Luận văn vấn đề năng lượng trong mạng wireless sensor

DANH MIJC WET TAT ADC Analogue/Digital converter BO chuyen dei tucmg to / so AODV Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance- Vector Djnh tuyen dva vao chu8i chi htrang theo yeu ciu tom then API Appl

Me GIAO DVC DAO T40 TRUONG DANI HQC THANG LONG

o0o-

ICHOA LUAN TOT NGHItP

VAN DE NANG LIMNG TRONG 1VIANG

WIRELESS SENSOR

GIAO VIEN HUONG DAN: Tim HOANG TRQNG MINH SINH VIEN THIJC HIEN : NGUYEN HUNG CUONG

VIEN THONG

HA NQI - 2013

MtJC LVC

1.5.1 Kich think vat ly nh6 va lieu thy tong salt tap 19

1.5.3 KM nang lien kit vat ly va pan alp dieu khien bon chi 20

2.1.2 Mai trudng hoot ?tang 28

2.4.2 Tan dung ctic nguan ?tang ligmg trong ty nhien 48

CIlliONG 3 GIOI THI$U PHAN MEM M6 PHONG NANG LUVNG CHO

3.3 Thiit Id plan mim ma phang myng Wireless Sensor 52

3.3.1 Ca sa phdt triin mo phong man Sensor tren nkt NS-2 55

DANH MVC CAC HINH ANH, BANG

Hinh 3.4 Cic giao thik dirge h6 trq trong NS-2 m8 phong mpg khong dAy 55 HInh 3.5 Ca s?; ziy dung m8 hinh mpg Sensor stir dung NS-2 56

Hinh 3.8 Kjch ban then khai twang Sensor trong m8 phong 60 Hinh 3.9 DO thi suy hao Ming luqng cis cic nut sensor 65 Hinh 3.10 D6 thi tic dO giam Ming lacing trung binh cia mang 66

DANH MIJC WET TAT

ADC Analogue/Digital converter BO chuyen dei tucmg to / so

AODV Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance-

Vector

Djnh tuyen dva vao chu8i chi htrang theo yeu ciu tom then

API Application program interface HO giao tiep lap trinh ling thing

ARC Adaptive transmitssion rate

control Dieu khien tic dO truyen din thick Ong ARQ automatic repeat request Cu chi salt 16i Wing yeu au lap lei to

dOng BER Bit error rate TS, le I8i bit

CSMA Carrier sense multiple access Da truy nhap theo cam bien luu luang DSDV Destination-Sequenced

Distance-Vector

Djnh tuyen theo chu8i chi hung voi dich tuin to

DSR Dynamic Source Routing Giao thirc dish tuyen nguin dung

FDMA Frequency division multiple

access Da truy nhap phan chic theo tin so

FEC Forward error correction Ca the mks 18i truOc

GPS Global Possition System He thong djnh vi tom ciu

HTTP HyperText Tranffer Protocol Giao thin truyen sieu van ban

ISM band Industrial, Scientific and

Medical band

Dili tin sa dung cho cac Ong dung c8ng nghiep, khoa hoc va y hoc LEACH Low energy adaptive clustering

ME Minimum energy Nang Itrang tieu tho cvc tieu

MECN Minimum energy

communication network

Mon truyen thong voi tiling Wong cot tieu

NAM Network AniMator M8 to mpg bing hinh anh dung

NS-2 Network Simulator version 2 Phin mem m8 phOng mang phien ban2

Otcl Object-oriented tool command

language

Ng8n ngit &in khien bing lenh hueng did tuvng

RREP Route reply packet G61 dap img yeu cm tuyen

RREQ Route request packet G61 yeu cilu tuyen

Serial Radio Link - 232 Lien kit v8 tuyin n6i tiep theo chum

RS-232 SAR Sequential assignment routing Djnh tuyin chi djnh lien tvc

SMECN Small minimum energy

SMP Sensor management protocol Giao thirc quan 1S, sensor

SPIN Sensor protocols for

information via negotiation

Clic giao thfrc thong tin sensor thong qua thda thufm

SQDDP Sensor query and data

dissemination protocol

Giao Vic truy yin sensor vi 06 hien

so lieu SQL Structure Query Language Ng8n net truy yin theo city tnic

SQTL Sensor query and tasking

language

Ng8nngd truy van vi d#t nhiem Ai sensor

SSF Scalable Simulation

TADAP Task assignment and data

TDMA Time division multiple access Da truy nh#p phan chia theo tit gian

TORA Temporally Ordered Routing

WISENET Wireless SEnsor NETwork He thing mung sensor lchong day

WISENET Mang cvc b0 kW:mg day Mang cam bits khong day

WLAN

WSN

Wireless local area network Wireless sensor network

Leg Nen EAU

Trong nhitng am gin day sg phat then mph me mkt cling ngha th8ng tin, c8ng nghe vi mach dian tfr va van th6ng dac Wet la trong Iinh vtrc ver tuyen &I dem lei nhieu on dung m6i, cho phep chting ta c6 the de clang thu the') thong tin 6 bit ky dieu

kign va vOng dja ly Mo C6 nhieu phucmg pluip khac nhau cho phep cluing ta thu the!)

thong tin, trong de mang Wireless Sensor hien dang duqc dung phi bien teen ' the gaol

va dang din xam nhap vao nutk ta

C6 nhieu van de dat ra cho mang Wireless Sensor nhu van de &mg lugng, van di ding b0 sensor, van de mer rung mang Nang lugng luarn la Ott t6 quan tang dui bit

ca cac loci mang V6i mpg Wireless Sensor do tlnh dac the cua mang la hp chi vi

phin cling va img dung 6 luau yang dja If phtic tap nen van de tiling lugng cang tri len quan trying

Truoc thgc to My, dugc su hiring din cua Thac sy Hoang Trang Minh, em da chgn di tai chuyen de: "Vin de ruing lugng trong mm Wireless Sensor"

Muc dich cua chuyen de nay le tim hieu cic van di lien quan ten Wing lugng trong mpg Wireless Sensor, to di dua ra cac gbh phap tilt kiem sing Itnyng trong mang vi tan dung cac nguon ming lugng sach trong to nhien

Chuyen de gim 3 chuong:

—Chuang I : Ting quan vi mang Wireless Sensor

—Chuang II : Nang hiving trong mang Wireless Sensor

—Chuang III : Phin mem m8 phing cho mpg Wireless Sensor

Do con han chi vi kiln thitc vi tiding luc nen chuyen dl khong Minh kW:4 thilu sot Mong dugc svr gip y cua thiy c8 va ban be

Em xin chart thanh cam an thiy girl() ThS Hoang Trying Minh da huOng din em

vi chuyen man cling nhu phuong phap lam vies dl em co thl hoax) thank chuyen de

HO net), 01 fining 07 nom 2013

Sinh vien Nguyin Hong Cu Ong

CHILICING 1 TONG QUAN VE M4NG CAM BIEN KHONG DAY

1.1 Giai thieu mong aim Min Wiling dly

Cac thiet bj cam bien (Sensor) duct kit noSi thinh mang, phOi hqp voi nhau de thqc hien cac nhiem vp vii quy mo lem, duqc at nhieu by vong !grim cach mang h6a trong Rah Arc thu thap thong tin 6 bit Id digu kien vi viing dja ly nio Mang cum hien kheong day (Wireless Sensor Network) bao gem mOt top hqp cac thiet bj calm bien sir dung cac lien ket khong day (v8 tuyin, hiong ngog hocquang hoc) a phid hqp thuc hien cac nhiem vu cum bien phan tan ve doSi Wong muc tieu Mang nily 0 the lien kit hvc tiep v6i nut quoin 1y ctia giam sit vien hay gian tiep thong qua mOt diem thu (Sink)

va m8i hieing mang tong tang nhu Internet hay ye tinh Cac nut Sensor Ichong day c6 the dirge trier khai cho cac muc dich chuyen dung nhu giam sat vi an ninh; kiem tra m8i truing; too ra kheong gian thong minh; khko sit, chinh zac h6a trong ming nghiep;

y th; Lqi the chit y611 ctia chung 11 kha clang trier khai hku nhu trong bit ki log hinh

dja 15, nao, ke ca cac mid truing nguy hiem !thong the sir dung mang Sensor 0 day truyen thOng dirge

Viec ket hop tic bO cam bien thanh mang Wen nay nay a too ra Mien kha ging nu% cho con ngubi Cie bO vi cam bien v6i bet th IS, gin trong voi cac thiet bi vo tuyen hoan town c6 the gin trong mOt kith thuac rat nh6 Chang 0 the hog doing trong mOt m8i truing clay dac v6i Icha firing thc da cao Do d6, yeti mang cam hien Ichong day ngay nay, ngtrin to da 0 the khIm phi Sail hien Wong rat Iche thay truck day Ngay nay, cac mang cam bien kheong day dirge (mg dung trong nhieu linh vrc nhu cac ciu true chiong lai dja chin, nghien thu vi sinh v#t Wen, giam sat viec chuyen chi cac chit gay o nhigm, kiem tra he sinh thai vi m8i tiring sinh vet phirc

1.2 Nen tang phit trier mang

Viec phift trien mang Wireless Sensor duct tren Ong nghe mang Ad hoc kW:mg day va dugc thuc diy bed hai yen t6 IA nhu ciu (mg dung va cac tien b0 cOng nghe

1.2.1 Along Ad hoc khang day

Mang Ad hoc Meng day II kieu mang kheong c6 co s6 ha tang nen tang, dirge trier khai cho cac muc dich sit dung tam thei can thiet lop nhanh cheng, thu$n tien nhu

de tim kiem vi thu hO, phut Ai lien lac cho cic thinh vien trong mOt cuOc hop,.v.v

Mang Ad hoc kh8ng can can thinh phin co set ha tang nhu tong dui, tram thu phat gsfic

hay bit Id mOt trung tam dieu khien nil° Tit cu cac nut di doing trong mang Ad hoc duct lien ket doing v6i nhau mOt each tujr y, !dieing a5 bit Id sir dieu khien nao tir ben ngoai Tit ci cac nut nay deu 0 the hog dung nhu mat bO djnh tuyen nha khi rung

tim vi duy 1r1 djnh tuyin tai the net khac trong mpg Ck giao thirc djnh My& trong mang Ad hoc c6 the chia thenh hai

—Ccic giao that djnh tuyin theo being: mai nut mpg se duy tri va cap nh$t thong tin djnh tuyen tai mai nut mang khic;

—Qic giao thus djnh tuyin theo yeu cdu• Viec djnh tuyen chi doge thin hien

khi to yeu caw chuyen gai, nhe ca the tim dubng

Hien nay to ben giao thin djnh tuyen doge sir dung trong mang Ad hoc:

a) Dinh tuyen theo chu6i chi huerng vii dich Man ty

Trong Dinh tuyen theo chuei chi Wing tied dich tuin to (Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector - DSDV), mai tram di dOng deu c6 mat bang dint) tuyen trong de ghi the dich hien tai, s6 cac Were nhay de den dugc dich vi so this to doge gin cho not dich S6 the to nay dugc sir dung di phan biet the tuyen va nhu vay tranh dirge sir hinh thanh the yang lap Cie tram djnh lc5r gin bang dinh tuyen ctia n6 cho the nut lan can cita n6 MOt tram ding giri bimg djnh tuyen neu mot thay del ding ke trong bang

so vii Ian gdi Op nh$t cuoi cling dirge phut hien Nhu vOy, viec Op nh$t dirge thtrc hien ca theo then gian vi theo sr kien

Cie bang dinh tuyin c6 the dugs giri Op nh$t theo hai each: chuyen toan b0 ("full dump") hay Op nh$t phen gia tang Theo each chuyen toan Ns, bang djnh thy&

se doge gfri trgn vcn den the nut Ian On vi n6 c6 the bao gem rdau geoi tin Ngugc theo each cap Slot phin gia tang, chi nhemg mve ghi men elm bang djnh tuyen so vii lin cop nh$t cu6i ming mai dirge gfri di va phii visa trong mot gOi tin Kid mpg Wang dei 6n dinh, cic DM cap nh$t phen gia tang duce sir dung di trinh viec km lugng tang cao va viec chuyen toan b0 (full dump) it dugs sir dung han Trong the mang thay dei nhanh, se ltrung cac gOi Op nh$t phin gia tang c6 the trer len nit Ian nen_ vies chuyen tom b0 bang doge thgc hien thueng xuyen han

b) Dinh tuyen bang thu$t toan tim throng tan ty theo then gian

Dinh tuyen bang thu$t toan tim throng then qr theo then gian (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm - TORA) la mot giao thirc dinh tuyen tren ca so mot thu$t torn "dao lien ket" ("Link Reversal") NO dugc thief ke de tim cac tuyen dueng theo yeu eau, cung cap Mau tuyen tai mot &eh, thiet 1#p tuyen nhanh va giant tai mire ter thieu phan phy tai (overhead) bang thu$t toan khoanh yang cheng lai tic thay del ve hinh trang mpg c6 the say ra Viec tai uu djnh WA' (dm throng ngin nhat) doge coi

la thin yeu vi viec djnh tuyen vii the duerng dal han dirge sir dung thuerng xuyen de

trinh pha ► phu tai khi tim throng mai

Host Ong cea giao thirc TORA duqc hinh dung gi6ng nhu dua ntrec chity dOc xueing qua mOt mang cac dubng Ong vi huang tai mOt diem dich Cac dubng Ong me

to ck lien kit gifts cac nut mang, cic diem noi cac dubng Ong nay m8 to cac nut mang

va nuec chay trong the Ong m8 to cac g6i tin duqc djnh tuyen huang ten dich M6i not mOt dO cao so yea dich duqc firth toil' boi giao thirc djnh tuyen va dO cao gam din tren tuyin, nhb v#y 0 the chuyin g6i tin mOt cach twin ttr de tai dich

c) Giao thirc djnh tuyEn ngu8n dOng

Diem ca ban tha giao thirc djnh tuyin ngu6n dOng ( Dynamic Source Routing DSR) la viec se dung djnh tuyin nguen Tic 11, nai giri nhon biet duqc hohn toan tuyen dubng dont cac lien kat din tai dich Cic tuyen dubng nay duqc luu trong bO nha djnh tuyin (Route Cache) Cic g6i de lieu mang theo thong tin djnh tuyen ngu6n trong tieu di gel !Chi met nut trong mpg Ad hoc muAn giri mOt gel tin tai met dich

-ma no chua then hitt duqc tuyen dubng, n6 se se dung mOt tier With tim dubng (Route Discovery) de xic djnh mOt tuyen Tien trinh tim dubng se giri tan Ian vio trong mang cac g6i you au tuyen (Route Request-RREQ) Mgi not then duqc RREQ lai tiep tic quAng bit no, trir khi not de II not dich ho#c c6 met tuyen tai dich duqc luu trong bO nhe djnh tuyen CAc net nay tra Ibi do g6i RREQ bang cac g6i h6i am djnh tuyen (Route Reply-RREP) Cac g6i nay duqc djnh tuyen tra lai ngu6n Cac g6i RREQ Nth RREP ding duqc djnh tuyen theo ngu6n Cite g6i RREQ lep len met thy& xuyen qua mpg Gel RREP djnh tuyen tra lai nguOn bang each di nguqc tra lai theo tuyen dubng nAy Thong tin ve tuyen duct mang tr6 lai bing g6i RREP vi ductc km

tai ngugn de se dtmg

Neu mOt lien ket tren mOt tuyen bj se 0, net ngutin duqc thong bit° bang mOt g6i Igi (Route Error-RERR) Ngugn se xoa tuyen nay trong b0 the djnh tuyen vi bit d'au met tier tint' tim dubng mei niu tuyin nay con can duet Trong DSR Itheng can met ca chi tl#c bit nit) de phit hien cic vong 1#p djnh tuyin

d) Djnh tuyen dip vao chugi chi huang theo yeu ciu tam thbi

Djnh tuyin dtra vac, chugi chi huang theo you tam thbi (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance- Vector Routing - AODV) c6 diem giong DSR la n6 cling tim cac dubng yeu eau th8ng qua mOt bang mOt tien trinh ten diking tucmg ti Tuy nhien, AODV sa

dtmg mOt ca chi rat khic de luu gift th8ng tin djnh tuyen NO sir dung cic bang djnh tuyen truyen thong, m6i mac la met dich Day IA diem nguqc lai DSR (DSR 0 the I= gift nhieu mac cho m6i dich) Kitting c6 djnh tuyin ngu6n, AODV dtra vAo do mac trong bang djnh tuyen a truyen mOt RREP trb ve ngu6n va sau de,duqc sir dung de djnh tuyen cac gel so lieu duqc tai dich AODV sir dung cac s6 the ti duqc luu tai m6i

Bich de xic djnh tinh mai cis thong tin din]) tuyen va chong loi cic yang l#p djnh tuyen Tit ci cic &Si deu mang theo cic se the ty My

MOt d#c diem quan tong curt AODV Ii lint gift cic tong thai djnh gib can ban trong m8i nut de ten dung cic num trong bang djnh tuyen don MOt muc trong bang djnh tuyen c6 the bj xoa nett n6 khang duqc se dung trong th6i gian gin

Giao thirc DSDV la giao thin djnh tuyen theo bang, cic giao they DSR, TORA, AODV thuOc loci giao thee djnh tuyin theo you diu

1.2.2 Nin tong ang nghf

Cac den b0 trong cong nghe chi too cic thikt bj dien ti rat nh6 gia re vai cOng suit thip va phan Ma chit nang cao, cic but den trong c8ng nghe mong khang day

vi trong linh virc vi dieu Mat de too m dem Sing to 16n trong linh Arc cam Wen va thu th#p de lieu Viec sir dung cic bO vi dieu lchien ding suit thip tich hqp kb& thu phat vo tuyen vi cic duet bj dun bien tuong Ur, so khic nhau cho phep mOt mong cic thiet bj cam bat khong day hoot dOng bing ngu6n acquy c6 the thu th#p de lieu ve Sol trubng trong phom vi 16n De lieu nay c6 the duqc tai den mOt may tinh vi duqc

km trong ca s?r de lieu Sau do, c6 the duqc phfin tich thong qua mOt phin mem ling

dung Ket qui c6 the duqc truy xuit trqc tiep hdic obi mOt trinh duyet Web chuin 6 bit cir din tren Internet Cic mong Sensor ngiy nay c6 Stang cii lien ding ke so vOi cic Sensor truyin thong theo hai huOng:

—Cic Sensor c6 the d#t 6 xa hien num, tic la cic th8ng tin ve hien tiro% c6 duqc nh6 riling lye cam bien vi phan tich Theo huOng nay, yeu au cic Sensor lan sir dung mOt s6 ky thuitt phirc top de nhen hie& duqc cic dich ti cic top am moi twang 6 khoing cich xa;

—Nhieu Sensor chi yeti chi hoot dOng cam bien duqc then khai Vi tri cic Sensor va hinh tong th8ng tin duqc firth town can then Ching duqc lien kit thanh mOt mong de truyen th8ng tin ve cic dign bien cia hien tucmg duqc

them d6 tai cic nut trung tam, nai tiep nh#n va xi 1± du lieu

MOt mang Sensor bao gem mOt s6 !wag lon cic nut (tut then khai day d#c ben

trong d6i Wong can thin' do hdic 6 rat gin no Vi tri cis cic Sensor }tilting can phii djnh tart Dieu My cho phep hien khai nglu nhien trong cic vimg khong the tiep din ho#c trong cic hoot dung tninh sq nguy lam Dieu My ding c6 nghia Ii cic thu$t Wan

vi giao thirc phai c6 khi niing to to chirc MOt d#c trung nfta ciut mong Sensor la khi Wing cling tic cia cic Sensor Cic Nit Sensor phii c6 bO xi ly gin trong Thay vi chuyen cic dit lieu th8 din cic nit co nhiem vu xi iSr, de nut Sensor se sir dung khi neng tinh tam cis n6 de thqc hien cic xti 1Sr din gian va chi chuyen di cic de lieu duqc yeu ciu vi dit qua xir IST sa b0

Cac dac diem tren dua den met pham vi ting dung lan dui mang Sensor MOt s6 Arc duqc limg dung la y te, club sir vi an ninh VI du nhu the Mc si se kiem tra Ut

xa cat du lieu ye sixth 1ST benh nhan Dieu My yen thuon tier cho benh shin vita gifip cac bac si hieu rb hot ve tinh trong benh than Mang Sensor con duqc se dung de phat hien citc tic nhan hea hac trong kitting khi vi nu6c Chting giup chi ra kieu, stir co lai

va vi tri cue the chit Ve ca ban, the mang Sensor cung ap cho ngtrei sir dung sir hieu

test hen, thong minh hen ye mei trtemg Chang to c6 the thay ring trong tucmg lai, ac mang wireles Sensor se 11 met plan kheng the thieu trong cuOc sting, gieng nhu may

tinh ci nhan Men nay

Cac dung thvc to cult mang Sensor yeu au phai se dung cling nghe mang Wireless Ad hoc Mkic de vay, c6 nhieu thu$t Wan vi giao that da duce se dung cho the mang Wireless Ad hoc truyen thing nhung chting kheng phi hqp lim vei the dac tinh va you eau ting dung cue mpg Sensor, De minh hoe diem nay, sv Ichac nhau gifts mang Sensor vi mang Wireless Ad hoc duce phic hoe dual day:

—S6 luqng net Sensor tong mpg Sensor c6 the dirge yeu au 6 mire len hen rat nhieu so Arai the mang Ad hoc;

—Ck nut Sensor duqc trien khai van mat de 16n han;

—Cac not Sensor thuong gap trot trac;

—Hinh trong mang Sensor thay dei rat thutng xuyen;

—Cac net Sensor thuong sir dung me hlnh thong tin quing bai nguqc lai the mang Ad hoc sit dung truyen thong diem- diem;

—Cac nut Sensor c6 han chi ve tong xuat, kha nang tinh Wan vi be nha;

—Cac not Sensor c6 the kitting c6 nhan clang toan cue do se lugng nut Sensor 16n

VI met se lugng 16n nut Sensor duqc trien khai day 4c net talc net Mn can c6 the rat gin nhau Do d6, truyen thong da lien kit (Multihop) dirge chen de Gong suit sir dung thAp hen so vol tray& thong don lien kit truyen thong (Single hop) Han nib, tong suit truyen dAn c6 the gift a mire thap, dieu my nit can cho the host dung ngAm Truyen thong da lien kit con c6 met se hieu quit truyen tin hieu test hen so WA truyin th6ng khoing catch xa

MOt han the quasi trqng rift& mitt the not Sensor la yeu au phai RIM thieu tang suit tieu thu Cac nut Sensor chi tich trft duce nguen rang luqng han the vi Wong dirge thay the VI voy, tong khi the mang truyin thing ludo dat mire tieu cung cap chat lugng djch (QoS) cao thi the giao thec trong mang Sensor phiti chit trqng den str bao Mn nguon nang lugng Ngu&i se dung phai chqn gifts tool thq ant mang vii han the ve thong lugng hay de to truyen din 16n

User

1.3 M8 tit bf thong

1.3.1 Mo td he thing ling quit

Cic nut Sensor duqc then khai trong mOt truemg Sensor (Sensor field) duqc

mirth hqa tren hinh 1.1 Mei nut Sensor duqc phat tan cet khit nang thu thap thong se se lieu, djnh tuyen so lieu ve b0 thu nhAn (Sink) de chuyen ten ngubi dimg (User) vi djnh tuyin cic ban tin mang theo lenh hay you du ttlr nut Sink den cac nut Sensor SO lieu

&cc djnh tuyen ve phis be thu nhfin (Sink) theo du truc da lien kit kh8ng c6 co kr hit tong nen fling (Multihop Infrastructureless Architecture), dm la khong o5 cac tram thu

phat gec hay cac truing tam dieu khien, nhtr trong hinh 1.1 BO thu nhan to the lien lac

tnrc tiep v6i tram dieu hanh (Task Manager Node) caa ngtriti dimg ho(ic gian dap

th8ng qua Internet hay ye firth (Satellite)

Ifinh 1.1 M8 hinh trier khai cac nut Sensor MOt nut Sensor duqc tao len tir ben think phin co ban lit: b0 cam bien, be xfr it,

be thu phat kh8ng day va nguon Tut theo ling citing cy the, nut Sensor con c6 the c6 cat thank phAn be xung nhu he thong tim vj tri, bet sinh riling luqng va thiet bj di dung Cic thanh plain trong mOt nut Sensor duqc minh hog tren hinh 1.2 BO cam bien thueng thuerng gem hai don vj thanh phiin lit thief bj dm bien (Sensor) vi b0 chuyen deli Prong Vise (ADC) Cac tin hieu twang to c6 duqc tir cac Sensor trill co so cam bien cac hien tucmg duqc chuyen sang tin hieu se bang bO chuyen di ADC, rei mei duqc dua tai be xAr 19 BO xar lt, thtremg kit hqp voi met be nher the, phan tich thong tin dm in& vi quan It cac thu tuc Ong tic vei cat nut khic de phei hqp thyt hien nhiem vv BO thu phat dam bio th8ng tin eta nut Sensor va mpg bang kit ad kh8ng day, c6 the la v8 tuyen, hung ngoai hok bang tin hieu quang MOt thanh phAn quan

Thiet bj nhe Bp thu phdt

twig ctia nut Sensor la bO ngu6n BO ngu6n, c6 the la pin ho(ic acquy, cung cap Ming luqng cho nut Sensor vi kh8ng thay the duqc nen nguan nang Ituyng dm nut thueng 111 giOi han BO ngu6n c6 the duqc ha trq bed cic fiat bj sinh niing luqng, vi dv nhu cic tam pin m#t tan the

Hiu het cic ding nghe djnh tuyin trong mpg Sensor vu cic nhiem vy cam bien you ciu phai c6 sir nh$n biet ye vj tri vOi de chfnh xic cao Do de, cic nut Sensor among phai c6 he thing tim vj tri Cic thiet bj di gong den khi cling can thiet de di chuyen oic nut Sensor theo you tin di dim bio cic nhiem vµ duqc phan c8ng

Hinh 1.2 Ctie thanh phizn etia nut Sensor

De minh hoa re hop ye mpg Sensor lcheng day trong thvc te, phan tiep sau day

se giei thieu met he thing mang Sensor dien hinh DO la he thing WISENET

1.3.2 He thling WISENET

a) Geri thieu he thing WISENET

WISENET (Wireless Sensor NETwork) la he thing thu nhon dit lieu ye moi twang nhu tinh sang, nhiet de vi dO km ttY met mang gem cic thiet bj cam bien kh8ng day c8ng suit thip duqc gqi la cic "hat cam Bien" (Sensor motes) De lieu nay dirge chuyen ten met may ch6 vi duqc luu trong met ca se de lieu Met chuang trinh Web

se nii#n de lieu phan tich vi hien thj tren trinh duyet Web

Mai hat Sensor duqc tich hqp bOi met vi dieu khien, met be thu phat ve, tuyin, cic phin ter ciun bien mei trubng vi nguen nuoi Met he dieu hinh thai gian thvc duqcgqi li TinyOS (Tiny Operation System) duqc s>f dvng de tan thieu cling suit lieu thy

ma van cung cap !chi niing dieu the ding suit cao vi cho phop cic haat dung t#p trung deg thin

b) Sa d6 he thing WISENET

He th6ng WISENET gam hat h¢ thong con chinh la phan tich so lieu (Data Analysis Subsystem) va thu nhen so lieu (Data Acquisition Subsystem), ba thanh phin chinh la tram chit (Server), tram ngtrei clang (Client) va mang cac hat Sensor (Sensor mote network)

CUBIT SERVER SENSOR MOTE NETWORK

DATA ANALYSIS SUBSYSTEM j DATA ACQUISITION SUBSYSTEM j

Hinh 1.3 Sa do he tang WISENET Cac he thong con chinh la:

- He thOng con phan tick so ` lieu: He thong con nay chi gam phan mem Nd dva

tren ca sec ha tang Internet vi Web hien tai (HTTP) de truyen th8ng tin gifts may firth chit (Server) va may truy 4p (Client) Nhiem vtr cern he thong con nay la chip ley cac de lieu m8i tnrbng thich hqp chug duqc xir ly, co duqc nh6 he thong thu nhen de lieu, phfut tich va girt ket qui den ngtr?ri ding theo yeu au

- He thimg thu nhOn so lieu: Mix inch ctia he thong con nay thu thap se lieu

m8i trtemg vi luu frit trong ca s6 de lieu de sau do he thong ph& tich se xir ljr He thong con bao g6m mpg cac Sensor duqc ket hqp vai may tinh chit duqc cai philn mem he thong (TinyOS Daemon)

Cac thanh phim chinh cda he thong bao gam:

- Trgm ngicai dung (Client): Client IA thanh phen can thiet nhtmg 11 thanh phan

ben ngolti CO nghia la chi can Client la bet cfr may firth nio co trinh duyet Web (Web browser) va duqc not mang Internet Nd chi deng vai fro la giao dien cM ngtrai se dvng den vai he thong phfin tich s6 lieu Nd dim ra yeu clu s6 lieu cM ngubi sir dung vai tram chd vu thu 'Ay cac s6 lieu dA yeu ciu

- Trgm chi (Server): DAy 11 thAnh phen then chOt cM he thong, 11 m6i lien lac

gift hat he thong con thu nh$n va phAn tich s6 lieu va met phan tich so lieu

ne le mOt may chit HTTP (HTTP Server) mang mOt ting doing Web (Web

program) Khi nh#n duqc mOt yeu ciu ye trang Web, may chit HTTP gqi (mg

dung Web My nhon so lieu tar ca sa do lieu (SQL Database), phan tich vi due

lei trang theo you ciu den may firth ngubi thing (Client) ye phis he thttng thu

nh#n dO lieu, c6 mOt trinh tien Ich hoot ding ngAm (Daemon) duqc gqi la

wiseDB de trio d6i thong tin a ding yeti mang Sensor WiseDB dam nhon

viec gfri cic lenh qua lien ket not flip 8232 den c6ng giao tiep (gateway mote)

de chuyin tee mang Sensor N6 cOng dim nhen viec thu th$p se lieu tir mpg

Sensor (ciing thong qua gateway mote) 56 lieu due den duqc 361 lgt rat it vi

duqc chuyin vao ca se do lieu Nhu v$y, ca sa dtt lieu SQL la au an gilts

hai he thong thu nhfut vi xir ly set lieu Vi ca sa do lieu SQL lien lac th8ng qua

TCP/IP nen chi tram chef HTTP vi chtrcmg trinh Web an phai duqc d#t trong

Mng mOt to chtic vet lg Tram chti HTTP, ca sa dn lieu SQL, wiseDB co the

dtit trong cic t6 chirc vet lt khic nhau vi ket nei thong qua Internet Trinh to

host ding dm Server duqc tom tit nhu sau:

le

Nh#n s6 lieu

tfr ca sa chit lieu, tut theo ring buOc ctia tram khich

HMI: 1.4 Trinh to hoot tong mia Server

— Ming ccic ho t Sensor: Mang cic Sensor la thanh phin tong tam dm he tilting

Cac Sensor dim nhen viec thu th$p so lieu mei truing vi chuyen cic sti lieu

nay den tram chit NO can phai nh#n elk lenh tir tram chi, co the 11 you ciu ve

s6 lieu hay tai chtrcmg trinh mai C6 hai phin tir thuOc thinh phin nay Thter

nhAt la cic hat thong thubng (Standard mote) Cale hat My co nhiem thu th$p

cic th8ng tin cam bien tim m8i trtrang, bao gem anh sing, nhiet do, dO Am vi

truyen cic s6 lieu ntly den gateway Cluing truyen thong tin qua lien ket v8

tuyen Ong suit thip a dii tan ISM 900 MHz vi dim him tat ci Mc goi du

duce dua tai Gateway Cluing can ce phin cimg hieu chinh vi gum sit ding

suit nguOn Hut c6ng (Gateway mote) la phan hi di* hai cue mang Sensor

motes Muc (Itch chinh cue ne la lien lac gitta tram chit vi mang Sensor qua

lien ket vo thy& RS-232 vi chuyin tit ci cic &Si so lieu tin WiseDB Ca hai

phlin hi' Standard mote vi Gateway mote deu c6 cang phin cimg vi phin mem, ching chi khic nhau ve chirc nang

SCUM MOM

Hinh 1.5 Cric thinh plain trong hot Sensor

Ck thinh phin tong hat Sensor throe minh hog tren hinh 1.5, bao gam:

—Ck Sensor cim Bien inh sing, dO Am, nhiet do (Light, Humidity, Temp); cic LED tang thii;

—Mach thu phit v8 tuyen, mach giao tiep RS-232 (UARTS), cic be chuyen Wong to-so (ADC), vi zit 15, 18i 8051, be nh6 SRAM vi FLASH (chins he dieu hinh TinyOS, phtm mem) dirgetich hop ten vi mach CC1010;

—Phan mem he thong (drivers) giao tiep RS-232 (chi trong gateway), be thu phit vo tuyin vi antent;

—BO nguon nueii (Om acquy, mach giim sit nguOn)

c) Cic tieu chuin dirge ip dung

—Giao that truyin sieu van bin (HTTP);

—Ng8n ngit truy yin then eau true (SQL);

—Lien ket vo tuyin not tiep RS-232;

—Lien ket not tiep vi dieu lchien (I2C);

—Quy djnh FCC (dii tin deg nghiep, khoa hoc, y to ISM)

1.4 Tong Ewan vi loan frac meng

Ngan xip giao thtc throe so doing trong be thu nh$n (not Sink) vi tat ca the nut

Sensor dirge minh hod tong hinh 1.6

Ngan zip giao thim nay phOi hop eac tinh Win ve djnh tuyen vi nang luting, kat hop se lieu v6i the giao thirc mang, truyen tin veri hieu quit vi Wing Wong th6ng qua

mai twang khong day vi tang cterng sv hqp tic gifts Mc nut Sensor Nan xlp giao that bao gem 16p 1mg dung (Application Layer), lop giao von (Transport Layer), 16p mpg (Network Layer), 16p lien ket s6 lieu (Datalink Layer), 16p v#t 19 (Physical Layer), mat bang quart 19 Wing ltryng (Power Management Plane), mat bing quip 19 di dung (Mobility Management Plane) vi mat bang quin 19 nhiem vp (Task Management Plane)

Appikadon Layer

Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physkal Layer

Hinh 1.6 Nen xip giao that mom Sensor

TuS, then nhiem cam Bien, dc kik phin mem frng dung c6 the duqc xay dung

vi sir dung tren 16p (mg dung Lop giao von &up duy tri dang s6 lieu khi cic *rig dung

dm mpg Sensor yeu cau Lop mpg top trung vio viec djnh tuyen so lieu duqc cung cAp bari lop giao von Do mai trutmg c6 nhigu vi cuc Mt Sensor c6 the di dung duqc, giao Daft MAC phai duqc tinh tour ve Ming luqng vi tdi thieu has va chum trong viec phit quing bi vei cic nut Ian con Utp vot 19 stl dung cac ky thult die'u che, truyin vi nh#n cin thiet don giin nhung mph me Them vio de, cic mat bing quirt 19 ming

luqng, di dOng vi nhiem vu dieu khien sr phan ph6i Wing luqng, phOi hqp di chuyin

vi nhiem vp gifts cic nut Sensor Cic mat bing niy glop cho cic nut Sensor c6 the phai hop trong nhiem vu cam Wen vi giim duqc thng &Mg luqng tieu thy

Mat bing quin 19 tiling luqng quin 19 viec mOt nut Sensor stl dung &Mg luqng ctia n6 nhu the nio? Vi du, nth Sensor ce the tit bO phen sau khi nh$n mOt bin tin M mOt trong Mc nut Ian On Dieu My c6 the tranh duqc viec nh#n ban tin teri hai Ngoii ra, khi mitt Wing luyng caa nut Sensor thip, nut Sensor se thong bio ten tit

cu cic nut lan On ring mirc Wing luqng thip cua no &I thip nen n6 khang the tham gia

vio viec djnh tuyen cho cic bin tin Nang luqng can 10 duqc dv tilt cho viec cam

bien Met bing quin 19 di dung d6 tim vi ghi lai chuyin dOng dm nut Sensor, vi the mOt tuyen dutmg Wong ten nut user luon dirge duy tri vi cie nut Sensor co the theo dei dirge cic nut Sensor Ian c$n V6i viec nhen biet dirge cic nut Sensor Ian c$n, nut Sensor co the can bing gifts nhiem vu vi Ming lugng sla clung Met bang quirt 19 nhiem vu can bang vi sap xep nhiem vu cim bien cho mOt vfmg cu the Khong pith tin

ci cic Sensor trong vfmg d6 dirge yeu ciu thgc nhiem vu cim then tai cling mOt thbi diem Ket qua la mOt vii nut Sensor thgc hien nhiem nhieu hop cic nit khic tu9 theo mire ning lugng ctla chung Nhftng met quail 19 nay rat can thiet, nhu vay, cic nut Sensor ce the lam viec ming yeti nhau de c6 hieu qua ve met nang lugng, ce the djnh tuyen se lieu trong mOt mang Sensor di dung vi chia se UM nguyen gitta cic nut Sensor Neu kitting, mgi nit Sensor se chi lam viec mOt each don le Xuat phat quan diem xem xet trong tan mang Sensor, se hieu qui hon neu cic nut Sensor c6 the hoot dOng NT tic vol nhau, nhu the cling c6 the keo dii Si thg cult mpg

1.4.1 Lop eng dyng

Mgc db nhieu linh we ling dung cho mang Sensor dirge vach r8 vi dugs de xuit, cic giao thirc lerp ling dung con dem tang cho ming Sensor van con li mOt vOng rung 16n chua dirge Icham phi Trong phin nay, chting to se khio sit ba giao thirc 16p Ong dung quan Ming li giao tithe quin 19 Sensor (Sensor Management Protocol-SMP), giao thirc phan nhiem vu vi quing cio s6 lieu (Task Assignment and Data Advertisement Protocol-TADAP), giao thfrc truy van Sensor vi phe hien se lieu (Sensor Query and Data Dissemination Protocol-SQDDP), rat can thiet cho mpg Sensor tren co set nheng so a dirge de mat ce lien quan ten nhltng 16p khic vi cic Milt vtrc (mg dung mang Sensor Tat ci cic giao that lop Ong dung nay deu la nhttng van de nghien cfru c6 firth mer

a) Giao thfrc quail 19 Sensor

Viec thiet ke mOt giao Ogre quin 15, 16p Ong dung c6 nhieu thuen Igi Mung Sensor ce nhieu linh we ling dung khic nhau vi viec truy nhop den cac Sensor th8ng qua cic mang ram Internet duqc djnh htreng tong mOt se the dtr an hien nay MOt giao thine quip 19 lap Ong dung lam cho phin cling vi ph& mem cis cac 16p thap tat len trong su6t vdi the ling dung quail ly mang Sensor Tut li, viec sir dung cac phin clang vi phan mem nio cho lop thip khong inh Sang tOi hoot dung ctia cic ling dung (plan IY mang Sensor

Cic nhi quin tri he theng tic dOng tOi mung Sensor nhb sir dung SMP Khang nhu nhieu mpg khac, mpg Sensor bao gem cac nut Icherng as cac se than dung ID (IDentify ) tom cue vi chUng thubng khong ce co se ha tang mang VI the SMP can

phai truy nh$p tei cac nut bing each sir dung d#t ten thuOc firth ca sa va danh die chi v1 tri ca se

SMP la met giao thirc quan 13"/ cung cap hoot dOng phen mem cAn thiat de thoc hien nhiem vp quin tr1 mpg sau:

—Dua ra cac guy tic lien quan tea viec t#p hap se lieu, d#t ten thuOc tinh car so, t#p hap cac nh6m nut Sensor there), cum;

—Trao dui so lieu lien quan tel cac thing tan tim vi tri;

—Deng b0 thei gian cho cuc nut Sensor;

—Di chuyen cac nut Sensor ;

—Bet va tit ac nut Sensor ;

—Truy van chiu hinh mong Sensor vi trong thai nut, dinh Bang loi au hinh mong Sensor ;

—Xac Wien, phew phOi Um% va bao met trong truyen thong se lieu

b) Giao thirc phan nhiem vu va gang cao s6 lieu

Met hoot dOng quan tang lchac trong mpg Sensor la ph6 hien you au ve se•

lieu NguOi sir dung c6 the girl yew au nay tei met nut Sensor, ten met mong con ho#c tel than mang Yeu au nay c6 the la ve met thuOc tinh mlo de ciut hien Wang mot lieu hotic met so kien clang quan tem Sau de, cac Sensor lien quan se girl cac s6 lieu duqc you au tai ngutii sir (long MOt phucmg phap Ichac la quimg cao cac se lieu c6 sin

Trong phuong phap nay, ac nut Sensor quang cao ac sO lieu c6 sin cho ngtrei dung

va truy van ngtrei sir (long ve s6 lieu ma ha quan tam tel MOt giao thirc lop img citing cung cap cho nerei clang phin mem yeti giao dien cho viec truyen dot you au h6 trq rat hieu qua cho cac hoot dung cim lop thip han, nhu dinh tuyen

c) Giao thirc truy van Sensor va ph6 bien sO lieu

SQDDP cung cap cho nerei sir dyng nherng img (long bao gem giao dien truy van, phan h6i truy vim vi thu thep phitn hei gui tei Can Iuu 9 rang hAu het citc truy

vin khan dirge dua ra cho thug nut rieng Thay vao de, viec det ten thuOc firth co so

va vi tri ca ser duqc sir (long nhieu han Vi do: "vitt ciut nhttng nut ma cam bien duet nhiet dO cao han 70 du F " la met truy van thuOc tinh ca se Tuang to nhu vey, "nhiet

do dac ra bOi nhttng not trong vang A" le met vi do d#t ten v1 tri ca so

Neon net truy van Ira ttAt nhiem vu Sensor (Sensor Query And Tasking Language-SQTL) la met ing (long cung cap met t$p hap len dich vu SQTL h6 trq ba loci so kien duat dinh nghia bing hY khea receive, every and expire Tir khea receive dinh nghia cac so kien duqc to ra bei nut Sensor khi nut Sensor nhem duqc met ben tin (Message); ttY khea Every dinh nghia tic so kien xiy ra dinh kjr theo met b0 dinh

thei gian (Timer), fir kh6a Expire djnh nghia cic sir kien xAy ra khi mOt b0 djnh thei gian khong con hieu lye Neu mOt not Sensor nhon dirge mgt thong bao dinh cho n6

vi bao g6m mOt ?loon mA lenh, nut Sensor se thuc hien doon lenh de Ngoili SQTL, cic lo3i SQDDP khic c6 the phit trier cho nhttng CEng dung khiic nhau Cic SQDDP c6 the duqc sir dung duy nhat cho tang img ding

1.4.2 Lap giao v9n

Lap giao von cung cap cic dich vu t6 chirc lien loc dsu cuii tir cic nut Sensor c6 bao coo can chuyen thi not thu nhon (Sink) vi nut ngtrei sir dung Lep giao yen d#c biet can thief khi he thing c6 ki hooch truy nhijp thong qua Internet hok nhttng mang ben ngorli khic Giao dike TCP vei ca chi con s6 truyan din chug phu hqp vei trung ciut tad trueng mang Sensor hien nay Do do5, viec thiet lop mOt lien kat tau cuii tir the nut Sensor tr►c tiep den not quip ly cua ngueri star dung la Wing hieu qui Phuong phip phan tech TCP lil can thiet de mang Sensor tuong tic vei cue mpg khic

vi du nhu Internet Trong phucmg phip nay, kit noi TCP duqc sir dung de lien lac gitta not quan 15, cua ngtrei sir dung vi nut thu nhon (Sink) vi mOt giao thee lop giao von pha hqp vei m8i truimg mang Sensor dirge sir dung cho truyan thong gifta not thu nhon vi cic nut Sensor Kit qui la truyan thong gitta nut nguei sir dung vi nut thu nhOn c6 the sir dung giao thirc UDP ho#c TCP thong qua Internet hok qua ye tinh

Met khic, viec truyan thong gifts not thu nhon vi cic nut Sensor chi sir dung hoa ► tour cic giao thee kik nhu UDP, bei vi cic nut Sensor c6 b0 nhe Milt cho

Kh8ng gi6ng the giao thee kieu nhu TCP, cic phtrcmg phip truyan thing tau cu6i (end to end) trong mang Sensor khong dja chi toin cic Cic phi:mg phip nay dya tren viec d#t ten thutjc tinh co s?r de chi ra diem dich cos g6i s6 lieu Cic nhan tO nhtr tieu thu Wing lugng, khi nAng me rung vi cic d#c flung nhu djnh tuyen top trung s6 lieu khien cho mang Sensor can phiti c6 nhttng ca chi khic trong 16p giao von Yeu

au nay nhin mph sir an thiit coo nhftng log giao thirc mei h lep giao 4n

1.4.3 Lap mgng

Cic nut Sensor duqc phan b6 day do trong mOt trueng h Sri hooch ngay ben trong cic Men tugng nye tieu nhu trong hinh 1.1 Giao thee djnh tuyen kheng day da buck phu hqp gifts nut Sensor vi not Sink li can thiit Icy thuot djnh tuyen trong mpg ad-hoc thong thu?mg kh8ng pha hqp nhttng you cau ciut mon Sensor Lop mang ctia mang Sensor duac thiet ke theo nhimg nguyen t e sau:

—Hieu suAt nAng lugng luton la yku to quan tong;

—Hiu het cic mang Sensor li s6 lieu top trung;

—Viet top hqp s6 lieu chi ductc dux thi khi n6 Itheng cin tre hog dOng hqp tic cua cic nut Sensor;

— MOt mang Sensor ly twang phai nhen but duqc viec Anti dja chi thuOc tinh cc

sa vi vj tri

1.4.4 Lien kh lien ming

MOt chtic nAng quan trqng khic ells 16p mang la cung cap sir lien ket mang v6i

cfic mang ben ngoai nhu cic mpg Sensor khic, clic he thong phut lenh vi dieu khien

hay Internet Trong met me hinh mpg, cac net Sink duce sir citing nhu met Ging (Gateway) din cac mpg Wm Trong met me hlnh mang khac, met dubng tine duvc tao ra bang viec kit not citc not Sink yen nhau vi then trim nay duqc truy nh$p ten cac mang khic thong qua met Gateway

SMECN To met kw d6 con all ming Sensor gem duong ME

Trait Quang ba se lieu ten tit ci clic nut len can ma Ichong quan tam din

viec chimg di nhan no hay chua

Day truyin Gill so lieu tel met nut Ian can duerc Ilya chon nett nhien

Chi gui cac se lieu tei cac nut Sensor nett chimg dirge yeu au; c6 3 lo3i bim tin : ADV, REQ vi DATA

SPIN

SAR

Tao nhanh nhieu nhanh cay yeti gec ells mtii nhinh cay li met by& ted nut len can tfr nut Sink; chon met cay cho so lieu de djnh tuyen tr6 lai be nhan theo tai nguyen niing Wong vi viec do QoS bit

LEACH To cac clue (Cluster) de t6i thieu h6a lieu thp Sing Wong

a) Dieu khien truy nh$p mod trubng truyen din

Khong hieu qui v6i ltru leg cao

Tuy the vio nhu hay yeu cna ngtreci

dung

Hliu ich dOi vet toe

dO Bien dii vi luu Mpg da phuang tien

Lam tang phu tai (Overhead) vi trg do lien trinh Bang ki fru& lid nguyen

Dtra tren nhu

Tranh danh kenh khi

can chuyen gel

Giao thirc MAC trong mang Sensor to t6 chirc da bu6c !thong day (Wireless Multihop Self-organizing Sensor network) phi ' dot duqc hai intic lieu Thin nhAt la

phii tao ra co s6 ha tang mang Vi hang nghln nut Sensor de phan b6 day d#c trong mOt trtemg Sensor nen giao thirc MAC phii Mitt lop de Wiling lien ket thong tin de truyen s6 lieu Viec nay se 1#p ten co set ha Ling nen tang can thiet cho truyen thong

IMOng day da buck va tao cho mang Sensor khi nang to t6 chfrc Nhiem vu thfr hai 11 chia se tai cac nguyen th8ng tin mOt cich hieu qui va can bling gifts cac nut Sensor Clic giao that MAC truyen thong ce the duqc phan loci doct tren cac co chi phan b6

tai nguyen Bimg 2.3 cung cep mOt so phan tich cac uu, nhuqc diem va pharn vi ling

dung cfm cac loci nay

Bang 1.2 Phan lopi giao their MAC

b) Dieu khien sus 16i

Mgt chin Ming quan tong khic caa 16p lien ket so lieu la dieu khien sira 16i cho s6 lieu truyin din Hai phucmg phap dieu khien sfra quan tong trong mang truyen thong la suit 16i truck (Forward Error Correction-FEC) va yen au lop lai to dOng (Automatic Repeat Request-ARQ) Phuang phis') ARQ chug duqc ap dung trong mang Sensor m#c du d8 c6 nhieu dung ARQ c6 kha nang tich ling vi hieu qua da dugc ap dung cho cac mang di dOng khic KM Ming (mg dung ciia phucmg phap ARQ trong mang Sensor bj hart chi do viec tang chi phi truck khi truyen din vi phi tai M#t khic,

do phirc tap trong ma hot% cern plurong phip FEC tang theo Ichit Wing hieu chinh Xet ve m#t My, vies su dung cac ma dun gian 111 giii phip tot nhat cho mang Sensor Trong thiet ke cua phuong phap nay, van di quan tong la phai xem xet kg luring doc diem dm kenh va Icy thuot ma Phan flip theo se trinh bay dOng loc ling dung vi co s6 thiet ke thu tic FEC theo yeu colt mpg Sensor

FEC: DO tin c$y cart lien kit la tham s6 quan trong trong thiet ki bit ki mOt ming kh8ng day nao, dieu nay dug quan trqng ham veil ming Sensor do tinh chit gay _git va !thong On dinh caa sy dung dO kenh trong cac ting dung Ichic nhau MOt si cac ling dung nhu giam sat di dOng vi dieu hanh may mac dbi hOi dO chinh xic s6 lieu cao Ty s6 16i bit (BER) la tham s6 quan trung de danh gia dO tin cay ctia lien kit BER

ty 10 thuon vei toe dO ki hieu R, va tY 10 nghich vai ty si tin hieu tree nhieu SNR (E, / No) vi mire cong xuit phat P Gil su mOt phuong phap ma hod vai tY 10 R duqc sir dung Neu tic dO truyin ki hieu s6 lieu ducrc gift khong di so yeti tnrec khi ma hoa thi tee dO truyen ki hieu t6ng phii tang din R, / IL Ngoai ra, neu cling suit truyin din khong thl rang luqng thu duqc tren mOt ki hieu giim din RE, BER do duqc h diu vito b0 gill ma, BER dm tin hieu chug duqc xi: 1Y, Ian harp BER cim tin hieu sau giii

ma Dieu nay c6 duqc nhir b0 giai ma bing each khai thic phin du thira vi ciu true

cua b0 ma de hieu chinh mOt sa 16i dubng truyen Trong thyc ti, mOt ma sirs 161 tait duqc danh gia qua mire de giam BER vi dO lqi Chung DO lqi ma duqc dart gia bang cong suit phat them via an thiet trong truing him khong clang ma sirs 16i de dit duce cling BER aia tin hieu sau giii ma

Viec truyen th8ng s6 lieu mOt each tin 4y ca the dirge cung clip biing each tang cong xuit phat ra (Pow) ho#c sir dung cc chi FEC pha hqp Vi mOt nut Sensor c6 ngu6n Wing luqng giai hin nen viec tang cong suit phat la khang khi thi Do de, phai t#p trung vao FEC vi FEC ca thi gam Clang ke BER von bit ki gia tri P dirge cho Tuy nhien, cling phiti tinh din cong suit ictl 1* tang them do ma hoa va giii ma CEng suit xi 19 My gay bit lqi do gi6i hart nguOn Ming luqng cua cac nut Sensor Dieu nay rat quan frog dOi vol ming Sensor m(ic du c6 the khang ding ke yeti ac ming kherng day khac Neu cong xuit )(if 1y phat sinh nay lhn ham dO lqi ma hofi thi ci qua trinh nay

la khong hieu qua ve 'tang luqng vi he thong ching can phai ma hoa dm 16i M#t khac, FEC la rat quan trong vhf ming Sensor neu tang cling suit ma boa va gill ma nh6 ham cong suit phat tilt kiem dirge

Gil thiet met kenh c6 Fading Rayleigh ch#m khong chip 19c tin s6 va sir dung

ma hoa coin de hieu chinh 16i Cac phan tich da dua din kit lu$n ran fling lugng tieu thu trung binh cho mOt bit c6 ich tang ham mu theo do dai hart the ciut ma vi khong phu thuOc vio tY 10 ma Ngoii ra, FEC thuang kitting hieu qui neu giai ma bang mOt

vi xir ly vi nghien thu My gist:1'i thieu mOt 1,0 gill ma Viterbi chuyen dyng gin tre'n bang mach Cac kg thu$t ma don gian c6 the giii quyet yin de hieu qua nang luqng cho mpg Sensor

1.4.6 Lop gilt

Lap v#t 19 chju Mich nhiem bra chon tin s6, to tin s6 mang, tich song, dieu chi

va m8 hoa s6 lieu V* tan tan s6 va tach song thuOc pham vi thiet ke phin cting va b0

thu phut nen se Icherng duqc xem xet 6 day Cac phin titp theo se chi tong ve cuc hieu ting phut song, hieu xuit fling luong vii cuc phuang phap dieu chi trong mpg Sensor Hien nhien IA truyin th8ng v8 tuyen vii khoang each xa IA rat teal kern xet ca ye Ming Wong va dO phtic tap ctia hoot dOng Trong khi thiet ke lap vet 19 cho mang Sensor, viec tai thieu hoa nang luting duqc coi la rat quan tong, ngoai ra con cac yin

de ve suy hao, phut tan, v#t can, phan nhiiu, cac hieu ling fading da dueng Thong

thueng, ding suit du ra toi thieu a chuyen mOt tin hieu qua mOt khoitng cach d tjr le vii trong d6 2 5 n < 4 Se me n gin 4 volntent tent thip va cAc kenh gin mat dit di& hinh trong mpg Sensor Nguyen nhan la do sir triet lieu met phin tin hieu ben tia phan xa nAit dit De giui quyet van di nay, ngubi thiet ke phai hieu re cAc d#c tinh da (king c6 hifu va khai thac cluing met cach triet de Vf du, truyen th8ng qua thieu buerc

nhity trong mang Sensor c6 the vtrqt qua mOt each hieu qua cac vitt chin va cac hieu fmg suy hao throng truyen neu mat dO nut mang du 16n Ttrcmg tu, trong khi suy hao throng truyen va dung luting kenh hart chi dO tin c#y ctia s6 lieu thi nhe de to c6 the su dung lai tin s6 theo khang gian

Viec Iva chqn phuung thtic dieu chi tot de la yin de quyet djnh den von stir tin c#y trong truyen thong ctia mpg Sensor Phtrcmg phi" dieu chi co s6 M c6 the giant then gian truyen din bing viec gfri nhieu bit tren mOt ki hieu thI no lai lam tang de phfrc tap

Oa mach dien va tang tong suit v8 tuyen Vol dieu kien deg suit kheri kich vtrqt trOi thi phtrcmg phap dieu the co s6 hai c6 hieu qua ve rang luqng km VI the, phucrng

phap dieu chi co se M chi c6 lqi vol cAc he thong c6 Gong suit kheri kich thip

Thiet bj bang tin cue rOng (Ultrawideband-UWB) hay v8 tuyen xung (Impulse Radio-IR) tUng duqc su dung cho he thong radar xung bang tin g6c va cac he thong

do khoang cach, Om day duqc chtl y trong cac ting dung th8ng tin dac biet la cac mpg Idiong day trong nha UWB truyen din veri bang tin gee nen khemg can cac tin s6 mang hotic trung tin ThOng thueng, dieu chi vi tri xung duqc se dung Uu diem chinh

cua UWB la khit Wing mau phuc hei vol doi vol hien turyng phut da dusting Viec se

chin ding suit truyen thong thip va thiet ke mach don gian di lam cho UWB rat thich hop vol cac mpg Sensor

1.5 14c dam cila along Wireless Sensor

1.5.1 Kick Shut vitt ly nka vd tilu thy ling sulk Ship

Trong bit k9 huerng phut trier c8ng nghe nao, kich thtrac va ding suit lieu thu

luOn chi phei kha nang xu 19, luu MY va ttrcmg tfic cua cac thiet bj cc set Viec thiet ke

cic phtm ding cho mang Sensor phii chit trgng den giim kich ca vi ding suit tieu thy yeti yeu eau nhAt dinh ye khi fling hog dung Viec sir dyng philn mem phil tao ra the hieu quit de hi lai cic han chi cult phAn ding

1.5.2 Hopi dpng ding thu vii t1p trung cao

Phuong thirc hoot dOng chinh tits the thiet 131 trong mang Sensor lit cim hien vi von chuyen ck ding th8ng tin vii lch6i lugng xt1 ly thip, gem the hog dung nhan mOt lenh, ding, phin tich vi dip ling lg Vi dy, th8ng tin cam bien ce the dirge thu nh#n dtang thin beri cic Sensor, duct thao tic vi truyin len mang Hoc de lieu co the dirge nut Sensor nhon ifs the nut Sensor khic vi dirge huOng hfri djnh tuyin da lien ket hay lien ket au Vi dung lugng 130 nh6 trong nh6 nen viec dem mOt !the& lugng 16n &I lieu gills ding vio vi ding ra lit khOng 'chi thi Hon Mira, mai ding lai tao ra met se lugng lin the stir kien mire thip xen vio hog dung xir ly mire cao Mitt so hog dOng xt1 15r mire cao se ken dii tren nhieu stir kien thin gian thtrc Do do, cic nut mang phii thyc hien nhieu c8ng viec thing thtri vi an phii ci stir top trung xir 15, cao dO

1.5.3 Khd ndng liin kit 4115 vd phdn cip thiu khiIn hprs chi

Sts lugng cic b0 dieu khien dOc lap, cic khi niing cis b0 dieu khien, stir tinh vi cim lien ket xir 15? - km trtt - chuyen mach trong mang Sensor thip han nhieu trong cic

he thOng thong thubng Dien hinh, hi) cum bien (Sensor) hay 130 truyen dOng (actuator) cung cap mOt giao dien don gian true tiep ten mOt b0 vi dieu khien chip don Ngugc lai, cic he thing th8ng thubng, vdri cic hog dOng xu 1y phin tin, ding thin kit hgp yen mOt log cic thiet bj tren nhieu mire dieu !chi& dirge lien he biri mOt cAu true bus phic top Cic han the ve kich thu6c vi Ong suit, khi Ming dinh hinh vet 1ST tren vi mach 13i giOi han c6 chieu hum/mg an h8 trg quin ly ding doing thin, top trung nha b0 xir 1ST ket hgp

1.5.4 Tinh da dung trong thin ki vd sir dpng

Cac thiet bj Sensor dirge nil mang ce khuynh huOng dinh rieng cho ung dyng cy

the, rim lit m8i log phin ding chi h8 trg rieng cho ung dyng cis ne VI co mOt pliant

vi img dung Sensor rat rung nen ding c6 the ce rat nhieu kieu thiet bj vet 15, Ichic nhau Val mai thitt bj Hong, dieu quart trgng IA phii de cling top hgp cfic thinh phin phAn mem de ce dirge temg dyng to cic think phan plan cung Nhu v4y, cic loci thiet bj niy can mOt stir dieu chinh phAn mem 6 mOt mire do nio di de ci dirge hieu qui sir dyng phin cling cao M8i truing phit hien chung lit can till& de cho phip cic img dyng rieng ci the xiy dyng tren mOt top the thiet bj mi kb/mg can giao dien phi= tap Ngoii

ra, ding c6 the chuyen d6i gift pham vi phtm ding vai phan mem trong knit ning deg nghe

1.5.5 Hoyt ifPng tin c2y

Cac thiet bj c6 se lucmg Ian, duqc tan khai trong pham vi rang voi mOt img dung cu the Viec ap ding cac ky thu$t ma h6a sea 16i truyen thong nhim tang dO tin c#y dm cac don vi rieng le bj giai han Uri kich thy& vi cang sulk Viec tang dO tin c#y dm cac thiet 1)1 le la dieu cot yku Them vao do, chimg to c6 the tang de tin c#y

dm img dung bang Ida Ming chip nh#n va khac phuc duqc so hang Mc cart thiet b1 don le Nhu v$y, he thong host Ong tren tang nut don Wong Mang math me ma can

a clang phat trien cac img ding phan tan tin ch

1.6 ling dyng curl mpg Sensor

Mang Sensor c6 the gem cac ldeu cam bien khac nhau nhu dOng dit, tir truing vii tec dO lay mitt chap, nhiet dO, hinh anh, hang ngoM, am thanh va de vo tuyen (radar) qua de ce the kiem tra duqc nit nhieu tinh chat dm mai truing xung quanh Mu:

- Mac tap am;

- Cac thilnh phan hien dien hay yang mat cast dei Mpg;

- Cac mac img suit ciut cac del Wong tiep xac veri nhau;

- Cac d#c tinh tire thbi nhu tec de, phuong huong vi kich thu6c dm mOt del Mpg

Ck nut Sensor co the duqc sir dung de them de lien Mc, phat hien sir kien, nh$n dung six kien, am bien ye vj tri ho#c de dieu khien t tuang ve vi cam bien va ket nei

vo tuyen gifts cac nut mpg Ma hen nhieu rmh voc 1mg dung mai CO the phan lcmi cac ling dung theo MAI voc cork so, y te, mai twang, gia dinh va cac img dung thuong mai Ichk CO the ma rang so phan chia nay vii nhieu loci khac nhu them de khang gian, xar 15, Ma hoc, giam rai ro

1.6.1 Ong dyng trong guars sp

Ck mpg Wireless Sensor IA met phan kh8ng the thieu trong cac 1mg dung quan

so ngay nay WA cac h'e thong menh lenh, dieu Ichien, thu thOp tin tire tinh bao truyen thong, tinh town, theo dai ke tinh nghi, trinh sat va tim raw lieu Cac d#c tinh then khai nhanh chOng, to to chat va kha Ming chill dung 16i curt cac mpg Sensor cho they day

li mOt ding nghe diy trien vong trong link voc quail syr VI the mong Sensor dtra tren

ca sa trien khai cliy d#c vai cac nut gia r8 vi chi dimg mOt lan, viec bj dich phi huy mOt so Mt khong Anh htrang ten hoot dung chung nhu cac Sensor truyen thong nen chting tiep can chien trtrang tot han MOt so ling dung tha mang Sensor li: hem tra lye lugng, trang bi, don dirge, giam sit chi& twang, trinh sit yang vi lye Wong djch,

dm mpc tieu, dinh gia thiet trfain dank, trinh sat vi phat hien cac vii khi Ma hoc sinh hoc - hot nhan (NCB)

-—Kam tra hoc lugn& trang bi, don digit: Cie lanh doo vi chi huy c6 the kiem

tra thubng xuyen firth tong cua quan dOi, dieu kien vi khi nAng sin sang chi& au ctia cac trang bj, don dirge trong mOt chi& trtrang bing viec sr dung the mang Sensor Mai ngtrai linh, xe cO, trang bj deu dirge gin mOt

Sensor di dieing bao tong thai Cac thong Mo nay aunt top hgp ad mOt nut

thu (Kt lieu (Sink) vi duct gai tot ngtrai chi huy Cac so lieu My c6 the dirge hueng tot cac cap cao han trong phial cap chi huy cling vii cac s6 lieu tir cac

din vi Ichic toi mai cap;

— Theo doi chilli 'twang: Tai tae yang quan tong, cac wen flip c$n, the con throng vi eo hien, the mpg Sensor c6 the doge trien khai nhanh thong de theo doi hoot dOng cua doi phuong mOt cash r8 ring, bi met Khi bin dti tong tic da dirge chan bj, the mong Sensor ce the doge trien khai bat cu Mc nio di theo dOi doi phuong;

— Trinh sat Wing va Arc Wong doi phuong: Khi the mpg Sensor dirge trien khai

to cac yang chien huge, the thong tin tinh bao ce gia trj, chi tiet vi kjp thai c6

the doge thu thop trong mOt vii phut Wu& khi bj doi phuang nan chOn;

— Tim Mi4C dell: Cie mong Sensor c6 the dirge kit hop ch#t the veri cac he thong

htrOng 40 trong cac quern trang thong minh;

—Dinh gib thiet hot cua tran dcinh: Ngay tuft ho#c sau khi tan tong, the mang

Sensor co the dirge trien khai trong yang moc lieu di top hgp the so lieu dash gia thiet hoi trong trOn dinh;

— Trinh sat va ph& hien cac vu kid Ma hoc, sinh hoc, hgt nhon: Trong cac cuOc

chi& tranh sinh hoc vi Ma hoc, viec phit hien chinh xac vi kjp thai cac tic nhan li dieu nit quan tong Cic mong Sensor doge thin khai trong siting chitin deng vi dirge sir dung nha cac he tilting cinh bao vu khi sinh h6a c6 the cung cap cho quan dOi the thong tin ye cac tic Man ce the gay nguy hien,

thuang vong Cac mong Sensor can dirge dung de giim sit chi net sau khi the

tan deg sinh, has vi hot than dirge phit hien Ngtriii to c6 the c6 dirge sa

trinh sat ve vii khi but nhan mi kitting phii dua cic dOi trinh sit vio yang Ink

xu nguy hiem cum

1.6.2 ("mg dpng vI mill Theft

MOt so cic Ong dung ve moi trutmg cim mpg Sensor bao gam theo dOi str di chuyen ala cic loii chim, loii thu nh6, con tong; hem tra cic dieu kien moi trutmg inh hiking ten mils ming vi vet nu8i; tinh tang ntrec tmli; cic ding cu vi m8 cho viec giim sit met dat 6 pliant vi rung vi than hiem cic hanh tinh; phit hien has hoc, sinh hoc; tinh town trong n8ng nghiep; kiem tra m8i trutmg khong khi,dit tong, bien; phit hien chiy rung; nghien ciru khi tuqrig vi dirt 19; phit hien Hi hit; ve ban dfi sinh hoc phirc tap ctla moi trutmg vi nghien dm o nhigm mai throng

— Phtit hien chdy ring : VI cic net Sensor cb the trien khai diy chic, hr do 6 cic

vj tri can thiet non cluing c6 the cung cup tin tut chinh xic ye nguan g6c phit

lira tram khi thong phit tin rung khOng kiem soft &cc Hing nghin nut Sensor ce the duqc trien khai vi tich hqp nhtr cic he thong quang vi cic tan s6

vo tuyen Ngoii ra, cic nut Sensor con duqc trang bj cic phtrcmg phip thu nang ltrqng, vi du nhu &rig pin nip ten, de cic Sensor c6 the tyr duy tri trong Mau thing th#m chi nhieu nam Cic nut Sensor se cung tic vii cic nit khic

de phi n tin su ciun bien vi chang lui cic tar ngui nhu cic mirth cay, khai di lim cin trtt dun shin Gua cic Sensor;

— Ve ban do sinh hpc pink kw ctia mai :ming: Viec lap bin eta sinh lux cart mai twang dOi had phii dip cOn mOt rich tinh vi de kit hqp cic thong tin qua cic truc khOng gian vi thZri gian Cic den bu kg thuot trong lihh Arc cam Wen tir xa vi thu th$p dit lieu hi dOng cho phdp dO phan glib khOng gian, quang ph6

vi thai gian cao tai mOt don vj dien tich Din vio Gong nghe hien nay, de nut Sensor c6 the duqc kit non Internet, dieu My cho phdp ngutri sir dung tir xa the dieu khien, kiem tra vi theo dOi cic thinh phan sinh hoc trong m8i outing

—M#c du cic he thong ciun hien ye tinh vi tren may bay rat hem ich cho viec theo dOi tinh da dung sinh hue vi m8 nhung chung khong du tinh vi de dip On cic thinh phial sinh hqc ce ldch car nh6 Do def cim thiet phii su dung mpg Sensor de theo dOi chi tiet cic thinh phiin sinh hpc mOt cich day du;

— Phdt hien la lyt: mOt vi du ve img dung phit hien ICI hit li he thong ALERT duqc trien khai tui My Nhieu Id& Sensor duqc trien khai trong he thgng ALERT li cic ciun Wen ve luqng mua, =lc ntrec vi thtri tiet Cic Sensor My cung cup th8ng tin cho he thong to so dit lieu trung tam cat do lieu My duqc filth town, phin tich de dua ra du bio ve Unit hinh nguy co Hi hit;

- Cdc tinh man cho Wang nghiep: met sto tic he trq trong Wing nghiep la kiem tra, tlnh toan kip thai mac dO main benh trong nurtrc u6ng, mac do x6i mon (Lit

vi mac dO 6 item

1.6.3 eng dyng trong y

MOt s6 ung ding trong y ti ciut mpg Sensor la cung cap khi nitng giao tikp cho ngutri khuyet t#t; kiim tra firth tang cita benh !thin; chart doan; quart 19 duqc phim trong benh vien; kiem tra sy di chuyin vi cic co the sinh hpc ben trong cua con tang

vi cac log sinh vet nh6 khk; kiim tra tb xa cac sb lieu ve sinh 15, con nguiri; giam sat, hem tra cac Mc si va berth thin ben trong benh vien

- Kam tra tuxa cac si lieu ve sinh if , con nguat Cac so lieu ve sinh ly thu th$p duqc biing cac mang Sensor c6 the duct km tra trong thin gian dui vi c6 the duqc sum (twig de Idtho sit y hpc Mang Sensor con duqc sir dyng de kiem tra

vi phat hien tinh tang cita ngtrai cao tuei nhu sir det quy Ck oat Sensor nhe nay cho phdp cac dei Wang cep the di chuyen ty do trong pliant vi ring vi cac bac si c6 the phat hien cac trieu chimg &Km dinh nghia fru& mot cacti a

ding Cac ming Sensor nay tao thu$n Iqi han cho cac benh nhin so vol viec den cac trung tim dieu trj MOt nhOm c6 ten la "Health Smart Home" duqc t6 chile tai khoa y hpc dm Grenoble - France de danh gia, Ong nIgin tinh lchi thi cita cac he thting niy;

- Gidm sat va kiem tra cdc bcic si va benh nhcln ben trong benh vien: Mai berth than co cac nut Sensor nhe va nhe duqc gin vat hp Mei nut Sensor c6 met nhiem vu rieng Vi du, met nut c6 the theo d6i nhjp tim, trong khi mot net khac theo dtSi huyet ap Cac Mc si ding ce the mang theo cac nut Sensor de cac bac si khk biet dtrqc vj tri curt hp tong benh vien;

Quoin ly (kw philm trong benh vien: Cac berth nhin duqc gin cac nut Sensor c6 the nhen biet cac di img thu6c vi cac duqc phim can thiet Nhu voy, c6 the giam t6i da cac sai sat trong viec ke dart thu6c vi sir dung thu6c coa benh than

1.6.4 64 dyng trong gia dinh

- Tv tong hoa trong gia dinh: Vai cac tien ber ky thuot hien nay, cac nut Sensor

va cac b0 dieu ldnen th8ng minh ce the dirge gin trong cac thiet bj gia dinh nhu may but byi, 16 vi sang, tit lath, Cac nit nay ce the Prong tic vol cac nut 'chic vi ming ben ngoai thong qua Internet hoc ve tinh Nha voy, nguai sir dyng c6 the Warn sit, dieu khien cac thiet bi gia dinh tir xa met cich de ding;

—Mot trtremg thong minh: med truerng th8ng minh duqc thiet ke c6 the gom hai

khai khic nhau la phan con nguiri (human- centered) it phan ky thu$t (technology — centered ) (G.D Abowd, J.P.G Sterbenz, Final report on the interagency workshop on research issues for smart environments, IEEE Personal Communications (October 2000) Trong phlin con ngtrtri, mei truing thong minh phii dip ling cic you cau ala ngtr6i sir don thong qua giao dip vito/ra \fa phin Icy thu$t, cite kg thu$t phan ming, cic giiti phip mang vi cic dich vu phAn son (middleware) duqc phit trier Cac nut Sensor ce the duqc gin vio cac Q0 dung va thiet bj gia dlnh va chting ce the th8ng tin yen cac nut khic va tram chit can phong (room Server) Cic room Server cling c6 the lien lac WA nhau dl trao d6i cic deg viec can phii lam hoc can duqc h8 trq Stu viec in An, quet lath vi fax Cic room Server vi CAC nut Sensor kit hqp yeti cic thiet bj trong gia dinh tra thinh mOt he thOng thich nghi yeti khi nling to t6

chirc va to dieu chinh tren ca so cac truing dieu khien

1.6.5 Cac fang dyng dewing nsfi khdc

Cac wig dung thuong mai ce the duqc ke den la : hem tra so met mei ca the; xAy thing cac ban phim ao; quart N so kiim Ice; kilm tra chit luqng sin phAm; xay dung cac kitting gian lam viec th8ng minh; dieu khien med throng trong cac tol nha cong so; citc robot dieu khien vi chi dao trong cic mi3i throng the to to dOng; do choi tuong tic; cac bao tang th8ng minh; nha may ditu khien to dOng; hem tra cac yang nguy lam; kiln tree th8ng minh vdi cac nut Sensor gin trong; cac may char dolin;

in tai; kiem tra vi phit hien vo trOm xe; gian sat xe c0;

—Dieu khan mai trtremg trong cac toa nha cong sa: cac trong thai khong khi vi

nhiet dO ctia hAu het cac c8ng so dugc dieu khiln duqc tir met trong dm Bea vAy, nhiet dO trong mOt can phong c6 the duqc thay doi trong met pharn vi n116, nai nay ce the ce nhiet dO Am hon met nai khic vi chi ce mOt b0 dieu khien trong mOt can phong ma d6ng kh8ng khi chiy tir mOt he thong trong tam lai Ichong duqc phan b6 long dau MOt he thlng mang Wireless Sensor phAn tan c6 the duqc thiet I$p di dieu khien kh8ng khl vi ?Ali@ de tai cac phin khic nhau ciut can phong KT thu$t Olin tan My giarn duqc rat nhilu chi phi nAng Itrqng cho dieu hoe kh8ng khi va giam ding ki luqng carbon sink ra;

—Bao tang twang tdc thong minh: trong tuong lai, tre em c6 the tuong tic v6i

cic dli ttrqng trong bito tang di hieu hon va chimg Cac dOi ttrqng My c6 the phis ling lei cac va cham hay 16i n6i Ngoai ra, tre em con co the tham gia vito cac thi nghiem nguyen Sian - kit quit theo theri gian thoc de hoc lap vi lchoa hoc va rad truinig Them vio do, cac mang Wireless Sensor ce the cung dip

thir ty vi sy djnh vi ben trong bio tang MOt vi du la bio tang thim hiem San Francisco Exploratorium, trong bily ket hpp su do luting s6 lieu vi cic thi nghiem nguyen nhin — ket qui;

— Ph& hifn trdm cap xe hat: Cac nut Sensor co the dirge then khai de phit hien

vi nhen ra ke trem trong Wing dja vi thong bio cho chu nhan thong qua Internet;

— Quin lj sv !dim Ice: mai this" trong kho dirge co the gitn met Sensor Ngutri sir dung co the tim they chinh xic vj tri cue cila del tircing vi kiem ke so inqng cue cac d6i tugng can lord Neu ngutti sir dung mu6n them met sy kiim ke mei thi phii lien lac veil the nut Sensor finch hqp Qua do co the giant sit vi djnh vj cac del tucing trong ban ke bet al lrie nio;

— Gicim sat vi theo dot xe co: co hai phuang phap giiun sit vi theo dOi xe ce Thu nhit, throng di Oa xe dirge xic djnh trong cic cum vi dupe chuyin ten tram g6c, thin hai li the se lieu chin qua x>i brr tir cac nut Sensor duce chuyin ten train g6c, tai diy ching duge pit tich de xic djnh vj tri cac xe

CHUtING 2 NANG LUVNG TRONG M4.NG WIRELESS SENSOR

2.1 Tinh d$c the cuss mong

2.1.1 Hen chi plain ming

Tit cal cic thanh phin cult nut Sensor phai dk1t vira vio trong mOt khOi Thong thu?mg kich cer duqc yeu ciu nhe han 1 centimet kh6i, d8i khi, phai du nhe de c6 the treo tren kheng trung Ngoai cic yeu ciu ye kich c0, khOi lugng, viec thiet ke cic nut Sensor can bj han chi ben cic yeu ciu nghiem ng#t khac la:

- Cong suit tieu the phii v8 cling thip;

- Hoot dOng trong met dO the tich cao;

- Gia thanh sin twit thip va cdo the III b6 qua ma klyang anh Wang tai toxin mang;

- C6 the to dOng to chirc, quail tri va hoot dung Ichong can can thiep;

- Thich nghi dugc vgi m6i twang

Vi cic not Sensor thutmg khong flip c#n throe nen thbi gian ton tai cita mOt mong Sensor phi thuOc vao tu6i tho nguon Wing lugng cria nut Nang lugng cling la tai nguyen hiem do b0 nguOn c6 kich cer glen hon VI do, tong nang lugng do trit trong mOt hot Sensor th8ng minh la 1J Trong mang Sensor tich hop vo tuyen (WINS), ding dien trung binh cung cap phiti nhe han 30 tuk de dam bao thbi gian song dai Cac not

WINS duge cung cap ning lugng tar pin lithium (Li) tieu chuan hinh (king xu (dirtmg

klnh 2.5 cm day I cm) Ngoli ra, c6 the tang thbi gian song can mang bang each tam liy nang Wong tar mtoi truing Cac 8 pin met trbi la mOt vi do

BO thu phit cria cic not Sensor c6 the la cic thiet bj quang the dOng ho#c tich coc hoac cic thiet bj ver tuyen (RF) Truyen thong tin s6 v8 tuyen yeu ciu dieu che, b0 loc thong dai, giiti dieu chi va ghdp kenh lam cho chimg ter len dit va phirc top Ngoli ra, suy hao &Ong truyen tin hieu giita hai nut Sensor ty le theo lug thira bSc 136n cila khoing each do cic nut Sensor sir dung antent ding htrOng Tuy Mien, truyen thong v8 tuyen throe quan tan' trong hiu het cic do an nghien ciru vi cic gen tin truyen trong mang Sensor c6 kich thutc nhe , toe dO s6 lieu thip (thutmg nhe han 1 Hz) va ilia nang sir clung lai tin s6 cao do khoing each truyen thong ngin Cac d#c diem My too

ra cho thay he s6 sir dung hO thOng v8 tuyen la thip Tuy nhien, viec thiet ke cic mach v8 tuyen co hieu qua ve Wing lugng vi he so sir dung thip van can IA mOt thich thirc cling nghe Cac Icy thuot v8 tuyen thuang moi hien nay van kh8ng dirge nhcr mong

mu6n vi chi n% con tieu the nhiau ruing

M#c du dA c6 the b0 zit c8ng suit tlnh mkt cao vgi kich think nhe nhung hien

tai charm vin chtra dirge ph6 bien Vi do, mOt vi hat thong minh (smart dust mote)

nguyen Walla met be vi dieu khien 4 MHz Mkt AVR 8535 yeti 8 Kb be nha tee do cao, 512 byte RAM vi 512 byte EEPROM (ROM lap trinh bang dien) He dieu hi nh TinyOS dirge sir dung trong by xir 19 nay, v6i 3500 byte !thong gian chira ma OS vi

4500 byte khong gian c6 sin BO xir 19 caa meat net Sensor nguyen ban khan, goi 11 'AMPS (p-Adaptive Multi-domain Power aware Sensors-Vi cam bien !Mon biet nang luqng da mien thich irng), cb met vi xil 19 59 — 206 MHz SA — 1110 sir clang he dieu hanh da nhiem g-OS

Hau ha can nhiem vp cam hien yeu cau c6 meat sir hieu biet ve vj tri Vi cac nut Sensor thinnig dirge trier khai ngiu nhien va host dung W dOng, nen cluing can phi i c6 meat he thong tim dubng He thong nay cling dirge yeu eau Wri nhieu giao thirc djnh tuyen Thong thubng, the nut Sensor can dugs trang N he thong djnh vi toan eau GPS c6 dO chinh xitc nh6 hen 5m Nh6 vey, chung c6 the to dOng tim vi tri thich hop va c6 kha Ming djnh vi chinh xitc cac hien tugng dich

2.1.2 Mei trithng hoot dOng

Ck nut Sensor duce trien khai day dac rat gin hoac true tiEp ben trong hien tugng de quan sat VI die, chung thireng hot dOng to dOng t i cac vAng each xa Chung c6 the lam viec trong cac mei the:mg sau:

—Trong can phan flip giap;

—Ben trong cac bU phen 16n;

—Day hien;

—Ben trong can hien tugng phirc tap ;

—Tren ma bien, trong meat thug I8i;

—Cac yang 8 nhiem sinh holt;

— Cac yang chien six;

—Cac nen nhil hay toil nha 16n;

—Clic nhi kho 16n;

—Gan vio cac con thn;

—Gan vilo xe c0;

—Trong cac throng Ong hay deng s8ng theo dung chiy

Nhu v$y, can nut Sensor phii lAm viec yeti cac dieu kien rat kh6 khan: dm% Ap suit cao duel day hien; 6 cac m8i trubng khic nghiet nhu yang chien sir hay cac dOng

dO nat; duel sire meng hay dO lath; trong cac mei tnrimg tap am 16n Vol mai loth phii c6 met ke hoach thief ke thich

2.1.3 Mai Wang truyin din

Trong mOt myng Sensor da lien ket, cac nut mpg thong tin v6i nhau qua moil truing !Nag dAy Cie lien ket nay ce the la song vo tuyen, hOng ngoyi hay cac tin hieu quang Viet chip m8i truing thong tin lien quan den you au nhiem vu cim mpg

va chimg phai dam bao cac quy djnh quoc to ye th8ng tin trong !thong gian de to the hog dOng dirge 6 mgi non

Lien ket ve tuyen sir dyng the dii tin c8ng nghiep, khoa hoc va y tigc (Industrial, Scientific and Medical-ISM) Cac el& tin nay dirge thong tin to do trong hiu het the nue/G Bang phan phoi dui sO quk to nom trong khoan S5 trong quy djnh tin sO chi m mOt s6 dal tin danh cho cac ling dyng ISM (Bang 2.1)

Bang 2.1 Cac dai din danh cho cac sing dyng ISM

MOt so cac diti tin nay di dirge sir dyng cho cac he thong dien thoyi cam tay va myng n0i 130 khong clAy (Wireless LAN) Clic mpg Sensor sir dyng bo thu phat kich

cb nh6, gia r8 va c8ng suit tieu thu eye thip Do ac hen the ve phi') cling va sir cAn

bring era hieu qua antent va cling suit tieu thu giai ban nen phai bra then song mang thuOc dai tin rot cao (UHF) Cac 130 thu phat sir dung dai tin 433 MHz ISM 6 chau Au

va 915 MHz 6 Bic My ThuOn iqi chinh cure cac dai tin ISM la sir dung ty do, pht• rung va th8ng dyng Chimg khong ving khei the tieu bring, do de c6 the phi him vii cac ke hooch fiat hem ming lugng Mot khac, con c6 cac hyn the khac nhu giii hen cling suit va nhigu gay hai cac img dung dit thin khai do cac Mr tin ISM kh8ng dirge quan 19

MOt kik truyen th8ng khac trong myng Sensor la si dyng hOng ngoyi Thong tin hOng ngoyi dirge sir dyng to do va co kha Wing chOng nhigu ti• the thiet bj dien Cie b0 thu phat hang ngoyi c6 gia thanh r8 va a chi Mo New nay, cac may tinh xach tay, may tinh am tay va dien tho3i di dung dlu c6 ding giao tiep hong ngoyi Tri ngai

chinh cua viec sir dung hing ngoai lit yeu eau phiii c6 mOt dutmg nhin thing giffa nai giri vu nai nhan Dieu nay lam cho hing ngoai Ithe duqc sir dung trong trang hqp mpg Sensor

MOt hutmg phitt trien clang quan tam IA the vi hat thong mirth (smart dust mote), mat he thing aim hien, firth town vA th8ng tin ty dung, sir dung mai twang truygn din quang hqc CO hat phtrcmg phap truyen thong tin: thir nhat lk truyen thong thy dOng su

dung mOt may phim chieu c6 ding tam then chit nhat (Comer-cube-retroreflector (CCR)); thu hat la buy& thong tich eye sir dung the diode lazer vu the guang chuyin dOng Hien nay the diode lazer tai nai phut dugc gin tren bang mach, c6 the chuyen dung lai chum sang vao chinh xac nai nhan

Cic Ong dung dk biet doi hai mai twang truyen din phac tap hon Vi du, vii cud img dung duel hien thl mai truang truyen din lk mai twang nuoc Do dtt phki sir dung bac n butm sang did de di xuyen trong nuttc Vol the yang khi hau khic nghiet hay cac yang Chien stir, thl phki vucrt qua dupe the sai 18i vu nhigu 16n Ngoki ra, the antent dm Sensor thip hen vi c6 can suit bac xa nh6 hen the thiet 1)1 va tuyen Ichk

Do d6,m8i twang truyen thong phki dirge hg trq bing the phueng thac dieu the vi ma holt ching 161 phu hqp yeti dlic diem tang loaf kenh truyen

2.2 Str tieu thy ning hryng

Nut Wireless Sensor lk mOt thiet 131 dien rat nhet nen chi dirge trang N ngute niing lugng hart the (<0.5Ah, 1.2V) Trong hau het the img dung, viec dap them Ming lugng lk !thong thyc hien duqc Cho nen, then gian tin tai cua nut Sensor phu thuOc chit yen vao tuii thq mitt nguin ruing lugng Trong mang Sensor da lien ket, m8i nut dOng hat vai fro lk diem khai so lieu vu djnh tuyen di lieu Sr true trite cim vai not

ce the let nguyen nhan quart trqng cita viec thay doe hinh trang mang, phtli djnh tuyen lai gee tin vu phut t6 chile lai mpg Do d6, viec bio ton nguon ming lugng vu quiln ly

nguim &mg lugng lit rat quart trqng Do the nguyen than nay ma rthieu nlul nghien cum

da tap trong vao vitt thiet ke the thu$t thin vu giao thine nhan biet, firth town nang lugng cho mpg Sensor

Trong the mang da lien ket vu di dOng Ichk, viec tieu thy niing Iuqng let meat van

de quan trqng trong thiet ke song !thong phki van de chinh vi nguin niing lugng ce the durqc ngtr?ri sir dung thay the Dieu quan trqng hen lu van de sung cap chat lugng dich

vu (QoS) Tuy nhien, trong the mpg Sensor, hien qua Wing lugng la mOt van de v15 ding quan trcong vi net kith huang true nip tie tu6i thq cim mang Cac giao thus rieng cho tang img dung dirge thiet ke di cet duqc sy can bang thich hqp gitta the van de ve

dO tre va th8ng lugng vii hieu qua nang lugng

Nhiem vu chinh ciut mOt nut Sensor trong truerng Sensor la theo clei cac st ir kien, xfr ly nhanh se lieu cuc be va truyen thong so lieu Ging suit tieu thu b?ri ba thinh phin chinh: cam bien, truyen thong va xil It soft lieu

2.2.1 Nang Inymg cho nhiim vg cam Min

Nang ltrung tieu thu cla b0 cam bien va cac thanh phin cua n6 c6 the thay deoi tut theo ung dung cu the Viec cam bien reri rue se tieu thu Ong suit nhea han so vai viec theo dOi cac hien twang mOt each lien AK DO phirc t#p cim nhiem vu quan sat hien tucmg dOng vai tre (guy& Binh trong viec xic djnh mire 'tang Mang tieu hao Cac mire tap Am hien dO cao la nguyen nhan lam tang dO phirc tap trong viec quan sat hien twang cua cac Sensor Do do, lam tang Ong suit tieu thu cho nhiem vu cam Bien

2.2.2 Nang hem cho truyln Meng

Trong ba thAnh phin neu tren trong mOt nut Sensor, phin truyen thong s6 lieu rieu thu nang luqng nhieu nhit, bao gom el phit va thu so lieu Dec diem truyen thong trong mpg Sensor la pha ► vi ngan va Ong suit birc xu thip (— 0 dbm), chi phi Ming luring cho viec phat va thu lit gin nhu nhau Trong mach thu phit, the bo trOn, cac be tong hap tin sO, cac b0 dao dung dieu khien bang dien ap, cac yang khoi pha (PLL) va cac b0 khuech dui Ong suit tieu thy Ong suit ding ke Dieu quan tong la filth loin nay kheng chi quan tam din c8ng suit tich cue ma con xem xet den lieu thu ding suit khoi phat trong mach thu phat Thai gian kheri phat len ten hang tram micro giay lam Ong suet khoi phitt ter len ding ke Gii trj cao cua theri gian khoi phat dirge cho la do then gian khoi cua yang khoi pha (PLL) KM kich ca gen tin truyen giAm nheo thl Ong suit khoi phat se chiem uu the so yeti Ong suit tich cue Ket qua la viec chuyen tang thai (thu, phat) gifts ON va OFF khong hieu quit vi se lieu thu mOt khOi Mang dien nAng 16n m6i len chuyen tong thin ye ON

Cong suet v8 tuyen tieu thu dirge tfith nhu sau:

Pc= NT [ PT (Ton Tst)+Pout ( Tan )1+ NR [ PR (Ron + Rst )]

Trong do, PT/R la cong suet tieu thu Uri b0 phat/b0 thu; P la Ong suit du ra cfia be phat; T/Rou la khoAng then gian phit/thu twig thai ON; T/R st la khoAng then gian khoi phat tgi mach phat/thu; NT,R la se, lin mach phat/thu chuyen mach sang ON trong mOt don vi thai gian, phi; thuOc vao nhiem vµ va phucmg thtic dieu lchien truy tulip m8i throng To„ c6 the viit lgi bang IJR , trong do, L la kich thuOc gel, R la tee

du s6 lieu

tien be kg rim* hien nay, de be* thu phat vo tuyen thtemg c6 P T va PR

khoAng 20 dbm va P gin 0 dbm Gii tri

muc tieu cua Po khoAng —20 dbm