Báo cáo CYANIDE AND CRIME

CYANIDE AND CRIME Group: TRAN THI HANH PHUC DINH THI HUONG VU TUAN TAI CONTENT    I OVERVIEW II HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT III FAMOUS CASES I.OVERVIEW 1.Characteristics: -Cyanide is a rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical -Cyanide poisoning occurs very quickly, the central medulla paralyzed, the victim lost consciousness and cardiac arrest after only to minutes -It is extremely toxic commonly traded floating in the market, especially in gold mining areas 2.Chemical-Physical properties a Chemical structure: -Cyanides comprise a wide range of compounds with various degrees of chemical complexity, all of which have the cyanide (CN-) group -Major compounds are: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), Sodium cyanide (NaCN), and Potasssium cyanide (KCN) Biochemistry  The cyanide ion (CN-) forms stable but reversible complexes with biologically active metal ions Such complexation inhibits the activity of the enzymes containing the metal atom(s)  Cyanide inhibits the activity of numerous enzymes, including cytochrome oxidase, catalase, peroxidase, nitrogenase, and nitrite and nitrate reductase (Hartung,1982; Solomonson, 1982)  In addition, cyanide can interact with and inhibit nonmetalloenzymes such as ribulose diphosphate carboxylase b Physical properties -Colour Clear liquid (hydrogen cyanide) State/form Compound State Mol.Wt Melting point(oC) o Boiling point( C) Vapour pressure Vapour density (mm Hg) (Air=1) HCN G 27.04 -13 26 807 0.94 NaCN S 49.01 564 1496 _ KCN S 65.12 635 _ _ _ -Solubility Sol: soluble Sl: slightly soluble Compound Water Ethanol Ether HCN Misc Sol Sol NaCN Sol Sl Sl KCN Sol Sl _ Toxicity  Acute poisoning  Headache, vertigo, weak and rapid pulse, vomiting  Convulsions, falling, dilated pupils, weaker and more rapid pulse  Irregular and slow heart beat, body temperature falls, cyanosis of the lips, face, and extremities, coma, bloody saliva flow from the mouth and death  Chronic poisoning     Sources: food, water, cigarette smoke Exacerbated effects: dietary deficiencies in vitamin B12, iodine, and sulphur amino acids low levels of cyanide: generally metabolised detoxification rate for humans is ADI=NOAEL/(UF.MF) =10.8/(10.10.5)= 0.0216mg/kg.day - RfD=0.02mg/kg.day -LD50: 100mg/kg.day for dermal route -LD50: 1.52mg/kg.day for oral route Cancer  Cyanide has not been subjected to a complete standard battery of genotoxicity assays, although, overall, the available data indicate that cyanide is not genotoxic   No adequate carcinogenicity studies of cyanide are available in animals or humans In a 2-year chronic study in rats, no evidence of tumorigenicity was observed (Howard and Hanzal, 1955) III METABOLISM AND EXCRETE Fig 1: Basic processes involved in the metabolism of cyanide (ATSDR, 1997)  Figure 1: The effects of cyanide within the body Hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN) is inhaled and locks onto haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells (bottom right) It is then distributed via the bloodstream to cells throughout the body where it binds to an important metabolic enzyme called cytochrome oxidase (bottom left), preventing cells from using oxygen to produce energy In this way cyanide effectively chemically asphyxiates the body (Alexandra Lindsay- April 2006) III FAMOUS CASES  TYLENOL Within days of the fall of 1982, seven people in Chicago (USA) who died after taking Tylenol mixed with cyanide Until now, FBI have not caught the culprit  Le Thanh Van was dubbed “cyanide witches" From 1/1998 to 8/2001 Van damages killed 13 people and seized nearly 240 million With her crimes Le Thanh Van was Binh Duong Province People's Court sentenced to death for crimes: Murder, Robbery production and stockpiling and illegal use of poisons References  Howard, JW; Hanzal, RF (1955) “Chronic toxicity for rats of food treated with hydrogen cyanide J Agric Food” Chem 3(4):325–329  Alexandra Lindsay (2006) “ Cyanide poisoning” The Naked Scientists: Science Radio & Science Podcasts [...]... drinking water, eating food, or touching soil that contains cyanide  Smoking cigarettes is probably one of the major sources of cyanide exposure for people who do not work in cyanide- related industries Cyanide enters water, soil, or air as a result of both natural processes and industrial activities In air, cyanide is present mainly as gaseous hydrogen cyanide 1955, Haward & Hanzal, for chronic oral exposure... and seized nearly 240 million With her crimes Le Thanh Van was Binh Duong Province People's Court sentenced to death for crimes: Murder, Robbery production and stockpiling and illegal use of poisons References  Howard, JW; Hanzal, RF (1955) “Chronic toxicity for rats of food treated with hydrogen cyanide J Agric Food” Chem 3(4):325–329  Alexandra Lindsay (2006) “ Cyanide poisoning” The Naked Scientists:... oral route Cancer  Cyanide has not been subjected to a complete standard battery of genotoxicity assays, although, overall, the available data indicate that cyanide is not genotoxic   No adequate carcinogenicity studies of cyanide are available in animals or humans In a 2-year chronic study in rats, no evidence of tumorigenicity was observed (Howard and Hanzal, 1955) III METABOLISM AND EXCRETE Fig... energy In this way cyanide effectively chemically asphyxiates the body (Alexandra Lindsay- April 2006) III FAMOUS CASES  1 TYLENOL Within 3 days of the fall of 1982, seven people in Chicago (USA) who died after taking Tylenol mixed with cyanide Until now, FBI have not caught the culprit  3 Le Thanh Van was dubbed cyanide witches" From 1/1998 to 8/2001 Van damages killed 13 people and seized nearly... evidence of tumorigenicity was observed (Howard and Hanzal, 1955) III METABOLISM AND EXCRETE Fig 1: Basic processes involved in the metabolism of cyanide (ATSDR, 1997)  Figure 1: The effects of cyanide within the body Hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN) is inhaled and locks onto haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells (bottom right) It is then distributed via the bloodstream to cells throughout... poisoning: 100 to 1,000 ppm Intermediate and chronic: 1 to 100 ppm HCN (50 ppm) Short-term (15-minute) exposure limit: 5.0 ppm Skin contact   2.3 mg HCN/kg body weight: abraded skin 100 mg HCN/kg body weight: intact skin  Ingestion  bamboo, sorghum, certain fruits, lima beans, cassava  4.0 mg of HCN per kilogram of body weight HOW YOU COULD BE EXPOSED TO CYANIDE   By breathing air, drinking water,