Một số vấn đề lý luận cơ bản và kinh nghiệm thế giới về bồi thường nhà nước

V IE N K H O A H Q C X A H I V IE T N A M VEEN n h A N iTcrc v A p h A p L U A T • • BAO CAO TOM W X KET ' QUA NGHIEN CUfU TAT A A £ E TAI CAP BO > ■ D e tai: MOT SO VAn DE LY LUAN CO BAN VA KINH NGHIEM THE G l6l VE BOI THlTOfNG NHA NlTCfC Chu nhiem de tai: PGS TS Pham Hfru Nghi Yien Nha nirac va Phap luat Ca quan chu tri de tai: Vien Nha nirorc ya Phap luat Yien Khoa hoc Xa hoi Viet Nam Ha Noi, 12/2009 DANH SACH THANH VIEN THlTC HIEN DE TAI NGHIEN CUtJ KHOA HQC CAP B “Mot sd van rfi ly luan ca ban va kinh nghiem thi gi&i ve bdi thucfng nha nu&c” PGS TS Pham Hfru Nghi-Vien Nha niro’c va Phap luat TS Bui Nguyen Khanh -Vien Nha nirorc va Phap luat PGS TS Nguyen Nhir Phat-Vien Nha nirorc va Phap luat GS TSKH Bao Tri Uc- Hoi Luat Gia Viet Nam PGS TS Ha Thi Mai Hien-Vien Nha nu-orc va Phap lu?t PGS TS Bui Xuan Dire -M at tran To Quoc Viet Nam PGS TS Dinh Ngoc Vuwng-Vien Tw Dien hoc va Bach khoa Thir PGS TS Vu Thu* - Vien Nha nirorc va Phap luat TS Le Hong Scm - Vien Nha nircrc va Phap luat 10.TS Nguyen Dire Minh -Vien Nha ntrorc va Phap luat 11.Ths Diromg Quynh Hoa - Vien Nha nvorc va Phap luat 12.Ths Le Phircmg Hoa - Vien Nha ntrorc va Phap luat 13 CN Nguyen Thi Hung - Vien Nha niro’c va Phap luat MVC LVC Lol noi dau I Ca s& ly luan ve boi thirong Nha ntro’c Nha nutfc phap quyen Ccf s& chinh tri- phap ly cua boi thucmg Nha nu&c Nha nu&c phap quyen Ca s& kinh te- xa hoi cua boi thirdng Nha nu&c Nha nu&c phap quyin Boi thu&ng Nha nu&c — phucfng tien bao ho cac quyen ngu&i, quyen cong dan Nha nu&c phap quyen Muc tieu, pham vi, phucfng thicc boi thir&ng Nha nu&c Nha nu&c phap quyen 4.1 Muc tieu boi thirong Nha nirac Nha nuoc phap quyen 4.2 Pham vi boi thucmg Nha nuac Nha nuac phap quyen 4.2.1 Pham vi theo chuc nang 4.2.2 Boi thucmg vat chat va boi thucmg phi vat chit 4.2.3 Van de b6i thucmg cung ung dich vu cong 4.3 Cac phuomg thuc boi thucmg Nha nuac Nha nuac phap quyen 4.3.1 B6i thucmg vat chat 4.3.2 Boi thucmg phi vat chat II Ca sdr phap ly, ban chat va cac hinh thirc trach nhiem boi thirong Nha nir r 14 14 19 21 23 23 24 24 25 26 26 26 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 31 32 32 33 ^ 33 35 36 36 41 42 ! IV Kinh nghiem the gioi ve phap luat b6i thirong Nha nirfrc: mo hinh, xu hiring phat triin va m§t so nghien ciru trirong hop Mo hinh ban hanh dao luat rieng ve boi thu&ng Nha nu&c 1.1 Canada 1.2NhatBan 1.3 Han Qu6c Mo hinh van dung cdc quy pham cua Luat dan sir va Luat cong de xdc dinh trach nhiem boi thu&ng Nha nu&c 2.1 Cong hoa Phap 2.2 Thuy ST 2.3 Cong hoa lien bang Due Mo hinh cua cdc quoc gia chuyen doi va khu vuc Bong Nam A 3.1TrungQuoc 3.2 Phillipin 3.3 Indonesia 3.4 Lao 3.5 Campuchia V Danh gia qua nghien ciru so sanh phap luat ve trach nhiem boi thirong Nha nircrc Dieu kien phdt sinh trach nhiem boi thu&ng nha nu&c Lfnh vuc hoat dong chfu su dieu chinh cua boi thu&ng Nha nu&c Cff ch i gidi quyit boi thu&ng 3.1 Cac trucrng hop dugc boi thucmg 3.2 Ca ch6 boi thucmg Thu tuc gidi quyet boi thu&ng Xdc dinh thiet hai, mite va phi boi thu&ng Trach nhiem hoan trd cua cong chuc VI Phap luat ve trach nhiem boi thirong Nha niro’c a Viet Nam - thirc trang va trien vong Su chn thiet ban hanh Luat ve trach nhiem bdi thu&ng Nha nu&c 1.1 Thiet lap ca che- phap ly mai co kha nang bao dam tot horn quyen va lai ich hap phap cua to chuc, ca nhan bi cong chuc qua trinh thuc thi cong vu da gay thiet hai cho minh 1.2 Thuc hien dinh huang cua Dang Cong san Viet Nam ve hoan thien he thong phap luat nham dam bao quyen nguai, xay dung Nha nu6c phap quyen Viet Nam xa hoi chu nghTa 1.3 Bao dam yeu cau hoi nhap quoc te Noi dung ca ban cua phap luat ve trach nhiim boi thu&ng Nha nu&c 2.1 Quan diem chi dao xay dung Luat trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac * r f * * r \ 42 43 43 45 48 50 50 53 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 57 58 58 58 58 59 59 60 60 60 61 61 61 62 63 63 2.2 Bo cuc cua Luat trach nhiem boi thucmg Nha nuac 2.3 Nhung noi dung ca ban cua Luat trach nhiem boi thuang nha nuac 2.3.1 Pham vi didu chinh 2.3.2 B6i tuang dugc b6i thuang 2.3.3 Can cu xac dinh trach nhiem b6i thuang cua Nha nuac 2.3.4 Pham vi trach nhiem boi thucmg cua Nha nuac 2.3.5 Ca quan co trach nhiem b6i thucmg 2.3.6 Thu tuc giai quyet yeu cau b6i thuang 2.3.7 Kinh phi b6i, thuang 2.3.8 Trach nhiem hoan tra cua nguai thi hanh cong vu 2.3.9 Ap dung Luat trach nhiem boi thuang cua Nha nuac Triin vgng thuc thi Luat ve trach nhiem boi thucmg Nha nu&c & nu&c ta hien i Luat trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac 2009 - buac tien quan trong tu va thuc din lap phap Nha nuac phap quyen Viet Nam XHCN 3.2 Nhung v4n de phap ly dat qua trinh thuc thi Luat trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac 2009 Ket luan Danh muc tai lieu tham khao 63 64 64 64 64 65 69 ^0 72 ^3 73 73 73 74 76 83 LCfl MOf DAU Tmh cap thiet cua de tai Boi thuang Nha nuac - vai tmh cach la mot loai hinh trach nhiem phap ly dac biet - chi xuit hien nhung dieu kien va tien de phap ly cu the: Nha nuac phap quyen va xa hoi cong dan Khi do, Nha nuac- chu the cua quan he phap luat, tham gia cac quan he phap luat cung deu co nhung quy6n va nghTa vu nhat dinh va phai ganh chiu nhung he qua phap ly tit yeu phai sinh tu nhung quan he phap luat Tu suy ring, viec Nha nuac - “san pham va bieu hien cua mau thuan giai cap” (V.I Le Nin) can phai boi thucmg cho “ben kia” cua quan he phap luat la cau chuyen hien nhien dien xa hoi mai - xa hoi thay the xa hoi than quyen, xa hoi th§n dan vai Nha nuac canh sat, chuyen che1 Mac du dugc manh nha hinh tu the ky XVIII2 a cac quoc gia _ \ r fv / phuang Tay, song “trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac“ cho den van tiep tuc la chu de mai khoa hoc phap ly duong dai3 Sa di nhu vay la vi, trach nhiem b6i thucmg Nha nuac la mot ch§ dinh phap ly rat phuc tap va dugc tich hgp tu nhieu bo phan phap luat he thong phap luat Cung can thiSt phai chi ring, “trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac“ khong co nhung he qua phap ly dac trung - ma dua tren ca sa cho phep phan dinh vai cac bo phan phap luat khac he thong phap luat4 Vi vay, kho co the dat van d6 la trach nhiem boi thuang nha nuac la che dinh phap luat thuoc luat cong hay luat tu Lai cang khong the dat van de ve tinh chat „cong“ hay „tu“ cua Luat trach nhiem boi thuang nha nuac Bai le, trach nhiem boi thuang nha nuac dugc hinh tu hoat dong mang tinh cong quyen (do ca quan nha nuac hay ca nhan, phap nhan luat tu thuc hien nhan danh Nha nuac), co \ i t rs/ M r r > \ r » f \ \ \ \ \ r PGS TS Nguyen Nhu Phdt, M6t s6 vSn dS ly luan wh trdch nhi|m b6i thudng cua Nha nude, Tap chi Nh& nude vd Piidp luat, S6 ,2 0 VD: §§ 74, 75 Einleitung zum allgemeinen Landrecht filr die PreuBischen Staaten von 1794 Ddng luu y 14, cdc qu6c gia tien phong nhu CHLB Due, din vln chua c6 mot Dao luat vh trdch nhifm b6i thuimg N M nude Trong lich sir, CHLB Dire da tung ban hinh mOt Dao luat v i b6i thuimg Nhd nude s6ng da bj mSt hifu luc tren co sor mot phdn quyit cua T6a An hi6n phdp lien bang (BVerfGE 61, 149 - Staatshaftung) C6n it CHDC Diic cung t6n tai mQt Dao luat tuong t\r v^ da chlm diit hi|u l\re nude Due tai th6ng nhat Kay Windthorst und Adolf Friedel, Staatshaftungsrecht, C.H Beek’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Miinchen, 1994, S r r hoac khong vi pham phap luat va ket qua la viec thuc hien mgt loat cac che tai mang tinh chit dan su nhu: b6i thucmg thiet hai, den bu theo luat cong, boi hoan va cac nghTa vu khac Trong thoi gian qua, Nha nuac ta da ban hanh mot he thong phap luat, bu6c dau dap ling dugc nhung yeu cau ca ban cua quan ly nha nuac doi vai moi mat cua dai song xa hoi, co phap luat ve trach nhiem boi thucmg cua ca quan nha nuac d6i vai cac thiet hai can bo, cong chuc nha nuac gay thi hanh cong vu Hien phap nam 1992 quy dinh: “Nguai bi bat, bi giam giu, bi truy to, bi xet xu trai phap luat co quyen dugc boi thuang thiet hai v6 vat chit va phuc hdi danh du” (Dieu 72); “Moi hanh vi xam pham lai ich cua Nha nuac, quyen va lgi ich hop phap cua tap the va cua cong dan phai dugc kip thoi xu ly nghiem minh Nguai bi thiet hai co quyln dugc boi thucmg ve vat chat va phuc hoi ve danh du” (Dieu 74) Bo luat Dan su nam 1995 da danh hai dieu 623 va 624 de quy dinh trach nhiem boi thuang cua cac ca quan nha nuac va cac quy dinh tiep tuc dugc ghi nhan Bo luat dan su nam 2005 (Dieu 619 va Dieu 620) De cu the hoa cac quy dinh neu tren, den nay, Nha nuac ta da ban hanh nhieu van ban huang dan thi hanh nhu: Nghi dinh s6 47/CP thang nam 1997 cua Chinh phu ve viec giai quySt boi thucmg thiet hai cong chuc, vien chuc nha nuac, nguai co thim quyen cua ca quan tien hanh to tung gay (sau day ggi tit la Nghi dinh s6 47); Nghi quylt so 388/2003/NQ-UBTVQH11 17 thang nam 2003 cua Uy ban thucmg vu Qu6c hoi ve b6i thucmg thiet hai cho nguai bi oan nguai co tham quyen hoat dong to tung hinh su gay (sau day goi tit la Nghi quylt so 388) Cac Bo, nganh co lien quan cung da ban hanh cac van ban huang din thi hanh ve viec giai quyet b6i thucmg thiet hai can bo, cong chuc nha nuac va nguai tien hanh t6 tung (sau day goi chung la nguai thi hanh cong vu) gay Tuy nhien, cac quy dinh phap luat hien hanh ve b6i thuang thiet hai nguai thi hanh cong vu gay co nhieu han che, bit cap nhu: hinh thuc van ban quy pham phap luat quy dinh ve trach nhiem boi thucmg thiet hai nguai thi hanh cong vu gay co hieu luc phap ly khong cao; phap r r \ \ > * r luat hien hanh ve trach nhiem boi thucmg thiet hai nguai thi hanh cong vu gay chua dugc xay dung tren quan diem coi day la trach nhiem boi thuang cua Nha nuac noi chung ma chi coi la trach nhiem boi thucmg cua tung ca quan nha nuac cu thi (ca quan quan ly nguai thi hanh cong vu da gay thiet hai); ca quan co trach nhiem giai quyet boi thucmg nhieu trucmg hgp chua dugc xac dinh ro va dac biet la chua quy dinh cu the trach nhiem ph6i hgp cua cac ca quan nha nuac khac co lien quan, nen viec giai quyit b6i thuang khong dat dugc kit qua nhu mong muon; cac lorn thiet hai dugc boi thucmg, muc boi thucmg va nhieu van de lien quan khac dixac phap luat quy dinh khong thong nhat, chua hgp ly, gay bat lgi cho ca ca quan giai quylt b6i thucmg nha nuac lan nguai bi thiet hai; trach nhiem hoan tra cua cong chuc chua dugc quy dinh ro rang Tong ket thuc tien cho thay, Nghi dinh so 47 hau nhu khong phat huy tac dung, chua dugc ap dung de giai quylt boi thucmg thiet hai cac linh vuc to tung hinh su, dan su va hanh chinh Trong hoat dong quan ly hanh chinh, ket qua thi hanh Nghi dinh cung rat han che Tong hgp bao cao cua cac Bo, nganh va dia phuang cung chi rang: viec giai quyet boi thucmg cua cac ca quan hanh chinh nha nuac chu yeu dugc thuc hien gan vai thu tuc giai quyet khieu nai hanh chinh ma khong true tiep ap dung Nghi dinh so 47; so lugng vu viec dugc giai quyet boi thucmg khong tucmg xung so vai yeu cau thuc te, cu the khoang thai gian tu nam 1997 den 2007 mai co khoang 170 vu viec dugc giai quyet, vai so tien boi thuang la hem 16 ty dong; a mot so Bo, nganh, dia phucmg chua co trucmg hgp nao ap dung Nghi dinh so 47 de giai quyet yeu cau boi thucmg Boi vai bdi thuang thiet hai cho cac trucmg hgp bi oan to tung hinh su theo quy dinh cua Nghi quyet so 388, tinh den het nam 2007 (sau 04 nam thi hanh), cac ca quan tien hanh to tung da giai quyet dugc gan 200 vu, vai s6 tien phai boi thucmg la gan 15 ty dong Viec ban hanh Nghi quyet da dugc du luan nhan dan ung ho va dong tinh cao Tuy nhien, pham vi dieu chinh hep (chi b6i thucmg cho cac trucmg hgp bi oan to tung hinh su), cho nen tac dong cua Nghi quyet han chi Mac du, Luat ve trach nhiem boi thucmg Nha nuac da dugc ban hanh 18 thang ,06 nam 2009 va bat dau co hieu luc tu 01.01.2010, song % ^ > > r r ^ r f r r _ t r ^ r r r r * \ r r r r t y \ r thuc trang thi hanh phap luat ve bdi thucmg Nha nuac nhung nam qua a nuac ta da cho thiy tilp tuc phai co lai giai dap cu thi cho nhung van dl sau: - Ranh giai giua trach nhiem b6i thuang Nha nuac theo Luat cong va trach nhiem boi thucmg thiet hai cua Nha nuac theo Luat dan su; - Nhung hanh vi cong quyen nao la ca sa cua trach nhiem boi thucmg Nha nuac Pham vi cua trach nhiem b6i thucmg Nha nuorc chi giai han a linh vuc hanh phap va tu phap hay ma rong sang ca linh vuc tu phap; - Chu thi cua trach nhiem b6i thuang Nha nuac; - Hinh thuc va muc boi thucmg trach nhiem boi thucmg Nha nuac; - Trinh tu, thu tuc xu ly cac yeu clu boi thucmg trach nhiem boi thucmg Nha nuac; - Kinh phi boi thuang va thu tuc chi tra cho nguai bi thiet hai; - Trach nhiem b6i hoan cho Nha nuac cua can bo, cong chuc true tilp gay thiet hai theo chi cong vu - sue ep doi vai tinh doc lap cua can bo, cong chuc Tu nhung nguyen nhan da trinh bay tren, co the khang dinh rang, mot nghien cuu ve ca sa ly luan va kinh nghiem quoc te ve phap luat boi thucmg Nha nuac b6i canh xay dung Nha nuac phap quyen a nuac ta hien van tilp tuc la mot viec lam rat cap bach va co y nghTa thuc tien to Ion 9 i Tinh hinh nghien cun 2.1 Tinh hinh nghien cieu nu&c Trong Nghi quyet 48/NQ-TW 24.05.2005 cua Bo Chinh tri ve chiln luge hoan thien phap luat giai doan 2005-2010, dinh huang 2020, Dang ta da yeu cau sam ban hanh Luat boi thucmg Nha nuac Nghi quyet Dai hoi Dang X cung da tiep tuc khing dinh chu trucmg bang viec nhan manh: “Cac ca quan co tham quyln phai den bu thich dang cho cong dan va doanh nghiep ve nhtmg thiet hai ca danh du va vat chat nhung quyet dinh trai phap luat gay ra” IIuy co tam quan nhu vay, song phap luat ve boi thucmg Nha nuac mai chi dugc quan tam dung muc va bit dau co mot s6 nghien cuu quy mo thoi gian gan day Dieu dang noi la, cac ket qua nghien cuu thu dugc cho den hit sue khiem ton Phan Ion cac cong trinh khoa hoc vl linh vuc dugc cong bo duai hinh thuc cac bai viet dugc dang tai tren cac tap chi khoa hoc chuyen nganh luat hoac tham luan cac Hoi thao qu6c gia va qu6c tl Quan nhit s6 co the ke den bai viet cua PGS TS Nguyen Nhu Phat, Mot so van de ly luan ve trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac, Tap chi Nha nuac va Phap luat so nam 2007; PGS TS Duong Dang Hue, “Luat boi thucmg Nha nuac - cong cu phap ly quan trong viec bao ve quyen va lai ich hap phap cua cong dan a nuac ta ”\TS Duong Thanh Mai, Nhung van de thuc tien thi hanh phap luat ve trach nhiem bdi thuang cua Nha nuac, Ky ylu Chuang trinh Toa dam ve Luat b6i thuang Nha nuac Bo Tu phap to chuc 24-26 thang 01 nam 2007; PGS TS Nguyen Dang Dung, Boi thuang thiet hai cua lap phap,; TS, Tran Van Trung, “Thuc tien dp dung Nghi quyet 388 ve boi thuang thiet hai cho nguai bi oan to tung hinh su cua nganh kiem sat va mot so kien nghi, de xuat”, Ky yeu hoi thao “Phap luat va chinh sach ve trach nhiem boi thucmg Nha nuac” Trung tam thong tin - Thu vien - Nghien cuu khoa hoc cua Van phong Quoc hoi to chuc tai Ha Noi 22.09.2006; PGS TS Nguyen Nhu Phat/TS Bui Nguyen Khanh, C a sa phap ly phdt sinh va pham vi trach nhiem boi thuang cua Nha nuac, Tap chi khoa hoc phap ly, so 5, 2007 Dang chu y la, mot so cong trinh dugc bien tap duai dang tai lieu ' ' ' ' tham khao noi bo ve phap luat ve trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac nham giai thieu va cung cap nhung thong tin ve kinh nghiem dieu chinh cua phap luat nuac ngoai nhu: Phap luat ve trach nhiem b6i thuang Nha nuac cua Nhat Ban, CHLB Due, Cong hoa Indonesia, Cong hoa Philippin Co the noi, cho den van chua co cong trinh khoa hoc nao di sau nghien cuu mot cach ca ban va co he thong ve ca sa ly luan ve boi thuang Nha nuac Nha nuac phap quyen; muc tieu, dac diem va pham vi dieu r r \ r \ \ r y \ chinh cua phap luat ve boi thucmg Nha nuac, ca sa phap ly va cac hinh thuc 10 r " > > * ' ' Doi vai cac quy dinh ve thiet hai ton that ve tinh than, Luat trach nhiem bdi thudng cua Nha nude phan biet ro doi vdi cac trudng hop sau day: Truang hap bi tam giu hdnh chinh, bi dua vao truang giao duorng, ca sa giao due, ca sa chua benh thi thiet hai ton that ve tinh than dugc boi thudng dugc xac dinh la hai Iirong toi thiiu cho mot bi tam gift hanh chinh, bi dua vao trudng giao duorng, ca sd giao due, ca sd chua benh Truang hgp bi tam giit, tam giam, chap hdnh hinh phat til thi thiet hai tdn thit ve tinh than dugc boi thudng dugc xac dinh la ba lircmg toi thieu cho mot bi tam giu, tam giam, chap hanh hinh phat tu Trudng horp bi khai to, truy to, xet xu, thi hdnh an ma khdng bi giam giu, tam giam thi thiet hai tdn that ve tinh thin dugc bdi thudng dugc xac dinh la mot lirong toi thieu cho mot bi khdi to, truy td, xet xu, thi hanh an ma khong bi giam giu, tam giam Truang hop nguon bi thiet hai chet thi muc bdi thudng ton that ve tinh than toi da la 360 thang lirong toi thieu 2.3.7 Kinh phi bdi thuang Ve kinh phi bdi thuang Luat trach nhiem bdi thudng cua Nha nude quy dinh, trudng hgp ca quan trung uang cd trach nhiem boi thucmg thi kinh phi boi thudng dugc bao dam tu ngan sach trung uang; trudng hgp ca quan dia phuang cd trach nhiem boi thudng thi kinh phi bdi thudng dugc bao dam tu ngan sach dia phuang (Dieu 52) Trinh tu, thu tuc cap vd chi tra tien bdi thudng Luat trach nhiem bdi thudng cua Nha nude khdng quy dinh viec lay kinh phi bdi thudng true tiep tu kinh phi rieng cua ca quan cd trach nhiem bdi thudng Ve nguyen tac, kinh phi se dugc lay tu ca quan tai chinh cung cap, trudng hgp ca quan cd trach nhiem bdi thudng hudng kinh phi tu ngan sach trung uang thi ca quan cd trach nhiem bdi thucmg cd trach nhiem gui hd so dd nghi bdi thudng len ca quan quan ly cap tren de ca quan gui hd sa len ca quan tai chinh cung cap dl de nghi cap kinh phi (Dilu 54) - - - r y * / ^ - 72 2.3.8 Trdch nhiem hoan tra cua nguai thi hdnh cong vu Luat trach nhiem boi thudng cua Nha nude da quy dinh mot each toan dien ve trach nhiem hoan tra, bao gom: nghTa vu hoan tra va xu ly trach nhiem cua ngudi thi hanh cong vu (Dieu 56); can cu xac dinh muc hoan tra (Dilu 57); trinh tu, thu tuc quyet dinh viec hoan tra (Dieu 58); tham quyln quylt dinh hoan tra (Dilu 59); khilu nai, khdi kien quylt dinh hoan tra (Dilu 60); hieu luc cua quyet dinh hoan tra (Dieu 61); thuc hien viec hoan tra (Dilu 62); quan ly, su dung tiln hoan tra (Dilu 63) r y 2.3.9 Ap dung Luat trdch nhiem boi thuang cua Nhd nuac Luat trach nhiem bdi thudng cua Nha nude cd hieu luc thi hanh k l tu 01 thang 01 nam 2010, nhien, tren thuc tien, cd cac trudng hop nhu: ngudi bi thiet hai da yeu cau bdi thudng theo quy dinh cua cac van ban quy pham phap luat hien hanh ve trach nhiem boi thudng thiet hai can bo, cdng chuc gay nhung yeu ciu chua dugc thu ly, hoac da dugc thu ly nhung chua dugc giai quylt, hoac chua yeu ciu bdi thudng Trien vgng thuc thi Luat ve trach nhiem boi thirong Nha niro’ o’ c nirdc ta hien 3.1 Luat trdch nhiem bdi thu&ng Nhd nu&c 2009 - bu&c tien quan trong tu vd thuc tien lap phdp Nhd nu&c phdp quyin Viet NamXHCN Cd the khing dinh ring, Luat trach nhiem bdi thudng cua Nha nude 2009 la mot budc tien quan trong tu va thuc tien lap phap Nha nude phap quyln Viet Nam vi: Thu nhat, Ian dau tien, trdch nhiem cua Nhd nuac phai boi thuang cho cd nhan, tS chuc ve nhimg thiet hai nguai thi hdnh cong vu gay da duac Nhd nuac ghi nhan bang mot dao luat Thu hai, nguyen tac phan cong, phoi hap vd kiem soat viec to chuc thuc hien quyen luc cua nhd nuac phdp quyen la ca so de xdc dinh pham vi, chu the, trinh tu, thu tuc thuc hien trdch nhiem boi thucmg cua Nhd nu&c r > x ' r f » 73 Thu ba, ve pham vi trdch nhiem boi thuang cua Nha nuac da xac dinh linh vyrc - hoat dong quan ly hanh chinh, to tung va thi hanh an, nghTa la chi loai tru trach nhiem boi thucmg cua Nha nude lTnh vuc xay dung phap luat Thu tu, ve xdc dinh chu the true tiep thuc hien trdch nhiem boi thuang cua Nha nuac Thu nam, ve trinh tu, thu tuc thuc hien trdch nhiem boi thucmg cua Nhd nuac Trong ca cau to chuc quyen luc nha nude, quyen tu phap trao cho toa an phai dugc doc lap de bao ve phap luat, bao dam cac quyen va tu cua ngudi va quyen cdng dan Luat trach nhiem bdi thudng cua Nha nude 2009 quy dinh trinh tu, thu tuc de ca nhan, td chuc bi thiet hai thuc hien quyln yeu cau Nha nude thuc hien trach nhiem bdi thudng theo budc: budc yeu ciu theo thu tuc hanh chinh va chinh ca quan nha nude cd trach nhiem bdi thudng giai quyet; budc 2- kien toa dan su va giai quylt theo phap luat to tung dan su nlu sau da thuang lugng ve yeu cau bdi thudng ma ca quan nha nude khdng quylt dinh giai quylt hay giai quylt khdng thoa dang 3.2 Nhirng van de phap ly dat qua trinh thirc thi Luat trdch nhiem bdi thircmg Nhd nir&c 2009 Luat trach nhiem bdi thudng cua Nha nude 2009 di vao cuoc song se khdng chi cdn la bilu hien cua su ddi mdi tu lap phap ma ddi hoi mot su cai each manh me hanh vi ung xu cua cac ca quan, cdng chuc nha nude va mdi ngudi dan theo nhung nguyen tac phap quyen Trudc tien, la viec cac ca quan nha nude dugc giao trach nhiem ban hanh van ban hudng dan thi hanh Luat phai hoan viec tao lap diy du khuon kho phap ly tdt cho viec thuc thi Luat, khdng d l xay tinh trang luat bi vd hifu hoa “chd” Nghi dinh, Thdng tu hoac tao nhung mau * * * * * * • r ' * thuan mdi giua cac van ban hudng dan vdi Luat Day la van de da tung xay doi vdi cac van ban quy pham phap luat lmh vuc trudc Luat trach nhiem bdi thudng cua Nha nude 2009 dugc ban hanh w r > 74 Theo Quylt dinh 3193/QD-BTP 09.11.2009 cua Bo truang Bo Tu Phap ban hanh ke hoach thuc hien Chi thi so 1565/CT-TTg 06 thang 10 nam 2009 cua Thu tuong Chinh phu ve viec trien khai Luat trach nhiem boi thudng Nha nude, thi Luat can 01 Nghi dinh va 06 Thdng tu lien tich dugc ban hanh nam 2009 de hudng din thuc hien Den nay, Chinh phu ban hanh Nghi dinh so 16/2010/ND-CP 03 thang 03 nam 2010 quy dinh chi tiet va hudng dan thi hanh mot sd dieu cua Luat trach nhiem bdi thudng Nha nude Tuy nhien, 06 Thdng tu lien tich giua Bg Tu phap va cac Bo cd lien quan van chua dugc ban hanh Benh canh do, yeu td cd tinh quyet dinh su bai cua viec thuc thi Luat trach nhiem boi thudng Nha nude la vln de to chuc va ngudi Ve td chuc, viec lap cac to chuc de dai dien cho ca quan nha nude giai quyet yeu cau bdi thudng thiet hai cua ca nhan, td chuc, de xet viec boi hoan cua cdng chuc gay thiet hai cung nhu lap cac to chuc thuc hien quan ly nha nude ve bdi thudng nha nude d cac cap chinh quyen la tien de dau tien, la dieu kien can cho viec van hanh tren thuc te ca che bdi thudng cua nha nude Viec chgn cu, bdi dudng ky nang, ban lmh va dao due nghi nghiep cho doi ngu cdng chuc hanh phap, tu phap noi chung, nhung ngudi true tiep tham gia vao qua trinh giai quyet bdi thudng theo trinh tu, thu tuc luat dinh noi rieng (bao gom ca cac luat su, giam dinh vien tu phap ) cung nhu viec nang cao y thuc phap luat cua nhan dan mdi la dieu kien du de cac nguyen tic thugng tdn phap luat, bao ve quyen ngudi, quyln cdng dan tren ca sd cgng dong trach nhiem giua Nha nude va ngudi dan dugc thuc thi cd hieu qua > x r \ f 75 KET LUAN B it ky d dau, ma quyen luc tap trung qua nhieu vao mot noi thi xet v l mat khach quan diu xuit hien nguy ca lam dung quyen luc moi quan he vai ke yeu Y tudng co le la cua Montesquieu va dugc coi la nen tang cho hoc thuylt v l phan quyen (ma a Viet Nam, mgt so goi la “tam quyln phan lap”) Dieu cung dan viec dai hoc thuyet ve nha nuac phap quyen ma theo noi dung cua no thi: - Ve phuang dien chinh tri, quyen luc nha nuac can dugc kiem soat va gioi han bai phap luat, - V l phuang dien tu phap, moi hoat dong cua Nha nuac (lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap) can dugc kiem tra lai bang dudng toa an va - V l phuang dien vat chat thi nhung hoat dong cong quyln, nhan danh A f Nha nuac cua Nha nuac deu co the keo theo hau qua phap ly bat lgi ma khoa hoc phap ly ggi la trach nhiem vat chit Ngay nay, mot xa hoi hien dai, moi quan he giua Nha nuac va cong dan (giua ke manh va ke ylu) la nhung moi quan he dugc dieu chinh bing phap luat ma d do, vi thi cua cac ben la khong binh ding v l moi phuang dien Vi vay, mot trat tu phap luat nhan dao can phai “uu tien” bao ve ke yeu Trong trudng hgp la nhung ddi tugng cua cua quan ly nha nude Cdng dan va lgi ich cua ho la nhung ddi tugng thieng lieng, bat kha xam pham va phai dugc bao ve trudc moi xam hai trai phap luat Da qua di vmh vien cai thdi ma d do, Nha nude luon cd quyln dan thi ludn cd nghTa vu Vi the, dat vin d l ve trach nhiem dan su cua Nha nude thuc hien cdng quyen la dieu hien nhien mot trat tu Nha nude phap quyen Trong mot xa hgi hien dai, du la kilu phuang Dong hay phuang Tay, du vdi bat ky mot che va the che chinh tri xa hoi thi mdi quan he giua Nha nude va cdng dan la nhung mdi quan he can dugc du lieu bang phap luat Theo do, Nha nude - chu thi cua quan he phap luat, tham gia cac quan he phap luat cung diu cd nhung quyln va nghTa vu nhit dinh va phai ganh chiu nhung he qua phap ly tit ylu phai sinh tu nhung quan he x y r r r y y 76 phap luat Tu suy rang, viec Nha nuac - “san pham va bieu hien cua mau thuan giai cap” (V.I Le Nin) can phai boi thuang cho “ben kia” cua quan he phap luat la cau chuyen hien nhien dien xa hoi mai - xa hoi thay thi xa hoi than quyen, xa hoi than dan voi nha nude canh sat, chuyen che Bdi thudng Nha nude vdi tinh each la mot hien tugng xa hoi - chi xuat hien dudi nhung tien de kinh te va phap ly cu the Theo do, bdi thudng nha nude chi dugc thua nhan cd su hien dien cua kinh tl thi trudng mot Nha nude phap quyen ma d cac quyen tu do, quyen ngudi, quyen sd huu va cac quyen ca ban cua cdng dan khac dugc ghi nhan va bao ve ca cd su xam hai tir phia cac ca quan cdng quyen C Viet Nam, ca sd chinh tri- phap ly cua bdi thudng nha nude d J nude ta chinh la Nha nude phap quyen xa hoi chu nghTa, he thdng chinh tri xa hoi chu nghTa cua dan, dan va vi dan va he thdng chinh sach- phap luat ve trach nhiem cdng vu, ve trach nhiem bdi thudng cua Nha nude hanh vi trai phap luat tir phia cdng chuc, vien chuc gay cho cdng dan, to chuc Ca sd xa hoi cua bdi thudng nha nude trudc h it xuat phat tir chinh nhung gia tri xa hoi - nhan van sau sic ma xa hoi loai ngudi trai qua hang ngan nam dau tranh d l gianh giat va bao ve Cac gia tri xa hoi chinh la cac quyen dugc lam ngudi, quyen tu do, dan chu va quyen muu cau hanh phuc cua ngudi Hay noi khai quat han la cac quyln ngudi, quyln cdng dan Khac vdi cac dang trach nhiem phap ly khac, trach nhiem boi thudng Nha nude phat sinh tir nhung quan he phap luat cdng Theo do, cac chu thi phap luat khdng dugc tu hanh dong va phai hanh dong theo nguyen tic, cac chu thi (cac ca quan nha nude) chi dugc lam nhung gi ma phap luat ghi nhan Trach nhiem bdi thudng Nha nude cung khdng nhat thiet phai vi pham phap luat33, khdng dugc xay dung tren ca sd cua ylu td chu quan (loi) cua ca quan nha nude (khac vdi loi vi pham trach nhiem cdng vu cua cdng chuc) Noi khac di, bon ylu to cau chi trach nhiem X X x > > r r 33 Thi du, viec Nhd nuac trung thu hay trung dyng tai sdn cua dan vi muc dich cdng cpng md vi thi phdi den bu thi rd rdng Id khong c6 vi pham phdp luit vd khdng c6 16i 77 phap ly, trach nhiem vat chat thong thucmg khong dugc xem xet day du34 Tuy nhien, cung can phai khang dinh rang, cac nguyen tac cua luat dan su cung co su anh hudng manh me den sir hinh va phat trien cua phap luat ve trach nhiem boi thucmg Nha nude Qua khao sat phap luat cua cac qudc gia tren the gidi da cho thay, trach nhiem bdi thudng Nha nude phat sinh tren cac ca sd sau: quan he nghTa vu theo Luat cdng; Thuc hien cdng viec khdng cd uy quyen theo Luat cdng; Trach nhiem cdng vu; Yeu cau xoa bo hau qua phap ly theo Luat cdng; Quoc h£ru hoa; Yeu cau hoan tra lai tai san dugc hudng lgi khong cd can cu phap luat va d mot sd qudc gia la den bu cho nan nhan Phap luat ve bdi thudng Nha nude la bo phan phap luat he thdng phap luat quy dinh ve mgt loai hinh trach nhiem phap ly dac biet: trach nhiem cua chu the thua hanh cong vu ddi vdi cac hanh vi cdng quyen cua minh qua trinh thuc hien cdng vu Noi cach khac, loai hinh trach nhiem phap ly dugc ap dung ddi vdi hanh vi cdng quyen (hanh dong hoac khdng hanh dong) tren nen tang phap ly cua Luat cdng Mac du cac chu thi cua hanh vi cdng quyen phung su qudc gia theo nhung hinh thuc phap ly khac vdi hinh thuc phap ly cua Luat dan su, song hau qua phap ly cua nhung hanh vi lai dugc xem xet dudi cac hinh thuc trach nhiem phap ly cua dan luat Cu the la, no cung trd ddi tugng cua quyen khdi kien theo dan luat nhu nhung vi pham hgp dong, ngoai hgp ddng va cac hinh thuc khac theo quy dinh cua phap luat35 Do dugc hinh tren nen tang cua cac hanh vi cdng quyen, nen phap luat ve bdi thudng Nha nude dugc dat mdi lien he chat che vdi cac hinh thuc bao ve phap ly cua cdng dan trudc su xam hai cua cac hanh vi cdng quyen Trong qua trinh thuc thi quyen luc Nha nude, hanh vi cdng quyen luon tiem an mot nguy ca - xam hai cac quyen cua cdng dan - cai r f r r r \ 34 PGS TS Nguyin Nhu Phdt, M§t so van de ly luan ve trdch nhifm b6i thudng cua Nhd nude, Tap chi Nhd nude vd Phdp ludt, S6 4,2007, Trang 28 35 Badus/Grezeszick/Wienhues, Staatshaftungsrecht - Das Recht der Offentlichen Ersatzleistungen, 2., neu bearbeitete Auflage, C F MUller Verlag, 2007, T 78 r " f\ X r ' luon dugc Hien phap bao ho thong qua viec ghi nhan kha nang to quyen cua cong dan Su bao ho phap ly cua Hien phap da mo cho cong dan mot kha nang, yeu cau Toa an xem xet lai tmh hop phap cua hanh vi cong quyen ma ho cho la da vi pham cac quyen hop phap cua ho (bao ve _ \ phap ly nguyen phat) Tuy nhien, su bao ho phap ly khong ton tai mot cach don le No dugc bao ve bd sung thong qua phap luat ve bdi thudng Nha nude - bo phan phap luat dem lai mot kha nang bo sung la yeu cau boi thirdng doi vdi cac hanh vi cdng quyen xam hai den quyen cdng dan (bao ve phap ly thu phat)37 C nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi, phap luat ve boi J thirdng Nha nirdc la mgt che dinh phap luat het sure phirc tap va thieu vang tinh he thong 10 Khai niem hoat dong cdng quyen tuyet nhien khdng dong nghTa vdi mot dang hoat dong cu the nao he thdng quyen luc nha nude Dieu co nghTa la hoat dong cua Nha nude ma cd the phai sinh trach nhiem bdi thudng chac chan se khdng gidi han d nhung hoat dong cua cac ca quan nha nude lmh vuc tu phap (chu yeu la hinh su) Theo hoc thuyet vd phan chia quyen luc, Nha nude dugc nhin nhan thong qua ba loai quyen luc: lap phap, hanh phap va tu phap Nhu vay, theo ly thuyet, thuc thi ca ba loai ' ' ' ‘Q I quyen luc nha nude deu cd “nguy ca” phat sinh bdi thudng Nha nude Tuy nhien, thiet hai hay tdn that de dugc boi thudng hay den bu lai phai dugc ca the hoa nen vin dh chi xuat hien cac ca quan hanh phap thuc thi phap luat thong qua cac quyet dinh hanh chinh va nhu the, tdn that hay thiet hai lai phai sinh tu hanh vi hanh phap.Do do, phap luat cua nhieu quoc gia da khdng thua nhan hoat dong lap phap la doi tugng cua bdi thudng nha nude 11 Nhu: da trinh bay tren, tdn tai chu yeu dudi hinh thuc an le, nen phap luat ve boi thudng Nha nude cua nhieu quoc gia tren the gidi hien •t ^ \ ^ ^ > r \ > * 36 Lu£t co ban- Hiln phdp lien bang Due (Grundgesetz ftir die Bundesrepublik Deuschland) dugc ban hdnh ngdy 23.05.1949 (Cong bdo li6n bang, Trang 1) vd sua d6i ldn cu6i th6ng qua dao ludt ngdy 28.08.2006 (C6ng bdo lien bang, Trang 1, T$p I, Trang 2034) 37 Badus/Grezeszick/Wienhues, Staatshaftungsrecht - Das Recht der Offentlichen Ersatzleistungen, 2., neu beambeitete Auflage, C F Mtlller Verlag, 2007, T 38 PGS TS Nguyiri Nhu Phdt, M§t s6 vln de ly luan vk trdch nhifm b6i thudng cua Nhd nude, T?p chi Nhd nude vd Phdp lu$t, S6 4,2007, Trang 26 79 \ dugc xay dung, phat trien dua tren tieu chi cua quyen khai kien cua cong dan truac su xam hai cua cac hanh vi cong quyen, cu the: Quyen khai kien doi b6i thuang thiet hai; Quyen khai kien yeu ciu loai bo cac hau qua bat lai; Quyen khai kien yeu ciu den bu 12 Khao sat kinh nghiem dieu chinh phap luat ve trach nhiem b6i thuang Nha nuac a cac nuac tren the giai da cho thiy co hai mo hinh phap luat chu yeu: mo hinh ban hanh mot dao luat rieng ve boi thuang Nha nuac nhu: Canada, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc va m6 hinh van dung cac quy pham cua Luat dan su va Luat cdng de xac dinh trach nhiem b6i thuang Nha nuac nhu Phap, Thuy ST, CHLB Due Nghien cuu cung da khao sat nhung diem dac thu phap luat ve boi thuang Nha nuac cua cac quoc gia chuyen doi va khu vuc nhu Trung Qu6c, Phillipin, Indonesia, Campuchia va Lao 13 Qua viec khao sat cac mo hinh va noi dung phap luat v l trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac a cac quoc gia ke tren, cho phep di den nhung danh gia nghien cuu so sanh ban dau ve phap luat ve trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac tren cac tieu chi: dieu kien phat sinh trach nhiem bdi thuang nha nuac; lmh vuc hoat dong chiu su dieu chinh cua b6i thucmg Nha nuac; ca che, thu tuc giai quyet boi thuang; xac dinh thiet hai, muc va kinh phi boi thucmg; trach nhiem hoan tra cua cong chuc 14 Trong nhung nam qua, mac du Nha nuac Viet Nam da ban hanh mpt he thong cac van ban quy pham phap luat tucmg doi dong bo ve b6i thuang nha nuac, nhung tren thuc te, viec giai quylt b6i thucmg cho nguai bi hai rat nhilu han che, gay buc xuc xa hoi, lam giam sut long tin cua nhan dan vao tinh cong bing cua phap luat Nha nude ta Tinh trang truac het la phap luat hien hanh ve boi thuang nha nuac nhieu han X X X che, bat cap, cu the la: hinh thirc van ban co hieu luc phdp ly khong cao; phdp luat hien hdnh ve trdch nhiem boi thu&ng thiet hai can bo, cong chuc nhd nu&c gay chua duac xay dung tren quan diem coi day la trdch nhiem bdi thuang cua Nhd nu&c noi chung ma chi mai duac xay dung tren quan diem coi day la trdch nhiem boi thuang cua tung ca quan true tiep quan ly cong chuc da gay thiet hai; pham vi trdch nhiem boi thuang nhd nu&c cdn hep vd khong ro rang; ca quan co trdch nhiem gidi quyet boi a y 80 thuang duac xdc dinh mot cach qua phan tdn vd chua duac su ho tra cua r > cdc ca quan nhd nuac khac co lien quan qua trinh gidi quyet yeu cau boi thuang; thu tuc gidi quyet boi thuang chua hap ly va bat lai cho ben bi thiet hai; cdc loai thiet hai duac Nhd nuac boi thuang duac quy dinh chung chung, chua cu the vd kho dp dung; trdch nhiem hoan tra cua cong r r chuc chua duac quy dinh ro rang vd chua co tac dung giao due true tiep doi r \ vai cong chuc Trong boi canh do, viec ban hanh mot dao luat ve trach ^ r r \ y nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac la het sue cap bach nham phuc dap yeu cau tang cuang hieu luc, hieu qua cua Nha nuac va cung co niem tin cua nhan dan vao hoat dong cua bo may Nha nuac _f f a 15 The che hoa chu truang, chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nuac ve bao dam quyen cdng dan, quyen nguai, co quyen duac yeu cau boi thuang thiet hEii can bo, cong chuc nha nuac gay thi hanh cong vu, Qudc hoi nuac ta da ban hanh Luat trach nhiem boi thucmg Nha nuac 18 thang nam 2009 vai Chucmg va 67 Dieu dieu chinh cac van de: pham vi trach nhiem bdi thucmg cua Nha nuac ddi vai ca nhan, td chuc bi thiet hai nguai thi hanh cdng vu gay hoat dong quan ly hanh chinh, td tung, thi hanh an; thu tuc giai quyet bdi thucmg thiet hai; quyen, nghia vu cua ca nhan, td chuc bi thiet hai; kinh phi bdi thucmg va trach nhiem hoan tra cua ngudi thi hanh cdng vu da gay thiet hai Co the khing dinh ring, Luat trach nhiem boi thucmg cua Nha nuac 2009 la mot buac tien quan (•w A tu va thuc tien lap phap Nha nuac phap quyen Viet Nam 16 Luat trach nhiem bdi thucmg cua Nha nuac 2009 di vao cuoc song se khdng chi la bieu hien cua su ddi mai tu lap phap ma ddi hoi mot su cai cach manh me hanh vi ung xu cua cac ca quan, cdng chuc nha nude va mdi ngudi dan theo nhung nguyen tic phap quyln 17 Viec thuc thi Luat trach nhiem bdi thucmg cua Nha nuac 2009 phu r r •> thuoc rat Ion,vao van de td chuc va nguai Ve to chuc, viec lap cac to chuc d l dai dien cho ca quan nha nuac giai quylt yeu ciu boi thucmg thiet hai cua ca nhan, td chuc, dl xet ^ * viec bdi hoan cua cdng chuc gay thiet hai cung nhu lap cac td chuc > ^ r \ thuc hien quan ly nha nude ve bdi thucmg nha nude d cac cap chinh quyen la 81 > > ^ ^ r r y tien de dau tien, la dieu kien can cho viec van hanh tren thuc te ca che boi thuang cua nha nuac Viec chon cu, boi duang ky nang, ban linh va dao due nghe nghiep cho doi ngu cong chuc hanh phap, tu phap noi chung, nhung nguai true tiep tham gia vao qua trinh giai quyet boi thuang theo trinh tu, thu tuc luat dinh noi rieng (bao gom ca cac luat su, giam dinh vien tu phap ) cung nhu viec nang cao y thuc phap luat cua nhan dan mai la dieu kien du de cac nguyen tic thuang ton phap luat, bao ve quyen nguai, quyen cong dan tren ca sa cong d6ng trach nhiem giua Nha nuac va nguai dan dugc thuc thi co hieu qua > * 82 DANH MVC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CHINH PGS TS Nguyen Nhu Phat, “May van de ly luan ve trdch nhiem boi thucmg Nhd nude ”, Tap chi Nha nuac va Phap luat so nam 2007; PGS TS Duong Dang Hue, “Luat bdi thuang Nhd nuac —cong cu phdp ly quan trong viec bdo ve quyen vd lai ich hap phdp cua cong dan a nuac ta ”, Ky yeu Chuang trinh Toa dam ve Luat boi thuang Nha nuac Bo Tu phap to chuc 24-26 thang 01 nam 2007; TS Duong Thanh Mai, Nhung van de thuc tien thi hdnh phdp luat ve trdch nhiem boi thuang cua Nhd nuac, Ky yeu Chuang trinh Toa dam ve Luat b6i thuang Nha nuac Bo Tu phap to chuc 24-26 thang 01 nam 2007; PGS TS Nguyen Dang Dung, Boi thuang thiet hai cua lap phdp, Ky yeu hoi thao “Phap luat va chinh sach ve trach nhiem boi thucmg Nha nuac” Trung tam thong tin - Thu vien - Nghien cuu khoa hoc cua Van phong Quoc hoi t6 chuc tai Ha Noi 22.09.2006; TS Tran Van Trung, “ Thuc tien dp dung Nghi quyet 388 ve boi thuang thiet hai cho nguai bi oan to tung hinh su cua nganh kiem sat vd mot sd kiin nghi, xudt”, Ky yeu hoi thao “Phap luat va chinh sach ve trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac” Trung tam thong tin - Thu vien - Nghien cuu khoa hoc cua Van phong Quoc hoi t6 chuc tai Ha Noi 22.09.2006; Hoang Thanh Thuy, “ Thuc tien xet xu cdc vu an ve trdch nhiem bdi thuang thiet hai ngoai hap dong vd viec dp dung cdc quy dinh cua phdp luat linh vuc doi vdi du an Luat bdi thudng Nhd nuac”, Ky yeu Chuang trinh Toa dam ve Luat bdi thuang Nha nuac Bo Tu phap to chuc 24-26 thang 01 nam 2007; PGS TS Nguyen Dang Dung, “Ve trdch nhiem bdi thudng Nhd nude lfnh vuc lap phdp a Viet Nam ”, Ky yeu hoi thao “Phap luat va chinh sach ve trach nhiem b6i thucmg Nha nuac” Trung tam thong tin - Thu vien - Nghien cuu khoa hoc cua Van phong Qu6c hoi t6 chuc tai Ha Noi 22.09.2006; r r \ f 83 TS Duong Thanh Mai, “Ve trdch nhiem bdi thuang Nhd nuac linh vuc hdnh phdp a Viet Nam ”, Ky yeu hoi thao “Phap luat va chinh sach ve trach nhiem boi thucmg Nha nuac” Trung tam thong tin - Thu vien Nghien cuu khoa hoc cua Van phong Quoc hoi to chuc tai Ha Noi 22.09.2006; TS Tran Van Trung, “Ve trdch nhiem bdi thuang Nhd nuac linh vuc tu phdp a Viet Nam ”, Ky yeu hoi thao “Phap luat va chinh sach ve trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac” Trung tam thong tin - Thu vien - Nghien cuu khoa hoc cua Van phong Quoc hoi to chuc tai Ha Noi 22.09.2006; PGS TS Duong Dang Hue, “Mot sd van de co ban cua D u an luat trdch nhiem bdi thuang cua Nhd nuac tai Viet Nam ”, Ky yeu hoi thao “Phdp luat vd chinh sach ve trdch nhiem bdi thuang Nhd nuac ” Trung tam thong tin - Thu vien - Nghien cuu khoa hoc cua Van phong Quoc hoi to chuc tai Ha Noi 22.09.2006; 10 Dang Thanh Tung, “Thuc trang phdp luat ve bdi thuang thiet hai can bo, cdng chuc bo may hdnh chinh gay vd phuang huang hoan thien ”, Ky yeu hoi thao “Phap luat va chinh sach ve trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac” Trung tam thong tin - Thu vien - Nghien cuu khoa hoc cua Van phong Quoc hoi to chuc tai Ha Noi 22.09.2006; 11 Christian A Brendel, Luat va chinh sach v l trach nhiem Nha nuac a Cong hoa Lien bang Due, Ky yeu hoi thao “Phap luat va chinh sach ve trach nhiem boi thucmg Nha nuac” Trung tam thong tin - Thu vien - Nghien cuu khoa hoc cua Van phong Qu6c hoi to chuc tai Ha Noi 22.09.2006; 12 PGS TS Nguyen Nhu Phat/TS Bui Nguyen Khanh, Ca so phdp ly phdt sinh vd pham vi trdch nhiem bdi thuang cua Nhd nuac, Tap chi khoa hoc phap ly, so 5,2007 13 Cao Dang Vinh, Tim hieu phap luat boi thucmg Nha nuac a Canada, So chuyen de v l boi thucmg Nha nuac, Tap chi dan chu va phap luat, 2009 14 Nguyen Thi Thu Van, Chi dinh trach nhiem b6i thucmg Nha nuac phap luft Cong hoa Phap, So chuyen de ve trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac, Tap chi dan chu va phap luat, 2009 84 15 Le Thai Phucmg, Kinh nghiem phap luat cua Nhat Ban ve trach nhiem bdi thuang cua Nha nuac, So chuyen de ve trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac, Tap chi dan chu va phap luat, 2009 16 Nguyen Kim Phuang, Phap luat ve b6i thuang Nha nuac cua Han Qu6c, S6 chuyen de ve trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac, Tap chi dan chu va phap luat, 2009 17 Nguyen Do Kien, Phap luat boi thuang nha nuac cua Trung Quoc va mot so y kien ve xay dung Luat boi thucmg Nha nu6c a Viet Nam, So chuyen de ve trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac, Tap chi dan chu va phap luat, 2009 19 Maurer, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, Aufl 1994, § 28 Rn.2 20 Luat ca ban- Hien phap lien bang Due (Grundgesetz fur die Bundesrepublik Deuschland) dugc ban hanh 23.05.1949 (Cong bao lien bang, Trang 1) va sua doi lln cu6i thong qua dao luat 28.08.2006 (Cong bao lien bang, Trang 1, Tap I, Trang 2034) 21 Kay Windthorst und Adolf Friedel, Staatshaftungsrecht, C.H Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Munchen, 1994, S 17 22 § I I Quy che to tung cua Toa an hanh chinh CHLB Due (VwGO) 23 Erichsen/Martens, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, Aufl 1992, § 30 Rn.16 24 Badus/Grezeszick/Wienhues, Staatshaftungsrecht - Das Recht der offentlichen Ersatzleistungen, 2., neu bearbeitete Auflage, C F Muller Verlag, 2007, T 25 “Tort Liability of Public Authorities” - Marie Claude Goulet, Senior Counsel Constitutional & Administrative Law Section 26 “Crown Liability” - Federal Court Practice 2003 Update - Robin S Whittaker & Brad M.Caldwell 27 “Recovery of Amounts due to the Crown” - http://www.tbssct.gc.ca/pubs :pol/hrpubs/TBM 11A/; 28 "Guilty Until Proven Innocent" - Jim Middlemiss - Canadian Lawyer, November 1991; 85 29 "Wrongful Conviction in the Criminal Justice System" - Philip Rosen, Senior Analyst - January 1992 30 Arret Blanco, Tribunal de conflit, 08/02/1873, GAJA, n° 31 Martine Lombard va Gilles Dumont, Phdp luat hdnh chinh cua Cong hod Phdp, NXB Tu phap, Ha Noi, 2007 32 Gaillard et D Saint-Merie, Giai thieu chung v l phap luat Cam-Pu-Chia, Co quan hop tac va van hoa - Dai su quan Phap, 2003 33 Claude-Gilles GOUR, Cac thiet che hien dinh va chinh tri a Cam-PuChia, NXB Dalloz, 1965; 34 Jean-Marie CROUZATIER, Thang tram nganh Toa an hanh chinh a Cam-Pu-Chia, tham khao tai www.univtlsel.fr/publications/Colloques/Juridictions/Alea.html 35 Mon Chanserey, Giai quyet cac vu an hanh chinh a Cam-Pu-Chia, Tap chi Truong Dai hoc luat va kinh te Phnom Penh, 1996 36 Taro Morinaga, “Phdp luat vd chinh sach ve boi thuang Nhd nuac cua Nhat Ban ”, Ky yeu hoi thao “Phap luat va chinh sach ve trach nhiem bli thucmg Nha nuac” Trung tam thong tin - Thu vien - Nghien cuu khoa hoc cua Van phong Qu6c hoi to chuc tai Ha Noi 22.09.2006 37 Dr Dirk Luchsinger, Luat ve trach nhiem boi thuang Nha nuac a CHLB Due, Tai lieu dich, 2007 38 Ky ylu Hoi thao phap luat v l trach nhiem boi thurang Nha nuac, Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat, 2008 ~ 86