Dictionary of Environmental Economics docx

[...]... amount of goods and services that producers choose to provide This may differ from the maximum they can produce given their available factors of production for many reasons, one of which is that demand may be insufficient for this level of supply to be profitable aggregation The aggregation of monetary estimates of environmental damages is an important stage in conducting a cost–benefit analysis (CBA) of. .. estimating costs of; crop-climate models agricultural runoff The transfer of fertilizer or agricultural waste by means of storm water The washing away of fertilizer is unlikely to benefit the farmer, unlike the washing away of waste Damages from runoff are an important factor in the contamination of water (Anderson et al, 1977.) See also eutrophication agricultural sustainability The use of agricultural... protection of opportunity for the enjoyment of increased environmental quality by others Another area of environmental economics in which altruism is relevant is sustainable development, in which individuals may value a sustainable path because of concern for the wellbeing of future generations (Kahn, 1998.) See also disinterested altruism; limited altruism; egoism ambient air Any confined portion of the... incidence by life expectancy This is used in connection with the estimation of risks from environmental pollutants (Luken, 1990.) anthropocentric environmental ethic A view of the environment that is human-centred More formally it refers to a comprehensive set of principles, obligations and values that are the basis of much of environmental economics Values for the environment derive exclusively from the value... general overview of the main techniques in the subject area of environmental and resource economics For most entries, a reference is given These references denote a source in which the term has been used to date in the literature, and can be accessed by the reader seeking further detail, using the bibliography provided To aid the reader in his or her study of environmental economics, a list of commonly... summation of temperature during the growing period above some base temperature assumed to be critical for crop growth An index of precipitation effectiveness and of drought is often used for characterizing moisture aspects of agroclimate An advantage of these indices is that they do not demand large quantities of detailed data, and can therefore be used for large-area geographical assessments of agroclimatic... natural form of any resource is in competition with other forms of the same assets For example, a grassy meadow could be converted into a plot for the cultivation of wheat or cattle grazing land, because of the enhanced productivity of this resource Asset conversion often takes place between natural assets and human-made assets in the course of economic development, for example the construction of a factory... benefits of investment projects, but has lately been extended into the social, environmental and natural resource fields BCA compares the monetary value of the streams of benefits and costs of a proposed policy, programme or project over defined space and time boundaries It then ranks alternatives in terms of various measures such as net present value (NPV) Despite the growing use of BCA in the environmental. .. dissemination of information and knowledge among the public and consumers about environmental impacts of products and services, their use and disposal; elaboration and application of codes of good environmental practice covering the entire product life cycle; and product labelling to inform consumers about possible hazardous effects of the product, its use and disposal To determine the combination of measures... resource against the costs of supply There are a number of possible equilibria, depending on what is assumed about the ownership structure of the resource, and what the underlying discount rates are For further details see Hartwick and Olewiler, 1986 and Turner, 1988 See also threshold instruments bioeconomics Environmental economists have applied the principle of bioeconomics in terms of estimating human .