Grammar ôn thi B1 HV Nông nghiệp

TIPS FOR SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION How to sentence transformation exercises well You should: • decide which grammatical structure you are going to use • underline the key words or phrases which you need to change while rewriting the sentence • know which part of the sentence should be kept the same EXAMPLES “Will you marry me?” said Eric to his girl friend Eric asked……………………………………… Eric asked his girl friend to marry him/ If she would marry him PASSIVE VOICE Active Sentence Passive Sentence S S V TO BE O P II BY + O The dog bit the postman The postman was bitten by the dog FORM TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE (PII) Tobe Past participle am/is/are am/is/are being was/were was/were being have been/has been will be will be being regular :V-ed irregular verb: done, given, bought PASSIVE VOICE AND TENSES TENSE PRESENT SIMPLE SUBJE CT S HE THEY PRESENT CONTINUOUS S I WE PRESENT PERFECT S THE BOOK TOBE PAST PARTICIPLE AM/IS/ARE IS ARE PII GIVEN A GIFL TOLD TO DO THAT AM/IS/ARE AM ARE BEING BEING BEING HAS BEEN/HAVE BEEN HAS BEEN PII CHASED BY A DOG TAUGHT BY MR.BROWN PII WRITTEN IN YEARS PASSIVE VOICE AND TENSES TENSE PAST SIMPLE SUBJECT S HE THEY PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PARTICIPLE WAS/WERE WAS WERE S I WAS/ WERE WAS WERE S HE HAD BEEN HAD BEEN WE PAST PERFECT TOBE PII GIVEN A GIFL TOLD TO DO THAT BEING PII BEING CHASED BY A DOG BEING TAUGHT BY MR.BROWN PII SAVED BEFORE THE BUILDING COLLAPSED PASSIVE VOICE AND TENSES TENSE FUTURE SIMPLE SUBJECT S WILL BE WILL BE WILL BE HE THEY SUBJECT S HE THEY TOBE PAST PARTICIPLE PII GIVEN A GIFL TOLD TO DO THAT TOBE PAST PARTICIPLE AUXILIARY VERB + BE CAN BE SHOULD BE PII ARRESTED PAID MORE ATTENTION Report Speech Used to report what someone said Eg: “I want to build a new house”, said Jill RS: Jill said he wanted to build a new house • Change in tenses Present Simple -> Past Simple Present Continuous -> Past Continuous Present perfect -> Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous Past Simple -> Past Perfect Past Continuous -> Past Perfect continuous Will -> Would Can -> Could am/is/are going to -> was/were going to Must/Have to -> Had to May -> Might • Change in words I -> he/she You -> I/me/they/them We -> they Us -> them My -> his/her Your -> my/their Here -> there Now -> then Tomorrow -> the next day Tonight -> that night Next week -> the following week Yesterday -> the day before Last week -> the week before Ago -> before This-> that These -> those • Do not change tense in past perfect and Past perfect continuous • Do not change the word would, should, could, might • We can use verbs like apologize, deny, promise, refuse and suggest in report speech Eg: He denied breaking the statue • When the introductory verbs is in the Present, Future or Present Perfect, there are no changes in verb tenses Report questions, orders, request To report a question we use: Yes-No question: S + Ask +O + if/whether + S + V…… “Have you been to the gallery” he asked her -> he asked her if/whether she had been to the gallery “Can you paint” Mary asked her friend -> Mary asked her friend if/whether he could paint Wh/h-question S+ Ask +O+ wh-word (what, who, where etc.) + S + V…… when the direct questions begin with such a word “Why did you say that” my sister asked me -> My sister asked me why I had said that Commands/requests/suggestions S + ask/order/suggest + (o)+ to V/ not to V/ V-ing + … • “Put your clothes in the drawer” Mum said -> Mum told me to put my clothes in the drawer • “Would you pass me a cigarette” I asked Terry -> I asked Terry to pass me a cigarette • He said to me, “Don’t lie to me” -> He told me not to lie to him • He said, “Let’s go out.” -> He suggested going out Concession/Contrast * Although, Though, even though: express contrast Although/Though/Even Though + S + V, S + V Eg: Although my homework was difficult, I finished it before bed Even though you dislike Sanya, you should try to be nice to her - Although (more formal) - Though (less formal) - Even though (it is used to emphasize a sharp contrast) Concession/Contrast * In spite of/Despite: Express contrast In spite of/despite + V-ing, subject + Verb In spite of/despite + phrase, subject + Verb Eg: In spite of revising for hours, I didn’t well in the test Despite my revision, I didn’t well in the test Inversion No/Not any+ N + Au.(do/does/had ect) + S + V (inf) Eg: No money shall I lend you from now on Not any money shall I lend you from now on Never/Hardly ever/Rarely/Seldom + Au + S + V Eg: Never in mid-summer does it snow Hardly ever does he speak in the public Only when/Only if/ Only by/Only after + phrase/clause + Au + N + V Eg: Only by practising English every day can you speak it fluently Only after all guests had gone could we relax No sooner + Au + S + V than… Eg: No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang Hardly/Bearly/Scarely + Au +S+ V….When/Before Eg: Hardly had she put up her umbrella before the rain became down in torrents Not only + auxiliary + S + V + but also… Eg: Not only does he sing well but he also plays musical instruments perfectly 7 Neither…nor Eg: She doesn’t play the guitar and neither I He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow Conditional type 1: If clause = should + S+ V Eg: should he come late he will miss the train should he lend me some money I will buy that house Conditional type 2: If clause = were + S + to V/ were + S Eg: If I were you, I would work harder -> Were I you, I would work harder If I knew her, I would invite her to the party -> Were I to know her, I would invite her to the party 10 Conditional type 3: If clause = Had + S + PII Eg: If my parents hadnot encouraged me, I would have taken pass exam -> Had my parents not encouraged me, I would have taken pass exam 11 In no way/On no account/Not once/ Not until/Little/ so/such/to such an extent + Au + S + V +… Eg: On no account should you take these pills when you drink alcohol • Not once did she offer us her help • Little did we know about what was going to happen to us next • So happy was I that I arranged a big party/Such was my happiness that I arranged a big party