Là từ dùng để chỉ màu sắc, kích cỡ, hình dạng, trọng lượng, đặc điểm, chất lượng, số lượng, và trạng thái của sự vật, hiện tượng.. có thể thêm hậu tố ING để tạo thành các tính từ chỉ đặc
Trang 1BÀI 3 ADJECTIVES - TÍNH TỪ
I Definition: Words that denote colours, sizes, shapes, weights, characteristics,
quality, quantity, and states of things, persons, actions, etc Là từ dùng để chỉ màu sắc, kích cỡ, hình dạng, trọng lượng, đặc điểm, chất lượng, số lượng, và trạng thái của
sự vật, hiện tượng
II Kinds (Classification): phân loại
1 Main kinds: phân loại chính
a Demonstrative: (tính từ chỉ định) this, that, those, these
e.g This book is mine and that is yours I’d like to have a look at those shoes,
please
b Distributive: (tính từ phân phối) each, every, either, neither.
e.g Each room has its own TV set We care for every client there.
c Quantitative: (tính từ chỉ số lượng) some, any, no, little, few, many, much, numbers
e.g Some books are new and few are old She has met many strangers in the
town
d Interrogative: (tính từ nghi vấn) which, what, whose.
e.g Which hat is your, the red or the blue one? What kind of films do you like
to watch?
e Possessive: (tính từ sở hữu) my, your, his, her, our, its, their
e.g Your car needs cleaning He apologized to her for having hurt her feelings.
f Quality: (tính từ chỉ phẩm chất) clever, dry, fat, golden, heavy,…
e.g He was very clever at making decision The winners will be presented with golden medals.
2 Derived adjectives: Tính từ phái sinh là những tính từ được phái sinh từ các
từ gốc khác để đảm nhận chức năng của tính từ cụ thể như sau:
a Present participles: Một số động từ như amaze, amuse, bore, embarrass, excite, exhaust, frighten, interest, surprise, tire, etc có thể thêm hậu tố ING để tạo thành các tính từ chỉ đặc điểm, tính chất của sự vật, hiện tượng như: amazing, amusing, boring, embarrassing, exciting, exhausting, frightening, interesting, surprising, tiring, etc.
e.g We found the film amazing They thought the long walk was tiring.
A boring night didn’t appeal to him An interesting book interested me The exciting monkey snatched the boy’s ice-cream.
b Past participles: Một số động từ như amaze, amuse, bore, embarrass, excite, exhaust, frighten, interest, surprise, tire, etc có thể thêm hậu tố ED để tạo thành các tính từ chỉ đặc điểm, tính chất của người như: amazed, amused, bored, embarrassed, excited, exhausted, frightened, interested, surprised, tired, etc.
e.g We are nearly exhausted after so long a walk.
They felt extremely tired after a day of hard work.
She was embarrassed when she found herself naked.
Susan became so excited when she heard the good news.
The boy was frightened by the thrilling action in the movie.
c Others:
* compound words used as adjectives:
e.g Ha Noi is a one-thousand-year-old city An eighty-year-old lady showed
me the way here
Đỗ Bình – THPT Liễn Sơn, Lập Thạch, Vĩnh Phúc –
Trang 2This is a hard-to-put-down book Those are hard-to-pick-up-again
ones
* noun-ed used as adjectives:
e.g An one-eyed man told me to sit down. The manned craft landed safely
The unmanned one burst into flames after the crash
That is the four-bedroomed flat
* Adverbs-past participles used as adjectives:
e.g He was a well-educated man. They are properly-trained
workers
The poorly-prepared trip turned to be disastrous.
They entered an ill-lighted room.
III Functions (Position): chức năng hay vị trí
1 Noun-subordinator: Tính từ thực hiện chức năng làm bổ nghĩa cho danh từ, tính từ
thường được đặt liền trước các danh từ để chỉ tính chất, đặc điểm của danh từ đó
e.g This is a new book She is really a kind-hearted lady We live in a very large room.
Note: Khi có nhiều tính từ cùng bổ nghĩa cho một danh từ ta cần chú ý đến trật
tự các tính từ như bảng dưới đây:
e.g My beautiful large new round brown Vietnamese cornical leaf hat is
overthere
2 Verb-complementation: Tính từ thực hiện chức năng làm bổ ngữ cho động từ, tính
từ thường theo sau các động từ (linking verbs) như: be, become, seem, appear, feel, get, grow (become), keep, look (appear), make, smell, sound, taste, turn,…
e.g She is really beautiful They became more and more nervous.
He seemed tired Mr An felt a bit disappointed.
But some verbs can take either an adjective or an adverb:
e.g He looks calm (=He himself is calm)
He looks calmly at the angry crowd (= He shows no attitude to the angry
crowd)
3 Comparison forms: cấp so sánh đối với các tính từ có thể được trình bày theo
dạng dưới đây:
3.1 Positive degree: so sánh bằng của tính từ
a Formula:
b Examples: She is as tall as my wife Peter was as hard-working as I
was
Note: negative formula
e.g Helen is not as strict as Jane He was not so intelligent as his fellows.
The house is not as comfortable as the previous one.
3.2 Comparative degree: Hình thức so sánh hơn của tính từ
a Monosyllable-adjectives: Đối với tính từ đơn âm tiết hoặc tính từ đa âm
tiết
nhưng có tận cùng bằng “y”, “ow”, hoặc “er”:
1 Opinion → 2 Size → 3 Age → 4 Shape → 5 Color → 6.
Origin → 7 Material
S – V – as – adjs –
as – O not – as/so –
S – V – adjs -ER –
Trang 3e.g.Lan is shorter than Na She was better at English than we were.
She looked happier than her brother.
b Multisyllable-adjectives: Đối với tính từ đa âm tiết
e.g She was more hard-working than us We are more intelligent than
him
Helen is more beautiful than she used to be.
3.3 Superlative degree: so sánh hơn nhất
a Monosyllable-adjectives: Đối với tính từ đơn âm tiết hoặc tính từ đa âm
tiết
nhưng có tận cùng bằng “y”, “ow”, hoặc “er”:
e.g Nam is the best in our class She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met.
Lam is the happiest in our group.
b Multisyllable- adjectives: Đối với tính từ đa âm tiết
e.g Sarah was the most intelligent in my group
She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known.
Water is one of the most important factors to life.
Notes: For adjectives ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases – Bảng các
hình thức so sánh của các tính từ bất qui tắc:
Adjective Comparative Superlative
2 clever cleverer the cleverest
3 far farther/
further thefurthest farthest/
4 good better the best
5 happy happier the happiest
6 little less the least
7 many/ much more the most
8 old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest
9 pretty prettier the prettiest
10 silly sillier the silliest
3.4 Double comparison: Hình thức so sánh kép gồm 4 mẫu câu sau:
a
e.g She is becoming older and wiser.
b
e.g It was getting darker and more humid.
c
e.g He is more hard-working and smarter.
d
e.g Linh is becoming more industrious and more intelligent.
Đỗ Bình – THPT Liễn Sơn, Lập Thạch, Vĩnh Phúc –
S – V – more – adjs – than – O
S – V – the – adjs
-EST
S – V – the – most – adjs
S – V – adj-ER – and –
adj-ER
S – V – adj-ER – and –
more – adj
S – V – more – adj – and –
S – V – more – adj – and –
more – adj
Trang 43.5 Parallel comparison: hình thức so sánh thăng tiến gồm 4 mẫu câu sau:
a a
e.g The older she is the wiser she becomes.
b
e.g The darker it was, the more humid it seemed to be.
c
e.g The more hard-working he is, the smarter he becomes.
d
e.g The more industrious Linh is, the more intelligent he gets.
4 Confused words: Một số từ dễ bị nhầm lẫn về cách sử dụng.
a like/ alike:
* like (adj) giống e.g Tom is very like Bill.
* alike (adj) giống nhau e.g Tom and Bill are alike.
b like/ as:
* like (adv) giống e.g He swims like a fish You look like a ghost.
* as (adv) như là e.g Do as I told you He ate as he had been hungry for
months
c like + N/ as + N:
* like (adv) giống e.g He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t
a slave)
* as (adv) là e.g He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact)
d The adjectives: the –được đặt trước các tính từ để chỉ nhóm các sự vật hiện tượng
có chung một tính chất
e.g The rich are not always happy The poor need support from the whole
community
The retarded find it hard to integrate The suspected are not allowed to
travel abroad
IV Adjectival clauses: Một số các mệnh đề tính ngữ cơ bản thường gặp
1 That – clause:
e.g It is disappointed that he failed the exam It’s better that
someone should tell him
2 find/ think/ believe + that:
e.g I found that it is impossible to start now
She thought that it was silly to ask him to stay.
We believe that it will be easier to get a seat in a university in the
future
3 Comment: Với các tính từ theo cấu trúc:
a Character: Các tính từ chỉ tính cách như: brave, careless, cowardly (nhút nhát), cruel, generous, good, nice (=kind), mean, rude, selfish
e.g It is brave of Maria to go out at night alone It is cowardly of him not to talk
in public spaces
The adj-ER - S – V, the adj-ER – S
The adj-ER - S – V, the more adj –
S – V The more adj - S – V, the adj-ER –
S – V The more adj - S – V, the more
adj – S – V
It be adj that - S
S – V - that - it be adj
to-inf
It be adj of O to
Trang 5-It is generous of Mr Pike to offer me a lift -It is selfish to care for ourselves
only
b Sense: Các tính từ chỉ phẩm chất như: clever, foolish, idiotic (ngu), intelligent, sensible (nhạy bén), silly, stupid,…
e.g It is idiotic of Maria to go out at night alone It is clever of him not to talk in
public spaces
It is sensible of Mr Pike to offer me a lift It is stupid to care for ourselves
only
4 Pronoun + be + adjs + noun + infinitives:
Using the above adjectives and – Hình thức này sử dụng các tính từ như phần trên,
ngoài ra còn dung với các tính từ sau đây: astonishing, curious, ridiculous (lố bịch),
unreasonable, funny(=strange), odd (lập dị), pointless, useful, useless,…
e.g That’s the amazing idea to show It was an unreasonable result to
accept
He was an odd person to talk to It will be a funny thing to do when we go
fishing
5
Dùng với các tình từ sau: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable, essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital (tất yếu),…
e.g It’s advisable to put our money into the bank.
It’s best to stop discussing the matter now It’s important to
know one’s limitation
6
Dùng với các tình từ sau: convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, possible, important, safe,…
e.g It’s safe for us to put our money into the bank.
It’s difficult for them to stop discussing the matter now.
It’s important for everyone to know one’s limitation.
7
Dùng với các tình từ sau: angry, delighted, dismayed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sorry, sad
e.g They are angry to hear that their house was broken into.
He is delighted to know his entrance examination results.
I am glad to talk to you.
8
e.g I am glad to tell you that you win the prize
We are sory to inform you that you lose the match
Others adjs + to find/ learn/ hear/ see/…) Như: able, unable, apt, inclined, liable, prone, prepared, quick, reluctant, slow, ready, willing,
9
Đỗ Bình – THPT Liễn Sơn, Lập Thạch, Vĩnh Phúc –
S – V - adj - N
It’s - adjs – to
It be - adjs - (for O) – to
S - be - adjs - to infinitives
S - be - glad/ happy/ sorry/ sad/… - to
say/ tell/ inform
It - be – adj that S – V (không chia)/
should V
Trang 6Được dùng với các tính từ sau: advisable, inadvisable, better, best, desirable,
essential, good, important, necessary, unnecessary, vital, compulsory, suggested, etc.
e.g It’s advisable that he (should) be on-time.
It’s vital that one (should) have medical insurance.
It’s important that corporal punishments on children be banned.
10 Special cases: các cấu trúc đặc biệt
- Due: (sắp xảy ra chỉ thời gian) e.g The race is due to start in 5 minutes.
- Due to: a result of (vì, do bởi, chỉ một kết quả) e.g The accident was due to his carelessness.
- Owing to: because of (bởi vì, do bởi, chỉ một nguyên nhân)
e.g Owing to his carelessness, we had an accident
- Certain/ sure + to V= opinion (chắc là – chỉ một suy đoán) e.g He is sure to
take legal action.
- Certain/ sure that + (clause) = opinion (chắc là – chỉ một suy đoán)
e.g I am certain that the price will be higher
- Certain/ sure/ confident of + N/G: (chỉ sự quyết tâm) e.g He was sure of entering
the haunted house.
- Bound + to V= obligation (Việc sắp sửa diễn ra) e.g We were bound to leave.
- Afraid/ ashamed of + N/G: (sợ hay xấu hổ vì điều gì) e.g She was afraid of being
left alone.
- Sorry for/ about + N/G: (hối tiếc về điều gì đó) e.g Tom felt sorry for making so
many mistakes.
- Afraid/ ashamed/ sorry + to V: (sợ, xấu hổ, tiếc vì phải ) e.g I’m sorry to tell you
that bad news.
- Anxious about = worried (lo lắng vì điều gì) e.g He was anxious about going in
the dark alone.
- Anxious for O to V = wish (muốn làm gì) e.g He was anxious for you to go in the
dark alone.
- Anxious that + (clause) e.g We are anxious that we couldn’t come
- Fortunate/ lucky that + (clause) = It’s a good thing… e.g It was lucky that we weren’t late
- S + be fortunate/ lucky to V e.g She was lucky to have such an interesting book
- Possible/ probable/ likely + future = perhaps e.g It’s possible that man will live longer
- Aware/ conscious of N/G e.g We should be aware of protecting our nature
- Aware/ conscious + that + (clause) e.g She was conscious that she would be late
V Suffixes: Cách kiến tạo ra tính từ qua các hậu tố.
suffixe
1 able portable agreeabl
2 al parental musical moral
3 ed tired bored excited
4 en woolen golden wooden
5 ful careful useful helpful
6 ial essential trial social
Trang 77 ible visible legible edible
8 ic politic romantic historic
9 ing tiring boring exciting
10 ish reddish whitish blackish
11 ive active effective native
12 less careless useless helpless
13 ly lovely lively friendly
14 ous industrious enormou
s dangerous
15 some troublesom
16 y wealthy healthy rainy others:
Nationality
an American German Venezuelan
ese Chinese Sudanese Vietnamese
ian Australian Brazilian Italian
ish English Danish Turkish
othe
r Czech Greek Dutch Swiss French Thai
BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH
Exercise 1: Give ONE of the derived adjectives of the given words.
roots adjectiv
es roots adjectiv es roots adjectiv es
1 accide
nt ……………… 1.1 destroy ……………… 1.2 understand ………………
2 indust
ry ……………… 2.1 defend ……………… 2.2 advice ………………
3 inform …………
…… 3.1 produce ……………… 3.2 eat ………………
4 histor
y ……………… 4.1 compete ……………… 4.2 tire ………………
5 politic
s ……………… 5.1 thank ……………… 5.2 bore ………………
6 parent …………
…… 6.1 mean ……………… 6.2 excite ………………
7 essen
ce ……………… 7.1 home ……………… 7.2 avoid ………………
8 confid
e ……………… 8.1 poison ……………… 8.2 benefit ………………
9 act …………
…… 9.1 danger ……………… 9.2 success ………………
1
0 affect ……………… 0.2 value ……………… 0.3 chaos ………………
Exercise 2: Give ONE of the derived adjectives of the given words to finish each of
the incomplete sentences below.
Đỗ Bình – THPT Liễn Sơn, Lập Thạch, Vĩnh Phúc –
Trang 81 The book doesn’t say much about prices, but it is very _ about
2 He lost in the election because he was a weak and
3 I couldn’t help it The accident was _ AVOID
4 He was very when his cat was run over SET
5 Keith’s exam results turned out to be DISASTER
6 I think it’s sheer _ to get married in church if you don’t
7 These countries are _ in imports of raw cotton PREFER
8 Sam was accused of stealing some _ documents CONFIDE
9 You do not have to go Your decision must be entirely _ VOLUNTEER
10 Going swimming everyday would have very effects BENEFIT
11 He felt _ certain about his success TOLERATE
12 Do you feel to the new job? ATTRACT
13 He works for UNESCO in a purely _ role ADVICE
14 Watching television can be very _ EDUCATE
15 Those countries are _ on other countries for most of
16 She is extremely _ about the history of art KNOW
17 Traveling in big cities is becoming more and more every
18 The trouble with Mr Brown is that he’s so _ One
minute he goes mad when you come late; the next he says
nothing You never know where you are!
CONSIST
19 I didn’t know who it was – with a mask on she was completely
20 The surgeon tried their best to save his life, but unfortunately the
Exercise 3: Give ONE of the derived adjectives of the given words to finish each of
the incomplete sentences below.
1 He was very _ of the work he had done PRIDE
2 Are there any rivers left in the world? POLLUTE
3 After the explosion, only two people were left _ LIVE
4 Those group has never lost its appeal THEATRE
5 Dolphins, _ species, sometimes jump above the
6 He’s the most _ , ill-mannered person I’ve ever met PLEASE
7 The situation is so in some countries now that it is difficult to
8 Computers are now considered _ in the business world DISPENSE
9 The damage caused by the terrible storm two days ago
was by the government The real figures go up
10 Barack Obama is the first President of the United States
11 The students are already with the work of
Trang 912 She’s so _ that she won’t let anything stand in the way of
13 That was a very thing to say HURT
14 It’s of him to lose his temper like that – he’s usually
15 Different conservation efforts have been made in order to
16 Her son is always mischievous and , which annoys
17 You can never be sure what my sister is going to do She is
18 We found it to your wonderful news THRILL
19 There was a _ dissatisfaction with the government’s
20 I was kept _ last night by the noise from a party in
Exercise 4: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each
of the incomplete sentences below.
1 I was most _ of his efforts to help me during the crisis
A appreciation B appreciable C appreciate D appreciative
2 The International Committee of the Red Cross is a private _ institution founded in 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland
A human B humanity C humanization D
humanitarian
3 Peter isn’t keen on exercise, but he isn’t _ to the occasional walk
A averse B unwilling C reluctant D
contrary
4 _ players are not allowed to interfere with the opponent's movements unless the player is holding the ball
A Defense B Defensive C Defender D Defensively
5 Richard is to give up immediately when faced with any problems
A habitual B subject C susceptible D apt
6 I wanted to go a more route across Montana
A north B northerly C northerner D
northernmost
7 She is a slow student She seems to be unable to concentrate on anything
in _
A particular B particularly C particularity D particularize
8 This development project could be of great help to the _ Vietnamese
population
A major B living C rural D domestic
9 There’s a lot more to Willie than one would think: still waters run _
A deep B deeply C deepness D depth
10 Many teenagers are not much _ in reading books, except for what they are made to read at school
A excited B important C slow D interested
11 The copy machine was reduced to even the sale price
Đỗ Bình – THPT Liễn Sơn, Lập Thạch, Vĩnh Phúc –
Trang 10A least as B as much as C more than D less than
12 It is _ to fail a job interview, but try again
A disappoint B disappointing C disappointedly D disappointment
13 Most crimes that are committed are no more than theft
A slight B small C unimportant D petty
14 Students also have the opportunity to choose from a wide range of _ courses in the university
A compulsory B optional C required D limited
15 She is extremely competent and
A industrial B industrious C industry D
industrialized
16 Mr Hudson provided us with an _ guide to the full-time and part-time programs on offer to a range of candidates drawn from schools and colleges
A inform B informative C informed D
information
17 I’m very lazy I only go to the gym once in a moon
A black B blue C full D new
18 All payments to the ICRC are _ and are received as donations
A volunteer B voluntary C voluntarily D
voluntariness
19 His eyes were light blue and in their innocence
A childless B childish C childlike D childhood
20 A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants _ degrees at all levels in a variety of subjects
A secondary B optional C academic D vocational
Exercise 5: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each
of the incomplete sentences below.
1 That meat is for human consumption
A unfit B inadequate C uncompetent D different
2 A(n) _ species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct
A dangerous B endanger C endangered D
endangerment
3 I am to come to the meeting on Monday evening, please apologize for my absence
A unable B impossible C incapable D
unlikely
4 In the South, _ development concentrated on rice cultivation, and nationally, rice and rubber were the main items of export
A industrial B agricultural C mining D textile
5 The more he tried to explain, we got
A the much confused B the many confusing C the more confusing D the more confused
6 In former days, after the battles soldiers on both sides died or were left wounded on the field without an _ attendance and basic care
A medicine B medical C medication D medically