii: gidc ndi ngdn ngii Malayo-Polynesien din tmdc, cdn ngudi diing riu ed vai, ndi ngdn ngO Mon-Khmer din sau, rdt mudn sau ndy, bdi vi riu tiir gidc rdt it d cao nguydn Pleiku (Lafont 1965:237) Khi nghien curu tiln sir Tdy Nguyen, cac nhd khdo ed Vift Nam da bdc bd ly thuylt tren (Nguyin Khde Sir 2007: 281) Ciing mdt thdi dilm, d Tdy Nguydn xudt hifn tmng tdm ehl tgo vdi logi hinh riu dd khde nhau; moi logi cdng ey phii hgp giiia hinh ddng, kieh thude, chat lifu vdi timg tilu vimg dja ly Cdc trung tdm ndy cd lien hf vdi vd Id nhdn td quan trgng tgo ndn sy thdng nhdt da dgng cua tiln sir Tdy Nguyen Sy xudt hifn ciia trung tdm chi tdc riu dd khde d Tdy Nguyen cd thi xem Id sy phdn cdng xa hgi ddu tien Ijch sir nhdn logi hay khdng? Ph Ang ghen tdc phdm Ngudn gSc cua gia dinh, ciia che dg tu hint vd cua nhd nudc dk trinh bdy khd chi tilt vl cdc cufe phdn cdng xd hf i Idn ljch sii nhan logi Trong dd, cufc phdn edng xd hf i Idn ddu tien Id nhihig bf Igc du myc tdch khdi bf phgn cdn lai ciia ngudi dd man, hay nhiimg ngudi chdn nudi tach khdi nhiimg ngudi sdn bdt - hdi lugm vd trd thdnh mft ngdnh chinh Thp ra, cdc di tich tiln sur Tay Nguyen chua tim thdy di c6t dfng vdt, minh chimg cho sy tdch ciia chdn nudi thdnh nghl dfc Igp, vi thi chua thi ndi tdi cufc phdn cdng lao dfng xd hgi ldn d day Tuy nhien, Ph.Ang-ghen cdn luu y rdng sdm ban cufc phdn cdng lao dfng da xudt hifn cdc trao ddi nglu nhien Id sy kh6o leo ddc bift cua nhihig ngudi thg vifc ehl vu khf vd cdng cy lao dfng, cdi cd thi dua din sy phan cdng lao dgng nhdt thdi, ngogi If Vifc phdn cdng dy chi dien nfi bf bf Igc (Ang-ghen 1972: 264) Vdi tu lifu cdc edng xudng hifn bilt d Tdy Nguydn, chiing tdi tdn thdnh y kiln cho rdng, vdo giai dogn Da mdi mufn d ddy cd sy phdn cdng lao dfng giiia nhtmg ngudi thg thu cdng mft bf Igc; mdi thdnh vien chuySn trach mft khau ndo dd quy trinh ehl tde da (Nguyin Khde Sir 2009) Nhung diing trdn toan cue, sy xudt hifn cac logi sdn phdm khac Igi xudt phdt tii ddi hdi san xudt vd truyin thdng moi viing Kit qua nghidn curu khdo cd hgc Lam Ddng ndi chung vd cdng xudng chi tde da ndi riSng mdi chi la budc ddu Hifn cdn nhilu van dl da vd dang d p cho khdo cd hgc tiln sir Ldm Dong Vi dy nhu, ddnh gid tdng thi co tdng vdn hda vd vdn minh tiln sur Tdy Nguyfn, cdc logi hinh vdn hda dja phuang giai dogn Dd mdi, khd ndng xde Igp cdc vdn hda khdo cd vd nf i dung ciia chung, van dl chu nhan cdc nen vdn hda khao cd, gid trj Ijch sur vdn hda vd djnh hudng bdo tdn, phdt huy cdc di tich khao co tiln sur Ldm Dong giai dogn md ciita hifn TAI LIEU DAN ANGGHEN PH 1972 Nguon gSc cua gia dinh cua chi dp tu hOu vd ciia nhd nu&c Nxb Su thp Ha Ngi F Khdo cdhpc, sd6/2011 BUI CHi HOANG 2009 Khai quat di tich khdo cd hpc Hodn Kiim (xaNam Hd huy$n Ldm Hd, Ldm Dong) Tu lieu Vien phat triln ben virng viing Nam Bg, Tp Hd Chi Minh BiJI CHI HOANG 2010a Di chi khao cd hgc Hoan Kil'i 'Lam Dong) Khdo co hpc, so 5: 35-49 BUI CHI HOANG 2010b Khai qup cdng xudng che tac da thai tien sir Phuc Hung (Lam Dong) Trong Nhiing phdt hi$n m&i vi khdo cd hpc ndm 2010 Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Nf i GELDERN HEINER R 1932 Urheimat und fruheste Wanderungen der Austronesier In Anthropos, 27 (1932), pp.543-619 LAFONT B.P 1956 Note sur un site neolithique la province Pleiku In BEFEO, 38 (1), pp 233 - 248 LE HAI DANG, NGUYEN GIA DOI 2008 Nhan thirc ve thai dai Da moi d Tay Nguyen qua khai qup di chi Thdn Tam Khdo cd hpc, so 1: 18-29 LE XUAN HU'NG 2010 Khdo sdt he thdng cdc cdng xu&ng che tdc dd thai lien sit & tinh Ldm Dong Tu lieu khoa Ljch su, Truang Dp hgc Da Lgt NGUYEN GIA DOI, LE HAI DANG 2006 Bdo cdo kit qud khai qugt di chi Thdn Tdm xd Ddk Wer, Chu Jut (Ddc Ndng) Tu lieu Vien Khao cd hgc NGUYEN GIA DOI, LE HAI DANG 2007 Di chi xudng Chu K'tu va he thong cong xuong che tac da Opal a Tay Nguyen Khdo cd hpc, so 1: 15-25 NGUYEN KHAC SU' 2007 Khdo cd hpc tiin su Tdy Nguyen Nxb Giao due Ha Ngi NGUYEN KHAC SU' 2008 Khao c6 hgc Tay Nguygn: Nhgn thirc va djnh hudng Tgp chi Khoa hpc xd hpi Mien Trung vd Tdy Nguyen, so 1, tr 6-15 NGUYEN KHAC SU' 2009 Cac di tich cdng xudng Tay Nguyen voi khao cd hgc iy thuyet Khdo cd hpc, so 2:3-14 NGUYEN KHAC SU', PHAN THANH TOAN 2007 Khai qup di chi - xudng Taiper (Gia Lai): Tu lifu, nhSn thirc va thao ludn Khdo cd hpc, so 5: 18-30 2007 Di chi - xudng Thon B6n (Ldm Ddng) vQ\ vdn de che tac da d Tay NguySn Khdo cdhpc, s6 5: 31-42 TRAN VAN BAO 2008a Khai qup di chi Phii My (Cat Tien, Lam Dong) ndm 2007 Trong Nhiing phdt hi?n m&i ve khdo cd hpc ndm 2007 Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi: 141-143 TRAN VAN BAO 2008b Khdo cd hpc Tien - sa sir vd Ljch su Ldm Ddng Luan an Tiln sT Lich sir, Vien Khao cd hgc Ha Ngi TRAN VAN B A O WORKSHOP SITES IN LAM D N G - DATA AND PERCEPTION L£ XUAN HI/NG The paper systematizes the data of investigations, test-excavations and excavations of 10 workshop sites of stone manufacturing in Ldm Ddng and prelinunarily studies their characteristics and dates From the existing data, the author has identified the location of workshop system there in a larger context iwth late Neolithic - early Bronze-age sites in Lam E>6ng and workshop sites of stone manufacturing in Tay Nguyen According to him, in the late Neolithic in Tay Nguy&i, centres for manufacturing stone axes vwth their own specific characteristics were formed and cultural interactions between those centers and local clubs were stronger The phenomenon of spedalized products and their adaptability to various areas demonsbate labour allocation in each cenbe and certain relationships between between them