Bộ 175 đề dự đoán IELTS Reading có key

Reading 001 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-39 which are based on Reading Passage below: Population Viability Analysis Part A To make political decisions about the extent and type of forestry in a region it is important to understand the consequences of those decisions One tool for assessing the impact of forestry on the ecosystem is population viability analysis (PVA) This is a tool for predicting the probability that a species will become extinct in a particular region over a specific period It has been successfully used in the United States to provide input into resource exploitation decisions and assist wildlife managers and there is now enormous potential for using population viability to assist wildlife management in Australia’s forests A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies This observation is a useful starting point for any discussion of extinction as it highlights the role of luck and chance in the extinction process To make a prediction about extinction we need to understand the processes that can contribute to it and these fall into four broad categories which are discussed below Part B A) Early attempts to predict population viability were based on demographic uncertainty whether an individual survives from one year to the next will largely be a matter of chance Some pairs may produce several young in a single year while others may produce none in that same year Small populations will fluctuate enormously because of the random nature of birth and death and these chance fluctuations can cause species extinctions even if, on average, the population size should increase Taking only this uncertainty of ability to reproduce into account, extinction is unlikely if the number of individuals in a population is above about 50 and the population is growing B) Small populations cannot avoid a certain amount of inbreeding This is particularly true if there is a very small number of one sex For example, if there are only 20 individuals of a species and only one is a male, all future individuals in the species must be descended from that one male For most animal species such individuals are less likely to survive and reproduce Inbreeding increases the chance of extinction C) Variation within a species is the raw material upon which natural selection acts Without genetic variability a species lacks the capacity to evolve and cannot adapt to changes in its environment or to new predators and new diseases The loss of genetic diversity associated with reductions in population size will contribute to the likelihood of extinction D) Recent research has shown that other factors need to be considered Australia’s environment fluctuates enormously from year to year These fluctuations add yet another degree of uncertainty to the survival of many species Catastrophes such as fire, flood, drought or epidemic may reduce population sizes to a small fraction of their average level When allowance is made for these two additional elements of uncertainty the population size necessary to be confident of persistence for a few hundred years may increase to several thousand Part C Beside these processes we need to bear in mind the distribution of a population A species that occurs in five isolated places each containing 20 individuals will not have the same probability of extinction as a species with a single population of 100 individuals in a single locality Where logging occurs (that is, the cutting down of forests for timber) forest-dependent creatures in that area will be forced to leave Grounddwelling herbivores may return within a decade However, arboreal marsupials (that is animals which live in trees) may not recover to pre-logging densities for over a century As more forests are logged, animal population sizes will be reduced further Regardless of the theory or model that we choose, a reduction in population size decreases the genetic diversity of a population and increases the probability of extinction because of any or all of the processes listed above It is therefore a scientific fact that increasing the area that is loaded in any region will increase the probability that forest-dependent animals will become extinct Questions 28-31 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Part A of Reading Passage 1? In boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet write: YES if the statement agrees with the writer NO if the statement contradicts the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this Example Answer A link exists between the consequences of decisions and the decision making process itself YES 28 Scientists are interested in the effect of forestry on native animals 29 PVA has been used in Australia for many years 30 A species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists 31 Extinction is a naturally occurring phenomenon Questions 32-35 These questions are based on Part B of Reading Passage In paragraphs A to D the author describes four processes which may contribute to the extinction of a species Match the list of processes (i-vi) to the paragraphs Write the appropriate number (i-vi) in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet NB There are more processes than paragraphs so you will not use all of them 32 Paragraph A Processes i Loss of ability to adapt 33 Paragraph B ii Natural disasters iii An imbalance of the sexes 34 Paragraph C iv Human disasters v Evolution 35 Paragraph D vi The haphazard nature of reproduction Questions 36-38 Based on your reading of Part C, complete the sentences below with words taken from the passage Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer Write your answers in boxes 36-38 on your answer sheet While the population of a species may be on the increase, there is always a chance that small isolated groups (36) Survival of a species depends on a balance between the size of a population and its (37) The likelihood that animals which live in forests will become extinct is increased when (38) Question 39 Choose the appropriate letter A-D and write it in box 39 on your answer sheet 39 An alternative heading for the passage could be: A The protection of native flora and fauna B Influential factors in assessing survival probability C An economic rationale for the logging of forests D Preventive measures for the extinction of a species Click the button to Show/ Hide Answers Answer: 28 Yes 29 No 30 No imbalance of the sexes 31 Not Given 32 vi : The haphazard nature of reproduction 34 i: Loss of ability to adapt / will (/ may)could become extinct 35 ii: Natural disasters 37 locality/ distribution 33 iii: An 36 will (/may) not survive 38 logging takes place (/ occurs) 39 B Reading Passage 002 You should spend no more than 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage below Visual Symbols and the Blind Part From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space But pictures are more than literal representations This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle (Fig 1) I was taken aback, lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figure until about 1877 When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel's spokes as curves lines When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines-or any other kind of line, for that matter? The answer was not clear So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeters of the wheel I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto Words associated Agreement among with circle/square subjects(%) SOFT-HARD 100 MOTHER-FATHER 94 HAPPY-SAD 94 GOOD-EVIL 89 LOVE-HATE 89 ALIVE-DEAD 87 BRIGHT-DARK 87 LIGHT-HEAVY 85 WARM-COLD 81 SUMMER-WINTER 81 WEAK-STRONG 79 FAST-SLOW 79 CAT-DOG 74 SPRING-FALL 74 QUIET-LOUD 62 WALKING-STANDING 62 ODD-EVEN 57 FAR-NEAR 53 PLANT-ANIMAL 53 DEEP-SHALLOW 51 All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought; suggested that the wheel was wobbling; and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel's perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly In addition, the favored description for the sighted was favored description for the blind in every instance What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meaning for each of motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects Part We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart-choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from china, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that not directly represent their meaning We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to assure For example, we asked: what goes with soft? A circle or a square? Which shapes goes with hard? All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square (see Fig 2) When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by he sighted subjects One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extemely well He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning 'far' to square and 'near' to circle In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects-53%- had paired far and near to the opposite partners Thus we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people Questions : Choose the correct letter, A, B,C or D Write your answers in boxes 27 –29 on your answer sheet 27 In the first paragraph the writer makes the point that blind people A may be interested in studying art B can draw outlines of different objects and surfaces C can recognize conventions such as perspective D can draw accurately 28 The writer was surprised because the blind woman A drew a circle on her own initiative B did not understand what a wheel looked like C included a symbol representing movement D was the first person to use lines of motion 29 From the experiment described in Part 1,the writer found that the blind subjects A had good understanding of symbols representing movement B could control the movement of wheels very accurately C worked together well as a group in solving problems D got better results than the sighted undergraduates Questions 30 –32 Look at the following diagrams (Questions 30 –32), and the list of types of movement below Match each diagram to the type of movement A–E generally assigned to it in the experiment Choose the correct letter A–E and write them in boxes30–32 on your answer sheet A steady spinning B jerky movement C rapid spinning D wobbling movement E use of brakes Questions 33 –39 Complete the summary below using words from the box Write your answers in boxes 33 – 39 on your answer sheet NB You may use any word more than once In the experiment described in Part 2, a set of word 33 .…… was used to investigate whether blind and sighted people perceived the symbolism in abstract 34 … … in the same way Subjects were asked which word fitted best with a circle and which with a square From the 35 … … volunteers, everyone thought a circle fitted ‘soft ’while a square fitted ‘hard’ However, only 51% of the 36 .…… volunteers assigned a circle to 37 …… When the test was later repeated with 38 … … volunteers, it was found that they made 39 … … choices associations blind deep hard hundred identical pairs shapes ovision of such objects and, on the other hand changing clas Question 40 Choose the correct letter, A , B , C or D Write your answer in box 40 on your answer sheet Which of the following statements best summarizes the writer ’s general conclusion? A The blind represent some aspects of reality differently from sighted people B The blind comprehend visual metaphors in similar ways to sighted people C The blind may create unusual and effective symbols to represent reality D The blind may be successful artists if given the right training Answer: 27 C 28 C 29 A 30 use of breaks 31 rapid spinning 32 steady spinning 33 pairs 34 shapes 35 sighted 36 sighted 37 deep 38 blind 39 similar 40 B IELTS Academic Reading You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 16-28 which are based on Reading Passage below Zoo Conservation Programmes One of London Zoo’s recent advertisements caused me some irritation, so patently did it distort reality Headlined “Without zoos you might as well tell these animals to get stuffed”, it was bordered with illustrations of several endangered species and went on to extol the myth that without zoos like London Zoo these animals “will almost certainly disappear forever” With the zoo world’s rather mediocre record on conservation, one might be forgiven for being slightly skeptical about such an advertisement Zoos were originally created as places of entertainment, and their suggested involvement with conservation didn’t seriously arise until about 30 years ago, when the Zoological Society of London held the first formal international meeting on the subject Eight years later, a series of world conferences took place, entitled “The Breeding of Endangered Species”, and from this point onwards conservation became the zoo community’s buzzword This commitment has now been clear defined in The World Zpo Conservation Strategy (WZGS, September 1993), which although an important and welcome document does seem to be based on an unrealistic optimism about the nature of the zoo industry The WZCS estimates that there are about 10,000 zoos in the world, of which around 1,000 represent a core of quality collections capable of participating in co-ordinated conservation programmes This is probably the document’s first failing, as I believe that 10,000 is a serious underestimate of the total number of places masquerading as zoological establishments Of course it is difficult to get accurate data but, to put the issue into perspective, I have found that, in a year of working in Eastern Europe, I discover fresh zoos on almost a weekly basis The second flaw in the reasoning of the WZCS document is the naive faith it places in its 1,000 core zoos One would assume that the calibre of these institutions would have been carefully examined, but it appears that the criterion for inclusion on this select list might merely be that the zoo is a member of a zoo federation or association This might be a good starting point, working on the premise that members must meet certain standards, but again the facts don’t support the theory The greatly respected American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums (AAZPA) has had extremely dubious members, and in the UK the Federation of Zoological Gardens of Great Britain and Ireland has Occasionally had members that have been roundly censured in the national press These include Robin Hill Adventure Park on the Isle of Wight, which many considered the most notorious collection of animals in the country This establishment, which for years was protected by the Isle’s local council (which viewed it as a tourist amenity), was finally closed down following a damning report by a veterinary inspector appointed under the terms of the Zoo Licensing Act 1981 As it was always a collection of dubious repute, one is obliged to reflect upon the standards that the Zoo Federation sets when granting membership The situation is even worse in developing countries where little money is available for redevelopment and it is hard to see a way of incorporating collections into the overall scheme of the WZCS Even assuming that the WZCS’s 1,000 core zoos are all of a high standard complete with scientific staff and research facilities, trained and dedicated keepers, accommodation that permits normal or natural behaviour, and a policy of co-operating fully with one another what might be the potential for conservation? Colin Tudge, author of Last Animals at the Zoo (Oxford University Press, 1992), argues that “if the world”s zoos worked together in cooperative breeding programmes, then even without further expansion they could save around 2,000 species of endangered land vertebrates’ This seems an extremely optimistic proposition from a man who must be aware of the failings and weaknesses of the zoo industry the man who, when a member of the council of London Zoo, had to persuade the zoo to devote more of its activities to conservation Moreover, where are the facts to support such optimism? Today approximately 16 species might be said to have been “saved” by captive breeding programmes, although a number of these can hardly be looked upon as resounding successes Beyond that, about a further 20 species are being seriously considered for zoo conservation programmes Given that the international conference at London Zoo was held 30 years ago, this is pretty slow progress, and a long way off Tudge’s target of 2,000 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 16-22 write : Y if the statement agrees with the writer N if the statement contradicts the writer NG if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 London Zoo’s advertisements are dishonest Zoos made an insignificant contribution to conservation up until 30 years ago The WZCS document is not known in Eastern Europe Zoos in the WZCS select list were carefully inspected No-one knew how the animals were being treated at Robin Hill Adventure Park Colin Tudge was dissatisfied with the treatment of animals at London Zoo The number of successful zoo conservation programmes is unsatisfactory Questions 23-25 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 23-25 on your answer sheet 23 What were the objectives of the WZCS document? A to improve the calibre of zoos world-wide B to identify zoos suitable for conservation practice C to provide funds for zoos in underdeveloped countries D to list the endangered species of the world 24 Why does the writer refer to Robin Hill Adventure Park? A to support the Isle of Wight local council B to criticise the 1981 Zoo Licensing Act C to illustrate a weakness in the WZCS document THE STORY OF COFFEE A Coffee was first discovered in Eastern Africa in an area we know today as Ethiopia A popular legend refers to a goat herder by the name of Kaldi, who observed his goats acting unusually friskily after eating berries from a bush Curious about this phenomenon, Kaldi tried eating the berries himself He found that these berries gave him renewed energy B The news of this energy laden fruit quickly moved throughout the region Coffee berries were transported from Ethiopia to the Arabian Peninsula, and were first cultivated in what today is the country of Yemen Coffee remained a secret in Arabia before spreading to Turkey and then to the European continent by means of Venetian trade merchants C Coffee was first eaten as a food though later people in Arabia would make a drink out of boiling the beans for its narcotic effects and medicinal value Coffee for a time was known as Arabian wine to Muslims who were banned from alcohol by Islam It was not until after coffee had been eaten as a food product, a wine and a medicine that it was discovered, probably by complete accident in Turkey, that by roasting the beans a delicious drink could be made The roasted beans were first crushed, and then boiled in water, creating a crude version of the beverage we enjoy today The first coffee houses were opened in Europe in the 17th Century and in 1675, the Viennese established the habit of refining the brew by filtering out the grounds, sweetening it, and adding a dash of milk D If you were to explore the planet for coffee, you would find about 60 species of coffee plants growing wild in Africa, Malaysia, and other regions But only about ten of them are actually cultivated Of these ten, two species are responsible for almost all the coffee produced in the world: Coffea Arabica and Coffea Canephora (usually known as Robusta) Because of ecological differences existing among the various coffee producing countries, both types have undergone many mutations and now exist in many sub species E Although wild plants can reach 10 - 12 metres in height, the plantation one reaches a height of around four metres This makes the harvest and flowering easier, and cultivation more economical The flowers are white and sweet-scented like the Spanish jasmine Flowers give way to a red, darkish berry At first sight, the fruit is like a big cherry both in size and in colour The berry is coated with a thin, red film (epicarp) containing a white, sugary mucilaginous flesh (mesocarp) Inside the pulp there are the seeds in the form of two beans coupled at their flat surface Beans are in turn coated with a kind of resistant, golden yellow ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi parchment, (called endocarp) When peeled, the real bean appears with another very thin silvery film The bean is bluish green verging on bronze, and is at the most 11 millimetres long and millimetres wide F Coffee plants need special conditions to give a satisfactory crop The climate needs to be hot-wet or hot temperate, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, with frequent rains and temperatures varying from 15 to 25 Degrees C The soil should be deep, hard, permeable, well irrigated, with well-drained subsoil The best lands are the hilly ones or from just-tilled woods The perfect altitude is between 600 and 1200 metres, though some varieties thrive at 2000-2200 metres Cultivation aimed at protecting the plants at every stage of growth is needed Sowing should be in sheltered nurseries from which, after about six months, the seedlings should be moved to plantations in the rainy season where they are usually alternated with other plants to shield them from wind and excessive sunlight Only when the plant is five years old can it be counted upon to give a regular yield This is between 400 grams and two kilos of arabica beans for each plant, and 600 grams and two kilos for robusta beans G Harvesting time depends on the geographic situation and it can vary greatly therefore according to the various producing countries First the ripe beans are picked from the branches Pickers can selectively pick approximately 250 to 300 pounds of coffee cherry a day At the end of the day, the pickers bring their heavy burlap bags to pulping mills where the cherry coffee can be pulped (or wet milled) The pulped beans then rest, covered in pure rainwater to ferment overnight The next day the wet beans are hand-distributed upon the drying floor to be sun dried This drying process takes from one to two weeks depending on the amount of sunny days available To make sure they dry evenly, the beans need to be raked many times during this drying time Two weeks later the sun dried beans, now called parchment, are scooped up, bagged and taken to be milled Huge milling machines then remove the parchment and silver skin, which renders a green bean suitable for roasting The green beans are roasted according to the customers’ specifications and, after cooling, the beans are then packaged and mailed to customers Questions 28 - 33 The reading passage on The Story of Coffee has paragraphs A – G From the list of headings below choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B – G Write the appropriate number (i – xi) in boxes 28 – 33 on your answer sheet ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all • i Growing Coffee • ii Problems with Manufacture • iii Processing the Bean • iv First Contact • v Arabian Coffee • vi Coffee Varieties • vii Modern Coffee • viii The Spread of Coffee • ix Consuming Coffee • x Climates for Coffee • xi The Coffee Plant Example Answer: Paragraph A iv 28 Paragraph B 29 Paragraph C 30 Paragraph D 31 Paragraph E 32 Paragraph F 33 Paragraph G Questions 34 - 36 Complete the labels on the diagram of a coffee bean below Choose your answers from the text and write them in boxes 34 - 36 on your answer sheet ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi Questions 37 – 40 Using the information in the passage, complete the flow chart below Write your answers in boxes 37 – 40 on your answer sheet Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi Australia and the Great War, 1914 – 1918 Australia’s role in the First World War, or the Great War as it was known until 1939, is central to the development of modern Australia’s vision of itself in the world In many ways it has served to create what is in some ways a second founding of the nation in the Gallipoli campaign and on the battlefields of France and Belgium The influence of the war experience in the First, and Second, World War is evident in the way in which ANZAC day is, perhaps even more than Australia day, the country’s national day When the war broke out in 1914, it was a certainty that, because of longstanding economic, family and defense ties, Australia, along with New Zealand, would stand alongside Britain The then Prime Minister Andrew Fisher was quick to pledge the country’s support to “the last man, the last shilling” This was no idle promise and Australia paid a high price for their loyalty to their colonizers From a pre-war population of 5m, 417,000 enlisted in the armed forces, of which 324,000 served abroad By the end of the war, Australia had lost 60,000 dead and 155,000 men had been wounded The economic price was also high The national debt, which had stood at ₤6m in 1914, was ₤325m by the end of the war It is possible that the first shot of the war was fired in Australia, when a shot was fired across the bow of the German merchant ship Pfalz as it tried to escape from Port Arthur only a few hour after the declaration of war In late 1914 the light cruiser HMAS Sydney sank the German warship Emden off the west coast of the country Also early in the war, Australian troops captured the German radio transmitters in Rabaul and Nauru and conquered all of German New Guinea At first the Australian forces were intended only to defend Australia, but in 1915 the Australia New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) departed for Europe Their first stop was Egypt and it was because they were so close that they were chosen to take part in the campaign to capture the Gallipoli peninsula, the key to shipping into the Black Sea, from the Turks The plan was for British, French and Anzac forces to land on the peninsular at night at weak points in the Turkish defense However, strong winds blew the troops off course to better defended spots and in the advantage was lost What followed was months of bitter fighting in which 20,000 British and 7,000 ANZAC soldiers were killed and which ended in a successful withdrawal, but no gain for the Allies It was at this moment of history that Australia was propelled on to the world stage From this moment onward Australia began to think of itself ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi as a country in its own right; as being separate to Britain and no longer a colony Most of the ANZAC force was sent to Europe, but the Australian Light Horse remained to fight Turkish forces in Palestine and Syria They defended the Suez Canal and advanced through Palestine and Syria They also took part in what was one of the world’s last great cavalry charges at Beersheba The main ANZAC force arrived in Europe in 1916 The ANZAC experience was similar to that of the other participants in the war; a high death toll and little gain to be shown for it Australian forces were present at all the major battles of the war and sustained some terrible casualties For example, in 24 hours near Pozieres the 5th Division suffered 5,000 casualties At the battle of Bullecort, of the 3,000 men who advanced, 2339 were killed, wounded or captured By 1917 most of the officers were not professional soldiers The most prominent example was General Sir John Monash, who was an engineer by training He commanded the allied forces at the battle of Hamel so well that the general staff published the battle reports as a model In August 1918, he commanded 200,000 troops on what way called “Ludendorff’s black day”, a turning point in the war Monash was probably Australia’s greatest military figure Unlike in other armies in the war, the Australian soldiers were all volunteers They were also more individualistic and showed less respect for the rulebook than other soldiers The relationship between ranks was more democratic and officer had to win the respect of their troops All in all, they paid a high price for fighting in the war Of the 324,000 soldiers who served overseas in the war 215,000 were killed or wounded This was the highest proportion of any of the countries in the war and was probably due to the Australians fighting qualities, which meant that they were often used on the frontline of the fighting At home, the war had a significant effect on the economy Negative effects included the end of British investment, the closure of many shipping lanes and the stockpiling of Australia’s main export, wool However, the isolation that resulted from the war meant that Australia had to make some things that had previously been imported This led to the development of new industries In addition, the BHP smelting company, which is now a major Australian company, saw a great increase in demand for iron and steel The needs of the war were ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi stimulus for the beginning of full industrialization in Australia At the signing of the treaty of Versailles, which marked the end of the war, Australia signed as a separate country This reflected the fact that, at the cost of 60,000 dead, Australia had finally emerged from the shadow of Britain The Great War was, perhaps, the beginning of modern Australian history Complete the sentences below (1 – 7) with words taken from the passage Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer Write your numbers in boxes – on your answer sheet According to the passage Australia’s view of itself is directly related to its involvement in ………………………… Soon after the war had begun, Australia’s Prime Minister offered………………………… Australia had an early involvement in the war and it is even possible that they were responsible for………………………… When combating the Turkish defense, the British, French and Anzac forces ended up attacking stronger points than they had originally intended because of………………………… The outcome of the bitter fight with the Turks was significant for Australia because it enabled them to take their place on………………………… John Monash commanded the battle of Hamel so well that reports of the battle were published in order to be used ………………………… The Great War marked the beginning of modern Australia They had emerged as a separate country and would no longer have to live under the………………………… Classify the following statements as representing Yes Opinions the writer would agree with No Statements the writer would disagree with ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi Not Given Facts not reported in the passage Write the appropriate letters in boxes – 12 on your answer sheet Australia’s national debt increased greatly as a result of the Great War Australia made a great contribution to the successful outcome of the First World War 10 The British forces suffered a greater number of casualties than the Anzac forces during the months of fighting with the Turkish 11 Overall, the British had a higher proportion of soldiers killed or injured than Australia 12 Australian soldiers were disrespectful to their superiors ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi Answer: the Great War the country’s support the first shot strong winds the world stage as a model thdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15 - 28 which are based on Reading Passage 175 below RISING SEA Paragraph - INCREASED TEMPERATURES The average air temperature at the surface of the earth has risen this century, as has the temperature of ocean surface waters Because water expands as it heats, a warmer ocean means higher sea levels We cannot say definitely that the temperature rises are due to the greenhouse effect; the heating may be part of a ‘natural’ variability over a long time - scale that we have not yet recognized in our short 100 years of recording However, assuming the build up of greenhouse gases is responsible, and that the warming will continue, scientists – and inhabitants of low-lying coastal areas – would like to know the extent of future sea level rises Paragraph Calculating this is not easy Models used for the purpose have treated the ocean as passive, stationary and one -dimensional Scientists have assumed that heat simply diffused into the sea from the atmosphere Using basic physical laws, they then predict how much a known volume of water would expand for a given increase in temperature But the oceans are not one -dime nsional, and recent work by oceanographers, using a new model which takes into account a number of subtle facets of the sea –including vast and complex ocean currents – suggests that the rise in sea level may be less than some earlier estimates had predicted Paragraph An international forum on climate change, in 1986, produced figures for likely sea-level rises of 20 cms and 1.4 m, corresponding to atmospheric temperature increases of 1.5 and 4.5C respectively Some scientists estimate that the ocean warming resulting from those temperature increases by the year 2050 would raise the sea level by between 10 cms and 40 cms This model only takes into account the temperature effect on the oceans; it does not consider changes in sea level brought about by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and changes in groundwater storage When we add on estimates of these, we arrive at figures for total sea-level rises of 15 cm and 70 cm respectively Paragraph It’s not easy trying to model accurately the enormous complexities of the ever-changing oceans, with their great volume, massive currents and sensitively to the influence of land ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi masses and the atmosphere For example, consider how heat enters the ocean Does it just ‘diffuse’ from the warmer air vertically into the water, and heat only the surface layer of the sea? (Warm water is less dense than cold, so it would not spread downwards) Conventional models of sea-level rise have considered that this the only method, but measurements have shown that the rate of heat transfer into the ocean by vertical diffusion is far lower in practice than the figures that many modelers have adopted Paragraph Much of the early work, for simplicity, ignored the fact that water in the oceans moves in three dimensions By movement, of course, scientists don’t mean waves, which are too small individually to consider, but rather movement of vast volumes of water in huge currents To understand the importance of this, we now need to consider another process – advection Imagine smoke rising from a chimney On a still day it will slowly spread out in all directions by means of diffusion With a strong directional wind, however, it will all shift downwind, this process is advection – the transport of properties (notably heat and salinity in the ocean) by the movement of bodies of air or water, rather than by conduction or diffusion Paragraph Massive ocean currents called gyres the moving These currents have far more capacity to store heat than does the atmosphere Indeed, just the top m of the ocean contains more heat than the whole of the atmosphere The origin of gyres lies in the fact that more heat from the Sun reaches the Equator than the Poles, and naturally heat tends to move from the former to the latter Warm air rises at the Equator, and draws more air beneath it in the form of winds (the “Trade Winds”) that, together with other air movements, provide the main force driving the ocean currents Paragraph Water itself is heated at the Equator and moves poleward, twisted by the Earth’s rotation and affected by the positions of the continents The resultant broadly circular movements between about 10 and 40 North and South are clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere They flow towards the east at mid latitudes in the equatorial region They then flow towards the Poles, along the eastern sides of continents, as warm currents When two different masses of water meet, one will move beneath the other, depending on their relative densities in the subduction process.The densities are determined by temperature and salinity the convergence of water of different densities from the Equator and the Poles deep in the oceans causes continuous subduction This means that water moves vertically as well as ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi horizontally Cold water from the Poles travels as depth – it is denser than warm water –until it emerges at the surface in another part of the world in the form of a cold current Paragraph HOW THE GREEN HOUSE EFFECT WILL CHANGE OCEAN TEMPERATURES Ocean currents, in three dimensions, form a giant ‘conveyor belt’, distributing heat from the thin surface layer into the interior of the oceans and around the globe Water may take decades to circulate in these 3-D gyres in the lop kilometer of the ocean, and centuries in the deep water With the increased atmospheric temperatures due to the greenhouse effect, the oceans conveyor belt will carry more heat into the interior This subduction moves heat around far more effectively than simple diffusion Because warm water expands more than cold when it is heated, scientists had presumed that the sea level would rise unevenly around the globe It is now believed that these inequalities cannot persist, as winds will act to continuously spread out the water expansion Of course, of global warming changes the strength and distribution of the winds, then this ‘evening-out’ process may not occur, and the sea level could rise more in some areas than others Questions - There are paragraphs numbered - in Reading Passage 175 The first paragraph and the last paragraph have been given headings From the list below numbered A - I, choose a suitable heading for the remaining paragraphs Write your answers A - I, in the spaces numbered 15 - 20 on the answer sheet There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all the headings List of headings A B THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT C HOW OCEAN WATERS MOVE D THE GYRE PRINCIPLE STATISTICAL EVIDENCE E THE ADVECTION PRINCIPLE F DIFFUSION VERSUS ADVECTION ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi G FIGURING THE SEA LEVEL CHANGES H ESTIMATED FIGURES I THE DIFFUSION MODEL 15 Paragraph 16 Paragraph 17 Paragraph 18 Paragraph 19 Paragraph 20 Paragraph Questions 21 and 22 Answer questions 21 and 22 by selecting the correct answer to complete each sentence according to the information given in the reading passage Write your answers A, B, C or D in the spaces numbered 21 and 22 on the answer sheet 21 Scientists not know for sure why the air and surface of ocean temperatures are rising because: A There is too much variability B There is not enough variability C They have not been recording these temperatures for enough time D The changes have only been noticed for 100 years 22 New research leads scientists to believe that: A The oceans are less complex B The oceans are more complex C The oceans will rise more than expected D The oceans will rise less than expected Question 23 Look at the following list of factors A-F and select THREE which are mentioned in the reading passage which may contribute to the rising ocean levels Write the THREE corresponding letters A-F, in the space numbered 23 on the answer sheet List of factors A Thermal expansion B Melting ice C Increased air temperature ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi D Higher rainfall E Changes in the water table F Increased ocean movement Questions 24 - 28 Read each of the following statements, 24 - 28 According to the information in the reading passage Write: T if it is true F if it is false, NA If there is no information about the statement in the reading passage Write your answers in the spaces numbered 24 - 28 on the answer sheet 24 The surface layer of the oceans is warmed by the atmosphere 25 Advection of water changes heat and salt levels 26 A gyre holds less heat than there is in the atmosphere 27 The process of subduction depends on the water density 28 The sea level is expected to rise evenly over the Earth's surface ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi Answer: 15 H 16 I 17 E 18 A 19 C 20 C 21 D 22 B & C & E (in any order) 23 NA 24 T 25 F 26 T 27 F 28 B ZIM ACADEMY | Room 2501, Ocean Group Building, 19 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan Dist, Hanoi