Ancient Egypt ( luyen thi ielts reading)

NgheNói là hai kĩ năng phản xạ gắn liền với nhau, tuy nhiên khi thi IELTS bạn sẽ thi hai phần này riêng biệt. Khi luyện nghe, bạn có thể sử dụng các bài nói của TED để luyện, nghe trước và sau đó xem lại transcript để xem mình hiểu được bao nhiêu phần. Một cách khác vui nhộn hơn để luyện nghe – nói là hãy xem phim với phụ đề tiếng Anh, lặp lại các câu thoại để luyện nói, và sau đó hãy cố gắng để hiểu nội dung phim mà không cần đến phụ đề. Sau khi đã làm quen với các giọng vùng miền đa dạng, bạn hãy bắt đầu luyện nghe vì các giọng đọc trong IELTS đến từ các quốc gia sử dụng tiếng Anh là ngôn ngữ chính như Anh, Mỹ, Úc, v.v… đến khi gần kì thi, hãy tiếp tục bằng các đề nghe sát đề thi thật nhất. Đối với các đề này, các bạn hãy nghe theo mức độ từ dễ đến khó, để kiểm tra sự tiến bộ của bản thân. Khi làm đề, các bạn hãy chú ý canh thời gian chuẩn, sau đó kiểm tra đáp án và tập trung vào các câu sai, nghe lại transcript và tìm cách khắc phục.

Eyewitness ANCIENT EGYPT Expert Files Eyewitness ANCIENT EGYPT Expert Files DK Publishing, Inc LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI Consultant Dr Kate Spence Senior Editor Jayne Miller Project Editors Sarah Davis, Kathy Fahey Senior Art Editors Joanne Little, David Ball Art Editors Owen Peyton Jones, Peter Radcliffe, Susan St.Louis, Gemma Thompson Paper Engineer Alison Gardner Managing Editor Camilla Hallinan Art Director Martin Wilson Publishing Manager Sunita Gahir Category Publisher Andrea Pinnington Picture Research Sarah Hopper DK Picture Library Rose Horridge, Claire Bowers Production Controller Angela Graef DTP Designers Ronaldo Julien, Andy Hilliard Jacket Designer Polly Appleton Jacket Copywriter John Searcy Eyewitness Experts concept Caroline Buckingham First published in the United States in 2007 by DK Publishing Limited, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 07 08 09 10 11 10 ED510 – 07/07 Copyright © 2007 Dorling Kindersley Limited All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978–0–7566–3134–5 Color reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore Printed and bound by Toppan Printing Co (Shenzhen) Ltd, China Discover more at www.dk.com Contents Meet the experts Uncovering the Lost City 16 Types of expert 20 Hall of fame 24 Activities 26 Which expert are you? 28 Name it 30 Hieroglyphs 32 All in a name 34 The deceased 36 The Afterlife 48 Pack manual 50 Expert reads 52 Mapping the past 54 Multimedia 38 55 Casket model Experts’ log 40 At the museum 62 42 Index 44 Activity answers and Acknowledgments In the field Research 46 Scrapbook 64 s t r e p x e e Meet th overing on for unc i s s a p a e sts hav artifacts, r e v o c s i Egyptologi d o veal not only t also to re t u b the past, , s t n They and monume heir finds t d treasures, n i h e b on stories civilizati t n e i c the human n a an understand strive to  meet the experts ex p ert Archeologist pr o fil e name: mark lehner works: Cairo, Egypt home country: us Mark Lehner has been fascinated with ancient Egypt since he first came to Cairo as a student in 1973 As an archeologist—someone who studies ancient cultures by excavating the sites where people lived—he has been involved in many digs As director of AERA (Ancient Egypt Research Associates), he organizes an international team of archeologists and specialists at the site of the ancient pyramid settlement on the Giza Plateau In the 1980s, Mark created the first accurate maps of the Sphinx at Giza He then teamed up with Dr Zahi Hawass, head of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities, to look for the lost city where the workers lived He wanted to find out about the lives of the people who built the pyramids on the site With the tool of his trade, a trowel, in hand, Mark takes stock inside the walls of an ancient dwelling uncovered at the site of the Giza settlement the pyramid builders Experts have worked out that the Egyptians built the pyramids and temples at Giza over a period of 85 years during the Old Kingdom These monuments have revealed much about the pharaohs and the gods they honor, but little about those ordinary Egyptians who toiled in the hot sun to construct them— until now meet the experts Uncovering the Lost City Mediterranean Sea Giza impressive monuments Saudi Arabia a needed to construct such Se lives of the massive workforce d they uncovered evidence of the Egypt Re Mark and his team found an ancient settlement at the foot of the Giza Plateau, the royal burial ground of the Old Kingdom Little by little, Cairo old meets new The city of Cairo sprawls right up to the pyramids of Giza in northeast Egypt, Africa  10 meet the experts History in stone I started the Giza Plateau Mapping Project in 1988, working on the Sphinx originally Carved from natural bedrock, the Sphinx’s body is made up of a series of layers of rock that are alternately soft, hard, soft, hard The bedrock at the bottom is really brittle The Sphinx is not as it was originally built The limestone View of the py ramids from Ca iro it is made from has crumbled The monument has been repaired by workmen many times, from soon after the pyramids were built thousands of years ago, View from inside the Sphinx Temple right up to the present day—just as a house is patched up and repaired over the years By mapping the bedrock, we can identify the different layers and work out what’s original and what was added later Investigating the past Our interest turned to a temple to the right of the Sphinx Each of the three great pyramids had a long causeway with temples on each side at the end The Sphinx and Sphinx Temple are on one side of Khafre’s causeway, and the Valley Temple is on the other Like the Sphinx, both temples had been buried under sand over the years Looking at the geology of the site, we noticed that the same layers of rock were used for building the Sphinx and its temple, so these seemed to have been built at the same time, whereas the Valley Temple is older Ancient building site By studying the geology of the site, we have also identified the quarries from where the stone was measuring at the sphinx A head of a king on the body of a lion, the Sphinx stands guard at the end of the causeway to Khafre’s pyramid (the second largest of the three great pyramids at Giza) AERA researchers used a process called photogrammetry, which combined stereoscopic photography with survey measurements to create a 3-D digital model of the Sphinx 50 PACK MANUAL Expert reads 33 1381 /07 27/02 043 000 Everything you need to know about getting the most from your interactive expert pack is right here! Written by the experts of today for the experts of tomorrow, these reads will speed you on your journey to uncovering the mysteries of ancient Egypt Read on! 1:30 NT1-1 hm Sekpowerful” Your first port of call for all things Egyptian, this museum on a page is where you can be an eyewitness to the everyday life of an ancient civilization Written by experts and illustrated with photographs of incredible artifacts, from top collections, Eyewitness Ancient Egypt is an essential read for every budding expert ne w 27 met means “o Sekh Who was Tutankhamun? Why were people and animals mummified? Put this chart on your wall at home or at school and the answers to your ancient Egypt questions will never be far away e rig Fil as o et w e sh hm er tim p k e S Ov ro e r h a w was as t who hmet w the Sek her of t mo pro ile TF FAC ss o dde The god Fro mf L abr ic t o in ma n ho is Wallchart Eyewitness Guide Th a ple is wo nd w at rk if t; h ed ca er we e is w lf-l ars k T ife eng a t ed heir f wear h me wigs inely s a po hav ma e de s et K28 000 F LIFE Egyptian SIGN O symbol is the eens, kh gs, qu in k The an it, ly life On to carry sign of were allowed the ad ds h o g ey d an ly th that on e it away to show ive life or tak kh is to g This an s al power rt o sser m eaded from le e a dog-h h it w d er At th decorate mbolizing pow ions of ill sy scepter god Heh of “m presents re e top is th e central pillar rld Th nderwo years.” f the U o d o g Osiris, Go o : Fr Era ily: Fam tc Cul k Lin Heh ng presenti Pillar re Osiris the god U _U s_ rds card t_ca pt_ gyp Egy 3_ _E -43 2-4 42 _4 0_ 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Profile cards iii d of kn owled ge Pull out these handy pocketsize cards and mug up on the essential facts that every expert should know Use them to test your friends’ knowledge, too, or make some of your own to add to your collection! proF ile Tuthm in Eg osis III w a y reign pt He be s the fifth ca took was usurp me ruler pharaoh o proFile o f e Tuthm n the role d by his st as a young the 18th Dy of ep osis II ch Ramses II (also known as Ramesses II) was the third I beca pharaoh mother, H ild but h nasty FACT is herse me a a pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty in Egypt, and was called File lf great Afte tshepsut, fthe Great He was a warrior king who fought o p r who D h Ramses h s y araoh e n s , in his r death, r protect Egypt’s borders He also built a huge asty: 18th dde hoto gobattles t o W n a w D iv n y ia H e monuments and temples during his reign s: A nasty right h ypt witnumber odof t g o le E h ast fo Hom Reign er ted her ur e: Th : 147 Upp ocia mot o theFile ebes 9–142 the be ass ess of s aFACT ls Disc Chil bce ally m over dren 19th Dynasty Reign: 1279−1213 bce gin ame to e godd nd wa f Dynasty: ed: Atu : At a o c h M T least t t omb: 98 umm he e as of Ra spec Wives: eight major wives ten y Children: Over 100 V : a it a r Yes lley o s e s B f s ppo aught um, an y th e : r e Kin V Lo t d ion Pi-Ramesse Home: Tomb: Valley of the Kings cto ret gs the Nefer l: L rote T r t o P e r d b a sure ese By: H Salt 1817 od: e go Sym Discovered: : No ne s: N of g ED ED51 a e 51 0_ p 0_ n 28 28-2 Treasure: None Ty Mummy: -29_ 9_Eg Egyp now Yes ypt_ r t_ca card m ok any rds_ s_UUS Wa K.inindd gdo Als : M dd 28 of: 28 Kin ah les , Pt emp Old m T u m o fert e is m ph pam a, N m R :3 :4 e : :153 41:1 : M 71 Ra 00/07 ter ED510_34-35_Egypt_cards_US.indd 6/4 1/2 tet, 34 16/4/07 09:55:15 4:13:54 pm ED510_34-35_Egypt_cards_UK.indd 26/02/07 PM cen 28/2 Bas 2716 /2/4 /2/0 0077 to: 4:9:14 59:3:195 d e k pm am 137164 ED563 Egypt_ -Ancient_m) 5m /W Guide Titles:E x 571 (Bleed Size: 800 Egypt 04/12/06 3:30 W2k-2 K07/18 00 ng presenti Stars re s of dark hour ARTS H C L L ESS WA N T I W EYE N E I NC 43 d dd nd S.i.in UK U e gav valley r e l i n f the an ove o eg le soil ation, which b ,000 iz civil than ian ore d for m nd laste of the Nile g l floodin highly oil nding s le of p the peo rs of le u r h The ed ll a c were reat ning “g te solu had ab and le p he peo ith w y ruled lled a c fficials d collecte cted as ed ev ple beli s haraoh d e end T P Y G E T Bar un e tom tankhcoamm u from th w T s e f o b Mask he tom ld mask mbol Cobra syined intertw lture with vu ous go amun T 92 This fam -king Tutankh the Kings in y o of b y e e ll ed wea a V d of th e lu c th in res red in n discove arter Its treasu struments, a C al in d n a Howard rniture, music s n fu g’s coffi clothes, s the kin ing came to s well a k boats, a ed body The nine as just ifi mumm ne when he w died e h l ti n ro du the th nd rule a ld o years ge of 18 at the a Royal s headdres Queenn Quee Egypt husb from bec ba 52 PACK MANUAL Mapping the past By plotting the location of tombs, temples, monuments, houses, and other structures, Egyptologists keep records for future generations of archeologists Their maps reveal the extent of the building achievements of the ancient Egyptians Map of a lost city While exposing the old walls of the Lost City of the Pyramid Builders on the Giza Plateau, Mark Lehner and his team made precise measurements of the layout of the town, to give a clearer idea of what the once-thriving neighborhood must have been like The blueprint (drawn plan) helped archeologists to see a highly planned city divided into blocks, with broad, straight streets, including “main street”—one of the oldest paved streets in the world There were elite villas in the east and west, with more basic and crowded communal accommodation in the center Map of the dig site PACK MANUAL 53 E D I T - E The land of the pharaohs RIA !LEXAND Unfold your Eyewitness map and get ready to embark on a journey of discovery Notice why the Nile River was so important—the lifeblood that flows through the towns of a country that is 90 percent desert Its presence brought water for farmers and made possible the transport of goods as well as building materials for those splendid monuments d Sphinx an pyramidS nce its abunda Giza, with , is the ne of limesto ramid of py e site of th u n of Khuf Khafre, so ectly in line dir It stands x and its hin Sp e with th was e Sphinx temple Th ral o the natu carved int of the base at k oc bedr Khafre’s to ay ew any the caus m are There pyramid face of about the t theories t it is mos bu x, hin the Sp of Khafre likely that % % $ % % djoSer’S S tep araoh nasty ph The 3rd Dy the first ilt Djoser bu w known no pyramid, id ep Pyram as the St ed of its stepp id because Pyram ep St e g sides Th e beginnin marked th of years s of hundred ilding by bu id of pyram Egyptians nt the ancie t who ec The archit Imhotep, it, d designed bered an was remem god by later a revered as of Egyptians s generation t’S Mark Lehner’s team created the first accurate and detailed scale maps of the Sphinx, noting its precise size and location, the materials it is made from, each different restoration (rebuilding work) performed over the years, and which other of the monuments were built in the same period They also found that the Sphinx’s alignment with the other Khafre monuments suggested a form of Sun worship GE3ITE RLD(ERITA %3#/7O 5.IONINMETRESFEET M ABOVE  FT ABOVE   M  Mn  FT  FTn M Mn  FT FTn   M Mn FT n FT  M Mn FT FTn M BELOW FT BELOW SEASONALLY D FLOODEDLAN Valley of the KingS y mortuar -AP+EY %LEVAT -EDIN pyramid hatShepSu Mapping the Sphinx ,AKE- dom New King andoned ab d pharaohs ilding an temple pl tuary tem The mor ale phara of the fem was bu t su Hatshep ffs outsi into the cli Kings the Valley of e temp th e opposit the We Karnak on Hatsh le of the Ni fic bui oli pr a s wa but of a in Egypt, e tem th buildings piece her master lo s, co courtyard e a rat and elabo lls wa the inner 54 PACK MANUAL Multimedia Handing in school projects has never been so exciting! Packed with 100 specialized images and facts about ancient Egypt, this clip-art CD will make your homework look so professional you’ll be dying to show it off Go to www.ew.dk.com for more interactive, downloadable information Clip-art CD Lapis lazuli eyewitness ANCIENT EGYPT Mummified cat Ey clip art ew itn ess a nc r t © ient egy pt clip ar lin g ki nd er Sculptures at Karnak sl ey 20 07 For instant pictures open up your clip-art CD, follow the “how to use” instructions, and you’ll find ancient Egypt at your fingertips! Famous sites [...]... renowned German Egyptologist who began his career as an avant-garde artist He worked on Egyptian religious art, as well as on texts and history He translated and published several volumes of ancient Egyptian poetry, and did extensive research on the representation of kings in ancient Egyptian art He also did research on Egyptian festivals and the Egyptian calendar herbert ricke 1901–1976 job: Egyptologist/Architect... Reisner and James Breasted in Egypt, eventually taking up a position in Egypt with the Metropolitan Museum of Art Norman and Nina Davies left Egypt in 1939 with the outbreak of World War II labib habachi 1906–1984 job: Egyptologist country: Egypt Labib Habachi was very influential in the field of Egyptology and worked for over 30 years in the Antiquities Department of the Egyptian government, mostly... Hieroglyphs The ancient Egyptians developed over 700 hieroglyphs as a system of picture writing Some symbols stood for sounds, some for whole words Use this alphabet to create your own messages How long did it take you? 10 mins: Expert 15 mins: Knowledgeable 20 mins: Beginner H I A B C D E F J K L M G (hard “g,” as in “get”) (hard “c,” as in “cut”) N O P Q (soft “g,” as in “gel”) R S T U V W X Y Z (soft “c,”... famous Egyptologists He was the Director of the Giza Plateau and has worked on archeological sites throughout Egypt. He is currently Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities in Egypt, and is leading a campaign for the return of important Egyptian artifacts, such as the Rosetta Stone, to Egypt His most recent work has involved the excavation of the workmen’s cemetery at Giza to Egypt he... Born in London, Howard Carter became interested in Egyptian inscriptions and paintings at an early age Later, he became a pupil of the famous Egyptologist William Flinders Petrie In 1907 he began managing the excavations of Lord Carnarvon, and it was while meet the experts 21 written by ancient Egyptian craftsmen in Deir elMedina, near ancient Thebes (modern Luxor) These craftsmen built the tombs in... the blocks of an ancient sunken city using special waterproof writing materials meet the experts 17 epigrapher An epigrapher specializes in texts, inscriptions, and wall decorations This highly detailed job requires a knowledge of the ancient techniques used to carve or paint texts and images, as well as an ability to decipher ancient scripts Most Egyptologists specialize in the Egyptian language... archeologists to do in Egypt. ” Logging the lot We have found thousands and thousands of fragments of bones and charcoal, and over a million pieces of pottery We collect, label, and log everything We have a huge store of ceramics One of our specialists, ceramicist Anna Wodzinska, identifies the pottery pieces and enters them into a database Searching for seals Ancient Egyptians sealed everything—from doors... called the “Father of Egyptian archeology.” He first went to Egypt in 1880 to survey the Great Pyramid at Giza, disproving theories that were popular at the time about why it was built He began excavating in Egypt in 1884 with the support of the Egypt Exploration Fund Excavating the pyramid of Senwosret II with Guy Brunton in 1889, he discovered beautiful jewelry that had belonged to the Egyptian princess... understanding Egyptian hieroglyphs The task took him two years, during which he was racing against Thomas Young and others to be the first to complete the translation Hieroglyphs could be read again for the first time since about 400 CE Jean-François Champollion norman & nina de garis davies (1 865–1941) (1 881–1965) job: Artists and Egyptologists country: England Nina met her husband Norman de Garis Davies in Egypt. .. traveled to Egypt, where he obtained many artifacts for the British Museum’s collections job: Egyptologist country: US The Great Belzoni James Henry Breasted was born in Illinois and studied history and ancient languages before receiving a Ph.D in Egyptology from the University of Berlin He did extensive work on hieroglyphic inscriptions and published a series of books containing translations of Egypt s