ELSEVIER'S DICTIONARY OF ENVIRONMENT This page intentionally left blank ELSEVIER'S DICTIONARY OF ENVIRONMENT in English, French, Spanish and Arabic compiled by M BAKR Nyon, Switzerland Amsterdam - Lausanne - New York - Oxford - Shannon - Singapore - Tokyo ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved This work and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by Elsevier Science B.V and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws Permission of the publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for 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the publisher is required for resale or distribution of such material outside the institution Permission of the publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations Electronic Storage or Usage Permission of the publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in (his work, including any chapter or part of a chapter Contact the publisher at the address indicated Except as outlined above, no part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher Address permissions requests to: Elsevier Science Rights & Permissions Department, at the mail, fax and e-mail addresses noted above Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made First edition 1998 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for ISBN: 0-444-82966-0 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) Printed in The Netherlands Preface Environmental concerns are important items on the political and economic agendas of most countries, whether developed or developing In a world conscious of its environmental problems, studies in this domain have become an established discipline Every new branch of science needs to define relevant terms to be used through the medium of language Hence, terminologies are developed The subject of environment is global because it touches everyone Individuals, specialists or institutions concerned with the health of our planet need to mean the same thing when communicating with each other, notwithstanding language differences The compilation of a multilingual dictionary on the environment is not easy The inclusion or omission of certain terms is an important question However, the choice of terms, in this text, has been made on two assumptions: (1) the most commonly used terms, (2) their translatability into other languages without losing their intended meaning Consideration of regional differences of the same language has been considered The main objective of this work is to assist those involved in environmental activities in their attempt to make the world cleaner and to sustain its natural resources for future generations This, I hope, will help to produce documentation for meetings and conferences as well as for drafting papers for training, information and communication purposes I would like to thank those who helped me in producing this dictionary, particularly, Charles Serex, a chemical engineer, who has extensive scientific knowledge in this field and linguistic sensitivity I am grateful also to Huguette for her accurate proofreading My thanks go to Sherif and his team for typing and preparing the manuscript A final word must be said: I not claim that this work is perfect because certain equivalents may be open to challenge For this, I beg the user's forbearance M Bakr May 1998 Nyon, Switzerland The subfields of the dictionary are: air pollution biological diversity biomass energy biosafety biotechnology climate change coastal environment deforestation desertification endangered species energy conservation environmental economics forest conservation freshwater pollution global warming greenhouse gases human settlements living marine sources marine environment mountain ecosystem ozone layer resources management soil degradation sustainable development tropical ecosystem Basic Table This page intentionally left blank absorbing ability f pouvoir absorbant d' un sol e poder de absorcion abandoned agricultural lands f terres agricoles a 1'abandon e tierras agricolas abandonadas absorptive complex f complexe absorbant e complejo absorbente abatement f reduction e reduccion 10 abundance f abondance e abundancia abiotic f abiotique e abiotico 11 acceptable daily intake f dose journaliere admissible e dosis diaria aceptable abiotic stress f stress abiotique e presion abiotica 12 acceptance test f essai d'homologation e prueba de aceptacion abrasive f abrasif e abrasivo 13 access arrangement f mecanisme d' acces e mecanismo de acceso absorber f absorbant e absorbente 14 access roads f routes de desserte e carreteras de acceso absorber vessel f cuve d'absorption e cuba de absorcion 15 access to the sea f acces a la mer e acceso al mar A 453 2611 2377 1606 1143 3276 933 4110 2375 2614 3397 1053 1007 2383 1353 3669 3533 2232 3340 1659, 3275 3173 3886 515 2793 1050 3860 1908 4036 913 3356 4040 2570 3476 1463 1417 3206 1623 986 2476 3470 1572 3796 2514 2293 2685 3074 2687 1947 3883 546 3768 575 849 1476 3707 3898 536 276 303 3943 3688 429 2024 3288 4272 3365 1937 2899 1511 964 3830 758 2522 2538 454 3527 4209 4199 4243 1754 1555, 3131 3427 1305 443 1731 213 667 3272 150 3366 2599 2597 2598 2405 2401 2305 2603 2602 521 1717 2432 2605 4115 2601 1641 1985 2534 3080 3210 4127 3957 2168 3612 2724 904 2594 1101 1571 1188 3672 3919 1617, 3359 3065 1573 2662 3795 2477 3398 3492 1665, 4049 2789 2276 2341 3339 3972 3828 1518 61,62 1319 2628 2739 2312 2172 2894 3848 1084 3053 455 886 3323 3031, 3629 2697 264 3113 749 463 476 1790 4203 2747 3779 1081 1679 665 1030 1429 2606 1424 225 796 406, 1309 3342 2138 2090 1655 3012 1324 3874 2362 3711 1036 1701 1026 3446 4289 4237 3495 2964 3238 98 3532 3838 2104 2726 3500 386 1465 2960 2496 2088 4290 1457 739 2945 1974 1089 1154 1977 1976 1975 2573 1901 4133 2482 3713 2756 1368, 2226 3441 1002 1321 456 1060 2393 3214 2450 4186 2447 2321 1486 4273 2260 627 1336, 3695 812 4112 887 2905, 3696 1999 2446 1784 1872 2025 1884 3426 1315 1204 351 1360 1282 2145 597 354 2743 1378 2525 4176 139 2785 3099 1972 4128 649 3325 2944 2422 735 1351 4193 2416 3396 2924 3118 4172 1991 3521 1722 1334 3641 3183 3310 3995 606 2778 2775 1591 1435 4278 2861 1527 3840 3303 1657 3484 2951 457 3084 1113 3335 3689 2796 1688 1460 44 184 2292 81 2932 783 4088 2645 3649 1019 3136 347 3966 3424 1320 1966 837, 3135 1810 3134 1943 2842 1361 4131 1266 2954 239 1269 236 2361 3076 1644 531 1117 2141 2814 2391 3380 3036 3004, 3022 376 3226 46 3187 4195 2709 3702 426 1993 156 3847 3417 508 1312 616 2142 710 447 2263 448 3092 2941 2290 3988 458 2692 2278 2397 723 3584 3896 4024 2221 2713 3127 3374 3553 3056 4266 4017 3882 3891 3165 3284 4171 2529 1137 873 3556 598 21 362, 398 1014 2555 793 2931, 2933 2546 2031 794 2417 145 3823 855 3706 3802 2357 1150 333 1020 838 981 1195 1339 1070 3839 890 1175 172 1247 2492 2216 2718 1327 234 207 3240 209 2279 1633 1556 644 1179 683 4225 2430 1830 1498 459 116, 129 2388 2359 2444 1785 2219 3922 1793 2593 2794 1484 1828 2257 4184 3748 1380 1534 87 1227 3887 1535 2085 1732 1969 201 2436 1563 246 2076 937 2115 605 1720 2178 3514 2210 1347 1842 364 1909 624 2608 118 4093 421 271 2714 3524 309 3620 829 517 948 2372 3786 2244 2243 2081 4085 247 1213 952 3737 2082 2895 3347 2893 673, 2919 3019 2098 1914 3415 460 3989 2068 2770 200 3414 3720 230 335, 388 3152 3018 2157 3660 229 3633 1997 2113, 2541 1898 3030 2326 1359 3169 2385 3155 223 2484 2607 420, 3640 2389 971 3645 3390 3731 3448 1223 101 2259 3647 2117 1707 4056 3317 3233 3734 1791 1243 438 3044 221 1139 4074 3020 165 808 2246 2459 1232 530 1419 1404 2465 195 4284 1802 425 1439 874 4013 2079 1640 626 4148 461 2097 222 3797 2737 4149 1773 1592 2733 1128 329 1882 1584 399 3274 2853 4254 1567 1306 431 3973 3567 3921 3178 3459 2648 1797 3773 2595 1829 3029 2029 3105 3171 3941 2165 , 1930 2610 2481 842 1949 1601 1745 3678 94 603 611 2072 919 4293 2308 1001 2579 1393 4041 2560 944 1940 3721 3001 4240 1845 3368 828 1267 900 1609, 3281 826 572 3045 861 1220 1219 3405 462 718 3345 3205 917 3851 854 2386 4092 3518 3610 2479 1651 3032 91 2710 3161 2691 2332 324 3592 4134 2324 3738 3141 2518 2962 3732 3316 1574 1823 66 601, 613 3763 2752 3963 1442 190 2020 196 1058 387 1451 2018 4247 1181 374 3843 2206 1491 2366 4246 2451 3215 2234 3653 3027 1667 3523 2963 1962 1402 1856 3881 1171 737 978 390 3767 779 4169 2878 1963 463 2409 216 3974 415 2761 1121 807 775 3438 800 772 771 587 3304 2281 2140 2258 2211 643 3740 125 1303 1049 2890 3370 3300 3430 2230 2972 40 3429 2161 1955 2204 3804 4219 4038 3142 2074 3329 3151 4160 533 1853 4146 2657 3094 1041 3764 701 1283 3581 2370 2222 2581 925 1780 4198 2556 3841 4294 2641 2908 2463 714 3969 4033 1917 2215 3582 2164 220 3642 464 505 3884 4218 2119 231 313 3845 2911 4006 3733 199 4242 3443 2309 1883 4291 4007 228 1549 1664 3829 1447 1244 2347 3954 1864 1437 2650 2486 1713 4159 3035 2959 2957 2242 2720 3655, 3659 4183 2693 1897 1348 72 4270 786 1978 2847 4130 4037 2264 965 880 619 2016 2746 4104 1603 3122 2208 471 1924 290 719 99 3125 1230 4192 2236 1838 1029 551 4216 465 1537 3079 2665, 2678 198 2049 2047 2217 2808 1018 3952 4259, 4279 2418 1452 806 836 2859 3980 1391 1000 4304 1925 3825 1489 1529 3964 3977 3116 2135 3296 2039 135 1948 124 3962 3635 1822 3805 4301 4285 1613 2327 1803 3383 2892 715 1297 1678 3313 2328 4156 92 2006 3923 3607 2809 2438 3159 3496 496 2460 2166 2978 2721 2038 4136 2071 1681 871 2886 2413 3033 3068 4271 466 2414 3597 60 1922 1696 1887 747 949 71 2510 2325 2240 1503 1628 928 3294 227 633 4182 4190 2120 1129 1494 80 987 498 525 2160 2626 3570 2647 171 2616 2708 2706 3983 3681 4194 883 881 254 2758 2757 1023 4223 1354 1501 2759 1799 3658 1384 3217 2682 3315 4265 3221 2823 544, 565 708 966 206 2238 2989 4229 4094 3591 973 1758 1173 4177 120 3112 2399 467 1102 1806 10 3644 3102 3543 2901 382, 352 685 384 2124 164 1434 1662 3545 141 2653 3295 3189 3663 4095 2475 1831 4281 1958 2557 4055 1076 4298 527 1332 385 3367 2734 1718 3729 1483 2186 924 1218 1522 2083 2170 4090 4014 3652 85 3305 15 982 1151 3038 4280 2270 2730 3185 457 [...]... biochimie e bioquimica 343 biocide f biocide e biocida 351 344 bioclimatic changes f changements bioclimatiques e cambios bioclimaticos 352 biofuel f biocarburant e biocarburante 345 353 biogas f biogaz e biogas bioclimatology f bioclimatologie e bioclimatologia biofilter f biofiltre e filtro biologico 27 354 biogas plant f installation de biogaz e fabrica de biogas 362 biological control f lutte biologique... archipels e archipielagos 227 architecture f architecture e arquitectura 228 arctic ecosystems f ecosystemes arctiques e ecosistemas articos 229 arctic region f regions arctiques e region artica 18 230 area of environmental stress f region agressee par la pollution e zona de tension ambiental 238 231 239 at risk f a risque e expuesto a riesgos arid land ecosystems f ecosystemes de terres arides e ecosistemas... stationnement des automobiles e aparcamiento 264 atmospheric sounder f sonde atmospherique e sonda atmosferica 272 autotroph f autotrophe e autotrofo 265 atmospheric transfer f transfert atmospherique e transferencia atmosferica 273 autotrophy f autotrophie e autotrofia 266 atmospheric turbidity f turbidite atmospherique e turbidez atmosferica 274 avalanches f avalanches e avalanchas y deslizamientos de... industry f industrie des boissons e industria de bebidas 330 bioethics f bioethique e bioetica 323 bilateral conventions f conventions bilateYales e convenios bilaterales 331 biofertilization f fecondation par biotechnologie e biofecundacion 324 332 bioindustry f bio-industrie e industria biologica bilge waters f eaux de cale e aguas de sentina 325 biochip f biopuce e biochip 333 bioinformatics f bioinformatique... agro-pasteur e productor agropecuario 99 agro-sylvo-pastoral system f systeme agro-sylvo-pastoral e sistema agro-silvo-pastoral agrochemicals f produits agrochimiques e productos agroquimicos 104 agroforestry f agroforesterie e agrosilvicultura 105 agrometeorology f meteorologie agricole e meteorologia agricola 106 air barrier f rideau de bulles e cortina de burbujas 107 air chemistry f chimie de 1'atmosphere... airborne contaminant f contaminant atmospherique e contaminante transportado por el aire 130 airborne emissions f emissions dans 1'atmosphere e emisiones transportadas por el aire 131 airborne fraction of carbon f fraction du carbone transporte par 1'air e fraccion del carbono transportada por el aire 132 airborne particulates f particules en suspension dans 1'air e particulas en suspension en el aire... aliphatic compound f hydrocarbure aliphatique e compuesto alifatico 151 alkali fumes f vapeurs alcalines e vapores alcalinos 13 152 alkali lands f terres alcalines e tierras alcalinas 160 alleviating of poverty f attenuation de la pauvrete e mitigation de la pobreza 153 alkali metal f metal alcalin e metal alcalino 161 allied species f especes apparentees e especies similares 154 alkaline - earth metal... 167 alternative technology f technique alternative e tecnologia alternativa 14 168 altitude distribution f repartition verticale e distribucion vertical 176 169 alumina f alumine e alumina 177 amount of precipitation f niveau de precipitation e nivel de la precipitacion 170 aluminum industry f industrie de l'aluminium e industria del aluminio 178 amphibians f amphibiens e anfibios 171 ambient air f... equivalentes acidos acid fallout f retombees acides e precipitacion acida 5 31 acid-resistant organism f organisme resistant aux acides e organismo resistente a los acidos 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 activation of a response plan f declenchement d' un plan d' intervention e puesta en marcha de un plan de intervencion acidification f acidification e acidification 40 active f actif e activo acidifying substance... atmosferica de ozono 250 atmospheric disturbance f perturbation atmospherique e perturbation atmosferica 251 atmospheric dynamics f dynamique de 1'atmosphere e dinamica de la atmosfera 252 atmospheric environment f milieu atmospherique e medio atmosferico 253 atmospheric fallout f retombees atmospheriques e precipitacion atmosferica 258 atmospheric particulates f particules atmospheriques e particulas