The use of “as if/ as though”: như thể là, cứ như là các mệnh đề giả định với as if/ as though thường được chia làm hai loại cụ thể dưới đây: 1.. The present sense: Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề
Trang 1BÀI 7 SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES - MỆNH ĐỀ GIẢ ĐỊNH
I The use of “as if/ as though”: (như thể là, cứ như là) các mệnh đề giả định với as
if/ as
though thường được chia làm hai loại cụ thể dưới đây:
1 The present sense: Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề dẫn được chia ở thì hiện tại
(simple present), thì động từ ở mệnh đề giả định sẽ chia ở thì quá khứ đơn (simple past), động từ to be được chia là were với mọi chủ ngữ.
S V(simple present) as if/ as though S
-V(simple past)
e.g The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer (It is not winter.)
hiện tại quá khứ
Angelique walks as though she studied modelling (She didn’t study modelling)
hiện tại quá khứ
He acts as though he were rich (He is not rich) hiện tại quá khứ
2 The past sense: Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề dẫn được chia ở thì quá khứ (simple
past), thì động từ ở mệnh đề giả định sẽ chia ở thì quá khứ hoàn thành (past perfect).
S - V(simple past) - as if/ as though - S - V(past
perfect)
e.g Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize
past simple past perfect
(She didn’t win the grand prize.) Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost (She didn’t see a ghost.)
past simple past perfect
He looked as though he had run ten miles (He didn’t run ten miles.) past simple past perfect
Cả hai trường hợp giả định trên đều diễn tả những điều không thể diễn ra
mà chỉ đơn giản là một giả định
II The use of wish and hope:
1 Hope: mong muốn, hi vọng – Các hành động theo sau hope có thể diễn ra:
e.g I hope that they will come
(I don’t know if they are coming) (Tôi hi vọng họ sẽ tới)
We hope that they came yesterday
(We don’t know if they came) (Tôi hi vọng là họ đã tới)
2 Wish: Mong muốn, ước muốn Các hành động hoặc là chưa, hoặc là không
thể diễn ra
a Wish somebody something = chúc ai đó một điều gì đó:
e.g I wish him a happy birthday
We wish you a merry Christmas and a happy new year
b Wish to infinitive = mong muốn làm một điều gì đó:
e.g I wish to have a happy birthday
We wish to become doctors
c Mong muốn làm một điều gì đó sẽ diễn ra trong tương lai:
S - wish - (that) - S* - could/
would/ -V
Trang 2Subject*: có thể là chính chủ thể, có thể là người khác.
Eg We wish that you could come to the party tonight (You can’t come)
I wish that you would stop saying that (You probably won’t stop) She wish that she were coming with us (She is not coming with us)
d Mong muốn về một điều gì đó đã không diễn ra ở hiện tại:
S - wish - (that) - S* - V(simple
past)
S - wished - (that) - S* - V(past
perfect)
Eg I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework
(I don’t have enough time)
We wish that he were old enough to come with us (He is not old enough) They wish that they didn’t have to go to class today (They have to go to class)
Subject*: có thể là chính chủ thể, có thể là người khác
e Mong muốn về một điều gì đó đã không diễn ra ở quá khứ:
S - wish - (that) - S - V(past perfect)
S - wished - (that) - S* - V(past perfect)/could
have - P2
e.g I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday
(I didn’t wash the clothes yesterday) She wish that she could have been there (She couldn’t be there)
We wish that we had had more time last night (We didn’t have more time)
III Subjunctive cases with certain verbs, adjectives and nouns: Hình thức giả
định với một số động từ, tính từ, danh từ:
1 For certain verbs: Một số động từ được theo sau bởi các mệnh đề giả định
(không có sự hòa hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ) được thực hiện theo công thức: Gồm các danh từ như:
advise ask comman d
decree
demand insist move order
prefer propose recommen d
request
require stipulat e
suggest urge
e.g We urge that he leave now (other form: We urge him to leave now)
She asked that the man be punished.
The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately.
The university requires that all its students take this course.
The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.
Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished.
We proposed that he take a vacation.
I move that we adjourn until this afternoon.
Remember: sometimes should would be use in the indefinite clause after that
as a suggestion or advice – Cần lưu ý rằng nhiều khi trong tiếng Anh-Anh (Bristish English) người ta dùng should với mệnh đề không xác định sau “that” như lời khuyên hay gợi ý như sau:
e.g We urge that he leave now
→ We urge that he should leave now.
S – V – that – S – V(bare infinitive)
Trang 3She asked that the man be punished.
→ She asked that the man should be punished.
The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately.
→ The judge insisted that the jury should return a verdict immediately.
The university requires that all its students take this course.
→ The university requires that all its students should take this course.
The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.
→ The doctor suggested that his patient should stop smoking.
Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax be abolished.
→ Congress has decreed that the gasoline tax should be abolished.
2 For certain adjectives: Một số tính từ được theo sau bởi các mệnh đề giả
định (không có sự hòa hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ) được thực hiện theo công thức:
Gồm các động từ như:
advised important mandatory
necessary obligator y
proposed
recommend ed
required suggested
urgent imperative
e.g It is necessary that he find the books.
It was urgent that she leave at once
It has been proposed that we change the topic
It is important that you remember this question
It has been suggested that he forget the election
It was recommended that we wait for the authorities
3 For certain nouns: Một số tính từ được theo sau bởi các mệnh đề giả định
(không có sự hòa hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ) được thực hiện theo công thức:
It - be - noun - that - S - V(bare
infinitive) (any tense)
e.g It is a recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking
It was a necessity that you be ontime next time
4 For other cases: câu giả định dùng trong câu cảm thán, với các thế lực siêu
nhiên,đức tin như:
e.g God save the queen! God be with you! = good bye (khi chia tay nhau)
Curse this frog!
- Hoặc: Come what may: dù có chuyện gì đi nữa e.g Come what may we will
stand by you
- Hoặc: If need be: nếu cần thì e.g If need be we can take another road.
- Hoặc: if this be: giả định mà chính người nói chắc chắn là không có.
e.g If this be proven right, you would be considered innocent.
IV Subjunctive cases with “It is time”: Dạng giả định với “It is time” được thực
hiện theo công thức sau:
S – V – adjectives – that – S – V(bare infinitive)
It is time
It is high time S – V(simple past)
Trang 4e.g It is time we got everything ready for the start (In fact, we don’t get things ready)
It is about time the train arrived (In fact, the train doesn’t arrive)
It is high time the results of the test were announced (In fact, they aren’t announced)
Note: Chú ý cấu trúc sau không phải là giả định:
e.g It is time for us to get everything ready for the start (In fact, we have to get things ready now)
It is about time for the train to arrive (In fact, the train is arriving)
It is high time for the results of the test to be announced
(In fact, they are going to be announced)
V Subjunctive cases with conditional sentences: Các câu điều kiện loai 2 (unreal
present), và loại 3 (unreal past) cũng sử dụng hình thức giả định (xem Bài 1
Conditional sentences - phần IV Phrases vs Clauses)
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Exercise 1 Complete each of the following sentences with the right forms of the
verbs shown in brackets
1 He suggested that I _ ready by eight o'clock (to be)
2 We request that she _ the window (to open)
3 They demanded that he _ the room (to leave)
4 I will ask that she _ me (to accompany)
5 They recommended that he _ to Bermuda (to fly)
6 The request that we _ ready to leave at six is a nuisance (to be)
7 The recommendation that she _ a holiday was carried out (to take)
8 It is necessary that you _ able to come with us (to be)
9 They asked that we _ standing (to remain)
10 The requirement that he _ work will be hard to meet (to find)
11 It is important that he _ everything he can (to learn)
12 The demand that she _ the report has been carried out (to complete)
13 I wish I _ the answers (not to lose)
14 They wished they _ the appointment (not to forget)
15 He will wish he _ us the book (to show)
16 Will they wish we _ them some food? (to give)
17 We wish it _ yesterday (to snow)
18 She wished she _ the window (not to open)
19 I wished I _ the news (to hear)
20 You wish you _ what to do (to know)ðIỀU ƯỚC VÀ CÁC THỂ GIẢ
Exercise 2 Complete each of the following sentences with the right forms of the
verbs shown in brackets
1 I wish it _ possible to finish the work tonight (to be)
2 Will he wish he _ ready? (to be)
It is time
It is high time for O – to infinitives
Trang 53 She wished she _ how to sing (to know)
4 We wish they _ to come with us (to want)
5 You wished you _ better (to feel)
6 They will wish it _ warmer (to be)
7 Does he wish he _ younger? (to be)
8 I wish I _ the subject more interesting (to find)
9 They wished she _ the arrangements (to make)
10 He will wish you _ him (to help)
11 She wishes the mail _ (to come)
12 We wished they _ (to hurry)
13 You will wish the door _ (to open)
14 They wish we _ for them (to wait)
15 I wish you _ to me (to write)
16 Will she wish you _ her? (to join)
17 I wish he _ here now (to be)
18 I wish that you _ here yesterday (to be)
19 We wish you _ tomorrow (to come)
20 You will wish you _ earlier (to leave)
Exercise 3 Complete each of the following sentences with the right forms of the
verbs shown in brackets
1 If we were hitchhiking, you _ to pick us up? (to stop)
2 If we waited for him, we _ on time (to be)
3 He _ us know if we made a mistake? (to let)
4 I _ to have a party if you were not there (to want)
5 They wished he _ with them the next day (to come)
6 We wish you _ yesterday (to arrive)
7 I wish that he _ us next year (to visit)
8 She wishes that she _ at home now (to be)
9 You wish that he _ you last week (to help)
10 He will always wish he _ rich (to be)
11 The boy wished that he _ the competition the next day (to win)
12 She will wish she _ the arrangements earlier (to make)
13 I wish the weather _ warmer now (to be)
14 We always wished we _ fluent in other languages (to be)
15 They wish he _ them next week (to telephone)
16 Don't _ out late (to stay)
17 Please _ ready on time (to be)
18 Don't _ about that (to worry)
19 _ your own business! (to mind)
20 _ careful not to trip (to be)
Exercise 4: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the
following sentences that needs correcting:
1 Yesterday evening, while I was watching TV, Mai pays me a visit
A B C D
2 We went out for a walk after we had our dinner
A B C D
3 As soon as the next lecture will end, let’s leave
Trang 6A B C D
4 Mr Ba had a daughter who were born in 1950, but who died a few years later
A B C D
5 After they were playing cards, someone broke into the house
A B C D
6 The lion has long been a symbol of strength, power, and it is very cruel
A B C D
7 Nobody had known before the presentation that Sue and her sister will receive the awards for outstanding scholarships A B
C D
8 There is a really good explanation of my favorite field in the chapter two of that book
A B C D
9 He knows to repair the carburetor without taking the whole car apart
A B C D
10 Approximately one-fifth of a worker’s income to pay in taxes and social security
A B C D
11 The Green Garden Restaurant uses fresh produce on their dishes, much of which the owners grow in their own garden A B
C D
12 A city university professor reported that he discovers a vaccine which could
prevent bird flu
A B C D
13 Factories discard waste that had polluted air and water, but factories give us jobs
A B C D
14 Do you want being woken up tomorrow morning?
A B C D
15 That is a new circus which formed in 1992
A B C D
16 It is important that you turned off the heater every morning before you leave for class
A B C D
17 The children had such difficult time when they began school in their new
neighborhood that their parents decided never to move again A B
C D
18 Those who had already purchased tickets were instructed to go to gate first at once
A B C D
19 The bridge was hitting by a large ship during a sudden storm last week
A B C D
20 The destruction of most of the city of London made by a fire in 1600s
A B C D
Exercise 5: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the
following sentences that needs correcting:
Trang 7A B C D
2 Up to now, there had been no woman being chosen the US president
3 The mother had always took good care of her little son
A B C D
4 No matter what different, various music types have one thing in common: touching the hearts of the listeners A B
C D
5 The computer software industry is one of the most competitive markets in today’s technological advanced society A B
C D
6 An American woman not always shake hands when she is introduced to a man
A B C D
7 Peter has been written the composition for 3 hours and he has not finished yet
A B C D
8 We were a few minute late so the film was already started when we got to the
cinema
A B C D
9 By the time the police come, the robber had run away
A B C D
10 Almost all the students were confusing because Ms Kelly’s explanation was
unclear
A B C D
11 Many news story which deal with TV and film personalities are often exaggerated
A B C D
12 A secretary told me an important file had left in the lunch room just the other day
A B C D
13 Why didn’t Peter go to school? What did happened to him?
14 I was listening to the radio when the door bell will ring
15 Why are you so late? I am waiting here for you for more than one hour
A B C D
16 Phil never went to bed before he has finished his homework
17 There are many different ways of comparing the economy of one nation with those
of another
A B
C D
18 A basic knowledge of social studies, such as history and geography, are
considered a basic part of the education of every child A B
C D
19 So extensive the lakes are that they are viewed as the largest bodies of fresh water in the world A B
C D
20 I have learnt English for I was ten years old
A B C D
Trang 8Exercise 6: Find the ONE among the underlined and marked A, B, C, D in each of the
following sentences that needs correcting:
1 Did you say that you will have a lot of things to do the following week?
A B C D
2 When we arrived at the station, the train has already left
A B C D
3 The rings of Saturn are so distant to be seen from the Earth without a telescope
A B C D
4 Unless you don't have a quiet room, you will not be able to do any work
A B C D
5 Did your doctor recommend you that you will stop smoking?
A B C
D
6 Up to now, there had been no woman being chosen the US president
A B C D
7 The neighbors are having a party They are making so much noise since 6 o’clock I can’t sleep
A B C D
8 Don’t leave the house until I will get back
A B C D
9 With the victory over Germany in the final match, Brazil became the first team won the trophy five times
A B
C D
10 Because of the long questions, Tom could not hardly finish the test on time
A B C D
11 I was walking along the pavementwhen I realized that there has been a man
following me
A B C D
12 Human had struggled against weeds since the beginning of agriculture
A B C D
13 Mary said that she do jogging every morning
A B C D
14 At this time next week, Peter was working in London
A B C D
15 Never I have seen such a good film before
A B C D
16 This fridge is very old to keep things at a proper temperature
A B C D
17 A lunch of soup and sandwiches do not appeal to all of the students
A B C D
18 All the students are looking forward to spending their free time relax in the sun this summer A B
C D
19 Before the 1920s, no women will vote in the US
A B C D
20 Some students have always complain that they do not have enough money to
Trang 9A B C D