TOEFL Grammar đầy đủ

Tài liệu 106 trang word TOEFL Grammar đầy đủ. Là tài liệu tham khảo cho người học Tiếng Anh

Mục lục Grammar Review Quán từ không xác định "a" "an" Quán từ xác định "The" Cách sử dụng another other 11 Cách sử dụng little, a little, few, a few 12 Sở hữu cách 13 Verb 14 Present _14 Past 15 Future 16 Sự hòa hợp chủ ngữ động từ 18 Các danh từ đòi hỏi động từ đại từ theo chúng thứ số ít_ _18 Cách sử dụng None No _18 Cách sử dụng cấu trúc either or (hoặc hoặc) neither nor (không mà không) 19 V-ing làm chủ ngữ _19 Các danh từ tập thể _19 Cách sử dụng a number of, the number of: 20 Các danh từ dùng số nhiều _20 Thành ngữ there is, there are 20 Đại từ nhân xưng (Chủ ngữ) _21 10 Đại từ nhân xưng tân ngữ 22 11 Tính từ sở hữu _22 12 Đại từ sở hữu _22 13 Đại từ phản thân _22 14 Động từ dùng làm tân ngữ _23 15 Động từ nguyên thể tân ngữ 23 16 Verb -ing dùng làm tân ngữ 23 17 Bốn động từ đặc biệt 24 18 Các động từ đứng sau giới từ _24 19 Vấn đề đại từ đứng trước động từ nguyên thể V-ing dùng làm tân ngữ 25 20 Need 25 21 Dare 26 Cách sử dụng to be số trường hợp 27 Cách sử dụng to get số trường hợp đặc biệt 28 1 To get + P2 28 Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: Bắt đầu làm _28 Get sb/smt +V-ing: Làm ai/ bắt đầu. _28 Get + to + verb _28 Get + to + Verb (chỉ vấn đề hành động) = Come + to + Verb (chỉ vấn đề nhận thức) = Gradually = _28 Câu hỏi .29 Câu hỏi Yes/ No 30 Câu hỏi thông báo _30 Câu hỏi gián tiếp 30 Câu hỏi có đuôi _31 Lối nói phụ họa khẳng định phủ định 32 Khẳng định 32 Phủ định 32 Câu phủ định 33 Mệnh lệnh thức 35 Động từ khiếm khuyết .36 Câu điều kiện 37 Điều kiện thực 37 Điều kiện thực _37 Điều kiện thực khứ 37 Cách sử dụng động từ will, would, could, should sau if 38 Một số cách dùng thêm if 39 If then: Nếu _39 If dùng dạng câu câu điều kiện: Động từ mệnh đề diễn biến bình thường theo thời gian nó. _39 If should = If happen to = If should happen to diễn đạt không chắn (Xem thêm phần sử dụng should số trường hợp cụ thể) _39 If was/were to _39 If it + to be + not + for: Nếu không vì, không nhờ vào. 39 "Not" thêm vào động từ sau "if" để bày tỏ nghi ngờ, không chắn (Có nên Hay không ) _39 It would if + subject + would (sẽ – không dùng văn viết) 39 If ‘d have ‘have: Dùng văn nói, không dùng văn viết, diễn đạt điều kiện xảy khứ 39 If + preposition + noun/verb (subject + be bị lược bỏ) 39 10 If dùng phổ biến với số từ "any/anything/ever/not" diễn đạt phủ định 40 11 If + Adjective = although (cho dù là) 40 Cách sử dụng to Hope, to Wish 41 Điều kiện thật tương lai 42 Điều kiện thực _42 Điều kiện thực khứ 42 Cách sử dụng thành ngữ as if, as though (chừng là, thể là) 43 Used to, to be/get used to 44 Cách sử dụng thành ngữ would rather 45 Loại câu có chủ ngữ 46 Loại câu có hai chủ ngữ _46 Cách sử dụng thành ngữ Would like 47 Cách sử dụng động từ khiếm khuyết để diễn đạt trạng thái 48 Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = Có lẽ, có thể. _48 Should + Verb in simple form 48 Must + Verb in simple form 48 Cách sử dụng động từ khiếm khuyết để diễn đạt trạng thái khứ.49 Could, may, might + have + P2 = có lẽ 49 Could have + P2 = Lẽ (trên thực tế không) 49 Might have been + V-ing = Có lẽ lúc 49 Should have + P2 = Lẽ phải, lẽ nên _49 Must have + P2 = _49 Must have been V-ing = hẳn lúc _49 Các vấn đề sử dụng should số trường hợp cụ thể 50 Tính từ phó từ .51 Động từ nối 52 Các dạng so sánh tính từ phó từ 53 So sánh 53 So sánh 53 So sánh hợp lý _54 So sánh đặc biệt 54 So sánh đa bội 55 So sánh kép 55 Cấu trúc No sooner than = Vừa _56 So sánh người vật 56 So sánh bậc 56 Danh từ dùng làm tính từ 57 Enough .58 Một số trường hợp cụ thể dùng much & many .59 Một số cách dùng đặc biệt much many: 60 Phân biệt thêm cách dùng alot/ lots of/ plenty/ a great deal so với many/ much .61 Một số cách dùng cụ thể more & most 62 Cách dùng long & (for) a long time 63 Từ nối 64 Because, Because of _64 Từ nối mục đích kết _64 Từ nối nguyên nhân kết quả. _64 Một số từ nối mang tính điều kiện khác. _64 Câu bị động 66 Động từ gây nguyên nhân 68 To have/to get sth done = Đưa làm _68 To make sb sth = to force sb to sth = Bắt buộc phải làm _68 To make sb + P2 = làm cho bị _68 To cause sth + P2 = làm cho bị _68 To let sb sth = to permit/allow sb to sth = để ai, cho phép làm _68 To help sb to sth/do sth = Giúp làm _68 động từ đặc biệt 68 Câu phức hợp đại từ quan hệ thay 69 That which làm tân ngữ câu phụ 69 Who làm chủ ngữ câu phụ _69 Whom làm tân ngữ câu phụ 69 Mệnh đề phụ bắt buộc không bắt buộc. 69 Tầm quan trọng việc sử dụng dấu phẩy mệnh đề phụ _70 Cách sử dụng All, Both, Some, Several, Most, Few + Of + Whom/ Which 70 Whose = người mà, mà. 70 Cách loại bỏ mệnh đề phụ _70 Dùng với số cấu trúc động từ. _71 10 P1 sử dụng để rút ngắn câu dài 71 11 That dùng với tư cách liên từ (rằng) 72 12 Mệnh đề that 72 13 Dùng với would rather that _73 14 Dùng với động từ. 73 15 Dùng với tính từ. _73 16 Câu giả định dùng với số trường hợp khác 74 17 Câu giả định dùng với it + to be + time _75 18 Not only but also 75 19 As well as: Cũng 75 20 Both and 75 Cách sử dụng to know, to know how 76 Despite/Inspite of = bất chấp _76 Although/Even though/Though = Mặc dầu _76 However + adj + S + linkverb = dù có _76 Although/ Albeit (more formal) + Adjective/ Adverb/ Averbial Modifier _76 Phân từ dùng làm tính từ 81 Phân từ (V-ing) dùng làm tính từ đáp ứng đầy đủ điều kiện sau: 81 Phân từ (V-ed) dùng làm tính từ đáp ứng đầy đủ điều kiện sau: 81 Câu trực tiếp câu gián tiếp 82 Động từ với hai tân ngữ trực tiếp gián tiếp 83 Cách loại bỏ câu trả lời không ngữ pháp .86 Loại bỏ câu trả lời mang tính rườm rà 86 Phải chắn tất từ câu chọn phải phúc vụ cho nghĩa bài, đặc biệt ngữ động từ. 86 Phải loại bỏ câu trả lời bao hàm tiếng lóng, không phép dùng văn viết qui chuẩn _86 Phụ lục: số từ dễ gây nhầm lẫn khác: .88 During = suốt (hoạt động diễn liên tục) _90 From = từ >< to = đến _90 Out of=ra khỏi> The Vietnamese economy) Trước tên trường trước tên riêng Stetson University   Trước danh từ với số đếm Chapter three  Trước tên nước có hai từ trở lên (ngoại trừ Great Britain) The United States  Trước tên nước coi quần đảo quần đảo The Philipines, The Virgin Islands, The Hawaii  Trước tên nước mở đầu New, tính từ hướng có từ New Zealand, North Korean, France  Trước tên lục địa, tỉnh, tiểu bang, thành phố, quận, huyện Europe, Florida   Trước tên tài liệu kiện lịch sử The Constitution, The Magna Carta  Trước tên nhóm dân tộc thiểu số the Indians  Trước tên môn thể thao baseball, basketball Trước danh từ trừu tượng (trừ số trường hợp đặc biệt) freedom, happiness   Trước tên môn học cụ thể The Solid matter Physics  Trước tên môn học nói chung mathematics Trước tên nhạc cụ đề cập đến nhạc cụ nói chung chơi nhạc cụ The violin is difficult to play Who is that on the piano   Trước tên ngày lễ, tết Christmas, Thanksgiving Trước tên loại hình nhạc cụ hình thức âm nhạc cụ thể (Jazz, Rock, classical music ) To perform jazz on trumpet and piano  10 ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ For the most part: là, chủ yếu = mainly In hope of + V-ing = Hoping to + V = Hoping that + sentence = với hi vọng off and on: dai dẳng, tái hồi all of a sudden= suddenly = nhiên for good = forever: vĩnh viễn, mãi Ngữ động từ Đó động từ kết hợp với 1, giới từ, kết hợp dạng ngữ nghĩa chúng thay đổi hẳn so với nghĩa ban đầu ♦ To break off: chấm dứt, cắt đứt, đoạn tuyệt ♦ To bring up: nêu ra, đưa lên vấn đề ♦ To call on: yêu cầu / đến thăm ♦ To care for: thích / trông nom, săn sóc (look after) ♦ To check out (of/from) a library: mượn sách thư viện ♦ To check out: điều tra, xem xét ♦ To check out (of): làm thủ tục để (khách sạn, sân bay) check in ♦ To check (up) on: điều tra, xem xét ♦ To close in (on): tiến lại gần, chạy lại gần ♦ To come along with: với ♦ To count on = depend on = rely on ♦ To come down with: mắc phải bệnh ♦ Do away with = get rid of: tống khứ, loại bỏ, trừ khử ♦ To daw up = to draft: soạn thảo (một kế hoạch, hợp đồng) ♦ To drop out of = to withdraw from: bỏ (đặc biệt bỏ học chừng) ♦ To figure out: Hình dung được, hiểu ♦ To find out: khám phá ra, phát ♦ To get by: Lần hồi qua ngày, sống sót qua ♦ To get through with: kết thúc ♦ To get through to: thông tin cho ai, gọi cho (điện thoại), tìm cách làm cho hiểu ♦ To get up: dậy/ tổ chức ♦ To give up: bỏ, từ bỏ ♦ To go along with: đồng ý với ♦ To hold on to: giữ vững, trì ♦ To hold up: cướp / giữ vững, trì, sống bình thường, dùng (bất chấp sức ép bên sử dụng lâu) ♦ To keep on doing smt: tiếp tục không ngừng làm ♦ To look after: trông nom, săn sóc ♦ To look into: điều tra, xem xét ♦ To pass out = to faint: ngất (nội động từ, không dùng bị động) ♦ To pick out: chọn ra, lựa ra, nhặt ♦ To point out: ra, vạch ♦ To put off: trì hoãn, đình hoãn ♦ To run across: khám phá, phát (tình cờ) ♦ To run into sb: gặp bất ngờ ♦ To see about to: lo lắng, săn sóc, chạy vạy ♦ To take off: cất cánh to land ♦ To take over for: thay cho ♦ to talk over: bàn soạn, thảo luận ♦ to try out: thử nghiệm, dùng thử (sản phẩm) ♦ to try out for: thử vai, thử giọng (1 kịch, buổi biểu diễn) ♦ To turn in: giao nộp, đệ trình / ngủ ♦ To watch out for: cảnh giác, để mắt, trông chừng (cả nghĩa đen lẫn nghĩa bóng) Một số nguyên tắc thực đọc  Không đọc vào đọc ngay, cần đọc hiểu câu hỏi cặn kẽ  Đọc tìm chủ đề (chủ đề đọc TOEFL 90% nằm câu đầu, 5% nằm câu cuối, 5% lại rút từ toàn bài)  Tìm cách phân đoạn (nếu có) tìm nội dung đoạn  Trả lời câu hỏi, câu hỏi TOEFL phân thành số loại sau:  Câu hỏi chủ đề (Main Topic Question) 92  Câu hỏi xác định lại (Restatement question) -> loại câu hỏi dễ  Câu hỏi phủ định (Negative question) -> dùng biện pháp loại trừ  Câu hỏi suy luận (inference question) -> khó  Câu hỏi đề cập (reference question)  Câu hỏi từ vựng (Vocabulary question)  Câu hỏi suy đoán chủ đề đoạn đọc (trước sau đoạn đọc cho) -> dựa vào câu đầu câu cuối đọc (Previous/ Following Topic question)  Apparently, ABC.com has decided to remove the RealAudio versions of GrammarRock tunes from their Website—a sad development, indeed Videos are available for purchase, but it is not our business to make money for anyone Although we can't provide the wonderful melodies for GrammarRock songs, we've copied the lyrics from the Unofficial SchoolHouse Rock Webpage Nouns || Verbs || Adverbs || Pronouns || Adjectives || Conjunctions || Interjections || Prepositions || Predicates A NOUN IS A PERSON, PLACE, OR THING Music & Lyrics: Lynn Ahrens Sung by: Lynn Ahrens Animation: Phil Kimmelman and Associates Well every person you can know, And every place that you can go, And any thing that you can show, You know they're nouns A noun's a special kind of word, It's any name you ever heard I find it quite interesting, A noun's a person, place or thing Oh I took a train, took a train, To another state The flora and the fauna that I saw were really great But when I saw some bandits chasing the train, I was wishing I was back home again I took a train, took a train, To another state Well every person you can know (Like a bandit or an engineer.) And every place that you can go (Like a state or a home.) And any thing that you can show (Like animals and plants or a train.) You know they're nouns You know they're nouns, oh! Mrs Jones is a lady on Hudson Street She sent her dog to bark at my brother and me 93 We gave her dog a big fat bone, And now he barks at Mrs Jones She's a lady who lives on Hudson Street Well every person you can know (Mrs Jones, a lady or a brother.) And every place that you can go (Like a street or a corner.) And anything that you can show (Like a dog or a bone.) Well you know they're nouns You know they're nouns, oh! I took a ferry to the Statue of Liberty My best friend was waiting there for me (He took an early ferry.) We went for a walk on the island you know, And in the middle of summer it started to snow when I took a ferry to the Statue of Liberty Well every person you can know (Like a friend or the captain of a ship.) And every place that you can go (An island or a sea.) And anything that you can show (Like a statue, a ferry or snow.) Well you know they're nouns You know they're nouns, oh! I put a dime in the drugstore record machine Oldie-goldies started playing - you know what I mean I heard Chubby Checker, he was doing the twist, And the Beatles and the Monkees It goes like this I put a dime in the drugstore record machine Well every person you can know (The Beatles and the Monkees; Chubby Checker.) And every place that you can go (Like a neighborhood or a store.) And anything that you can show (Like a dime or a record machine.) Well you know they're nouns A noun's a special kind of word, It's any name you ever heard I find it quite interesting, A noun's a person, place or thing A noun is a person, place or thing 10 VERB: THAT'S WHAT'S HAPPENING Music & Lyrics: Bob Dorough Sung by: Zachary Sanders Animation: Phil Kimmelman and Associates I get my thing in action >> Verb! To be, to sing, to feel, to live >> Verb! That's what's 94 >> happenin'! I put my heart in action >> Verb! To run, to go, to get, to give >> Verb! You're what's >> happenin'! That's where I find satisfaction, yeah! >> Yeah! To search, to find, to have, to hold >> Verb! To be bold! When I use my imagination >> Verb! I think, I plot, I plan, I dream Turning in towards creation >> Verb! I make, I write, I dance, I sing When I'm feelin' really active >> Verb! I run, I ride, I swim, I fly! Other times when life is easy >> Ohhh! I rest, I sleep, I sit, I lie >> Verb! That's what's >> happening! I can take a noun and bend it Give me a noun! >> Bat, ball, rake, and plow Make it a verb and really send it! >> Show me how! Ohh, I don't know my own power! >> Verb! I get my thing in action >> Verb! In being >> Verb! In doing >> Verb! In saying (A verb expresses action, being or state of being.) >> (A verb makes a statement.) (Yeah, a verb tells it like it is!) >> Verb! That's what's >> happenin'! I can tell you when it's happenin'! >> Past, present, future >> tense! Tell you more about what's happenin' >> Say it so it makes >> some sense! Oh! I can tell you *who* is happenin' >> Verb you're so intense! Hey, every sentence has a subject >> Noun: person, place or >> thing! Find that subject, where's the action? >> Verb can make the subject >> zing! Take the subject, what is it? >> What? What's done to it? >> What? What does it say? >> Verb! You're what's >> happenin'! I can question like, "What is it?" >> Verb! You're so >> demanding! I can order like, "Go get it!" >> Verb! You're so >> commanding! When I hit, I need an object! >> Verb, hit! Hit the ball! When I see, I see the object! >> Do you see that furthest >> wall"? (If you can see it, man, put the ball over the fence, man! Go 'head, on! Yeah, alright! What?! He hit it! It's goin' it's goin' it's gone! What?!) I get my thing in action! >> Verb! That's what's >> happening! To work >> Verb! To play >> Verb! To live >> Verb! To love! 95 11 LOLLY, LOLLY, LOLLY, ADVERBS HERE Music & Lyrics: Bob Dorough Sung by: Bob Dorough Animation: Phil Kimmelman and Associates Hmmmmm hmmmmm hmmmmm!!! (Ready pop?) (Yep.) (Ready son?) (Mmm hmm!) (Let's go.) (Let's go!) (One, two ) Lolly Lolly Lolly, get your adverbs here! Lolly Lolly Lolly, got some adverbs here! Come on down to Lolly's, get the adverbs here! You're going to need If you write or read Or even think about it Lolly Lolly Lolly, get your adverbs here! Got a lot of Lolly, jolly adverbs here! Anything you need And we can make it absolutely clear! An adverb is a word (That's all it is, and there's a lot of 'em!) That modifies a verb (Sometimes a verb! Sometimes ) It modifies an adjective, Or else another adverb And so you see that it's positively, very, very, necessary Lolly Lolly Lolly, get your adverbs here! Father, son and Lolly selling adverbs here! Got a lot of adverbs and we make it clear, So come to Lolly! (Hello, folks This is Lolly Senior, saying we have every adverb in the book, so come on down and look!) (Hello, folks Lolly Junior here Suppose your house needs painting How are you going to paint it? That's where the adverb comes in We can also give you a special intensifier so you can paint it very neatly or rather sloppily.) (Hi Suppose you're going nut-gathering Your buddy wants to know where and when Use an adverb and tell him.) Get your adverb Use it with an adjective, it says much more Anything described can be described some more Anything you'd ever need is in the store, And so you choose very carefully Every word you use Use it with a verb it tells us how you did Where it happened, where you're going, where you've been Use it with another adverb at the end, and even more 96 How, where, or when, condition or reason These questions are answered When you use an adverb (Come and get it!) Lolly Lolly Lolly, get your adverbs here! Quickly quickly quickly, get your adverbs here! Slowly surely really, learn your adverbs here! You're going need 'em If you read 'em, If you write or talk or think about it Lolly >> >> >> >> (If it's an adverb we have it at Lolly's! Bring along your old adjectives too, like slow, soft and sure We'll fit them out with our "l-y" attachment, And make perfectly good adverbs out of them!) Get your adverbs here! >> (Lots of good tricks at Lolly's, so come on down!) Lolly, Lolly, Lolly! >> (Adverbs deal with manner, place, time ) Lolly, Lolly, Lolly! >> (Condition, reason ) Father Son and Lolly! >> (Comparison, contrast ) Lolly, Lolly, Lolly! >> (Enrich your language with adverbs!) Lolly, Lolly, Lolly! (Besides, they're absolutely free!) Lolly, Lolly, Lolly! >> (At your service!) Indubitably! 12 RUFUS XAVIER SARSAPARILLA Music: Bob Dorough Lyrics: Kathy Mandary Sung by: Jack Sheldon Animation: Kim and Gifford Productions Now I have a friend named Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla, And I could say that "Rufus found a kangaroo That followed Rufus home And now that kangaroo belongs To Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla." Whew! I could say that, but I don't have to! Because I got pronouns, I can say, "He found a kangaroo that followed him home And now it is his." You see, "he", "him" and "his" are pronouns Replacing the noun "Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla", A very proper noun, And "it" is a pronoun replacing the noun "kangaroo"! 97 How common! Now Rufus has a sister named Rafaella Gabriela Sarsaparilla, If she found a kangaroo I'd say to you "She found a kangaroo that followed her home And now it is hers." But I can't say that 'Cause she found an aardvark That fell in love with her and they're so happy And my name is Albert Andreas Armadillo (No relation to the Sarsaparillas ) Because of pronouns I can say "I wish she would find a rhinoceros for me, And we'd be happy." You see, a pronoun was made to take the place of a noun 'Cause saying all those nouns over and over Can really wear you down Now I could tell you "Rafaella Gabriela and Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla and Albert Andreas Armadillo found An aardvark, a kangaroo and a rhinoceros And now that aardvark and that kangaroo And that rhinoceros belong respectively to: Rafaella Gabriela Sarsaparilla And Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla And Albert Andreas Armadillo." Whew! Because of pronouns I can say, in this way, "We found them and they found us, And now they are ours and we're so happy!" (Thank you pronoun!!) You see, a pronoun was made to take the place of a noun 'Cause saying all those nouns over and over Can really wear you down Sometimes when we take them all on the bus, People really raise a fuss They start shouting out loud pronouns at us, like: "*Who* brought that rhinoceros on the bus?" and "*What* made that horrible noise?" and "Which one of 'em's getting off first?" "Who", "what" and "which" are special pronouns That can ask a question In the sense where you not know the name of the noun But I know! I have mine and she has hers and he has his, Do you have yours? They love us and we love them What's ours is theirs, that's how it is with friends And pronouns, you are really friends Yeah! 'Cause saying all those nouns over and over Can really wear you down 13 UNPACK YOUR ADJECTIVES Music & Lyrics: George R Newall 98 Sung by: Blossom Dearie Animation: Phil Kimmelman and Associates Got home from camping last spring Saw people, places and things We barely had arrived, Friends asked us to describe The people, places and every last thing So we unpacked our adjectives I unpacked "frustrating" first Reached in and found the word "worst" Then I picked "soggy" and Next I picked "foggy" and Then I was ready to tell them my tale 'Cause I'd unpacked my adjectives Adjectives are words you use to really describe things, Handy words to carry around Days are sunny or they're rainy Boys are dumb or else they're brainy Adjectives can show you which way Adjectives are often used to help us compare things, To say how thin, how fat, how short, how tall Girls who are tall can get taller, Boys who are small can get smaller, Till one is the tallest And the other's the smallest of all We hiked along without care Then we ran into a bear He was a hairy bear, He was a scary bear, We beat a hasty retreat from his lair And described him with adjectives >> (Whoah! Boy, that was one big, ugly bear!) (You can even make adjectives out of the other parts of speech, like verbs or nouns All you have to is tack on an ending, like "ic" or "ish" or "ary" For example, this boy can grow up to be a huge man, but still have a boyish face "Boy" is a noun, but the ending "ish" makes it an adjective "Boyish": that describes the huge man's face Get it?) Next time you go on a trip, Remember this little tip: The minute you get back, They'll ask you this and that, You can describe people, places and things Simply unpack your adjectives You can it with adjectives Tell them 'bout it with adjectives You can shout it with adjectives 14 CONJUNCTION JUNCTION 99 Music & Lyrics: Bob Dorough Sung by: Jack Sheldon Animation: Phil Kimmelman and Associates >> Conjunction Junction, what's your function? Hooking up words and phrases and clauses >> Conjunction Junction, how's that function? I got three favorite cars That get most of my job done >> Conjunction Junction, what's their function? I got "and", "but", and "or", They'll get you pretty far "And": That's an additive, like "this and that" "But": That's sort of the opposite, "Not this *but* that" And then there's "or": O-R, when you have a choice like "This or that" "And", "but", and "or", Get you pretty far >> Conjunction Junction, what's your function? Hooking up two boxcars and making 'em run right Milk and honey, bread and butter, peas and rice >> Hey that's nice! Dirty but happy, digging and scratching, Losing your shoe and a button or two He's poor but honest, sad but true, Boo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo! >> Conjunction Junction, what's your function? Hooking up two cars to one When you say something like this choice: "Either now or later" Or no choice: "Neither now nor ever" >> Hey that's clever! Eat this or that, grow thin or fat, Never mind, I wouldn't that, I'm fat enough now! >> Conjunction Junction, what's your function? Hooking up phrases and clauses that balance, like: Out of the frying pan and into the fire He cut loose the sandbags, But the balloon wouldn't go any higher Let's go up to the mountains, Or down to the sea You should always say "thank you", Or at least say "please" >> Conjunction Junction, what's your function? Hooking up words and phrases and clauses In complex sentences like: ("In the mornings, when I am usually wide awake, I love to take a walk through the gardens and down by the lake, Where I often see a duck and a drake, 100 And I wonder as I walk by Just what they'd say if they could speak, Although I know that's an absurd thought.") >> Conjunction Junction, what's your function? Hooking up cars and making 'em function >> Conjunction Junction, how's that function? I like tying up words and phrases and clauses >> Conjunction Junction, watch that function I'm going to get you there if you're very careful >> Conjunction Junction, what's your function? I'm going to get you there if you're very careful >> Conjunction Junction, what's your function? I'm going to get you there if you're very careful 15 INTERJECTIONS! Music & Lyrics: Lynn Ahrens Sung by: Essra Mohawk Animation: Phil Kimmelman and Associates >> (Cough! Cough! Cough!) When Reginald was home with flu, (uh huh) The doctor knew just what to do: He cured the infection, With one small injection, While Reginald uttered some interjections: >> (Hey! That smarts! >> Ouch! That hurts! >> Yow! That's not fair, giving a guy a shot down there!) Interjections >> (Hey!) Show excitement, >> (Yow!) Or emotion >> (Ouch!) They're generally set apart from a sentence By an exclamation point, Or by a comma when the feeling's not as strong Mmmm Though Geraldine played hard to get, (uh huh) Geraldo knew he'd woo her yet He showed his affection, Despite her objections, And Geraldine hollered some interjections: >> (Well! You've got some nerve! >> Oh! I've never been so insulted in all my life! >> Hey! You're kinda cute!) Interjections >> (Well!) Show excitement, >> (Oh!) Or emotion >> (Hey!) They're generally set apart from a sentence By an exclamation point, Or by a comma when the feeling's not as strong So when you're happy >> (Hurray!) 101 Or sad >> (Aw!) Or frightened >> (Eeeeeek!) Or mad >> (Rats!) Or excited >> (Wow!) Or glad >> (Hey!) An interjection starts a sentence right! The game was tied at seven all, (uh huh) When Franklin found he had the ball He made a connection, In the other direction, And the crowd starting shouting out interjections: >> (Aw! You threw the wrong way!) >> (Darn! You just lost the game!) >> (Hurray! I'm for the other team!) Interjections >> (Aw!) Show excitement, >> (Darn!) Or emotion >> (Hurray!) They're generally set apart from a sentence By an exclamation point, Or by a comma when the feeling's not as strong So when you're happy >> (Hurray!) Or sad >> (Aw!) Or frightened >> (Eeeeeek!) Or mad >> (Rats!) Or excited >> (Wow!) Or glad >> (Hey!) An interjection starts a sentence right! Interjections >> (Hey!) Show excitement, >> (Hey!) Or emotion >> (Hey!) They're generally set apart from a sentence By an exclamation point or by a comma when the feeling's not as strong Interjections! Show excitement! Or emotion! Hallelujah! Hallelujah! Hallelujah yea!! >> (Darn, that's the end.) 16 BUSY PREPOSITIONS Music & Lyrics: Bob Dorough Sung by:Bob Dorough & Jack Sheldon Animation: J.J Sedelmaier Prod Like a butterfly or like a bee Like an ant as busy as can be 102 These little words we call the Busy P's >>Prepositions Nine or ten of them most all of the work >>Of, on, to, with >>In, from, by >>For, at, over, across And many others their job which is simply to connect their noun or pronoun object to some other word in the sentence Busy P's If you please >>On the top >>is where you are (The top relates to where) >>With a friend >>You'll travel far (With a friend you'll go) >>If you try >>you know that you can fly >>over the rainbow (Over the rainbow) (is where you can fly) Busy prepositions always on the go like a bunch of busy bees floating pollen on the breeze buzzing over the meadow beyond the forest through the trees into the beehive busy, busy P's >>Into, beyond, over, on, through Busy prepositions always out in front on the edges in the crack around the corner from the back in between the action stating clearly to your satisfaction the location and direction preposition gives specific information >>Though little words they are >>They never stand alone 103 Gathering words behind them you soon will see how they have grown into a parade a prepositional phrase with a noun or at least a pronoun bringing up the rear a little phrase of two, or three, or four, or more words >>Prepositions, Attention! >>Forward March!! Busy prepositions always on the march like a hoard of soldier ants inching bravely forward on the slimmest chance that they might better their position Busy, busy prepositions >>in the air >>on the ground >>everywhere The sun sank lower in the West in the West it sank >>and it will rise >>in the morning >>and will bring the light of day We say the sun comes up in the East everyday >>In the East >>it rises Busy prepositions Busy, busy, busy >>On the top >>is where you are On the top >>If you try >>you know that you can fly Fly where >>Over the rainbow 104 17 THE TALE OF MR MORTON Music & lyrics: Lynn Ahrens Sung by: Jack Sheldon Animation: J.J Sedelmaier Prod This is the tale of Mr Morton Mr Morton is who He is the subject of our tale and the predicate tells what Mr Morton must Mr Mr Mr Mr Morton Morton Morton Morton walked down the street walked talked to his cat talked (Hello Cat You look good.) Mr Morton was lonely Mr Morton was Mr Morton is the subject of the sentence and what the predicate says he does Mr Morton knew just one girl Mr Morton knew Mr Morton grew flowers for Pearl Mr Morton grew Mr Morton was very shy Mr Morton was Mr Morton is the subject of the sentence and what the predicate says he does The subject is a noun and that's a person, place, or thing It's who or what the sentence is about And the predicate is the verb That's the action word that gets the subject up and out Mr Morton wrote Pearl a poem Mr Morton wrote Pearl replied in the afternoon Pearl replied by a note Mr Morton was very nervous Mr Morton was Mr Morton is the subject of the sentence and what the predicate says he does The cat stretched the sun beat down a neighbor chased his kid (Come here, kid Come on.) Each sentence is completed when you know 105 what the subject did Mr Morton knocked on her door Mr Morton knocked Mr Morton sat on her porch Yes, he just sat there and rocked Mr Morton was a nervous man When she opened up the door he ran Mr Morton climbed his stairs Mr Morton climbed Mr Morton rhymed pretty words Mr Morton rhymed Mr Morton was lonely Mr Morton was until Pearl showed up with a single rose who says women can't propose Now, Mr Morton is happy and Pearl and the Cat are too They're the subject of the sentence and what the predicate says they Guide to Grammar and Writing Principles of Composition 106