PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition.. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus Enhanced Edition.. PowerPoint Slides t/a Management: A Paci
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
Meacheam & George Sansbury
1
CHAPTER 2
PIONEERING IDEAS IN
MANAGEMENT
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
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Slides t/a Management: A Pacific Rim Focus
Enhanced Edition Slides prepared by David
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3
Early management ideas
• Robert Owen (1771–1858)
Identified the importance of working and social
conditions for employees.
• Charles Babbage (1792–1871)
Ideas on work specialisation, production efficiency, incentive and profit-sharing plans.
• Henry R Towne (1844–1924)
Called for a ‘management science’ that would
establish ‘principles’ of management.
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Early management ideas
Assessing the early contributions:
• Uncoordinated efforts.
• Contributions tended to relate to specific problems.
• Did not see ‘management’ as a separate field or skill
(until Towne).
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Classical theorists
‘This viewpoint emphasises managing work and organisations more efficiently.
It comprises three different management
approaches: scientific, administrative and
bureaucratic.’
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Scientific management
‘Scientific management is an approach within
classical management theory emphasising the
scientific study of work methods to improve worker efficiency.’
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Scientific management
Frederick W Taylor
Four principles of ‘scientific management’:
• Select & train the best.
• Determine the most efficient work methods.
• Co-operate with workers to ensure best method is
used.
• Divide work/responsibility between workers &
managers.
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Scientific management
• Frank & Lillian Gilbreth
– Time & motion studies
– Human implications of Scientific Management
• Henry Gantt
– Pay incentives
– Gantt chart
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Bureaucratic management
‘Approach emphasising the need for organisations to operate in a rational manner rather than relying on owner’s and manager’s arbitrary whims.’
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Administrative management
‘Approach focusing on principles used by managers
to co-ordinate the organisation’s internal activities.’
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Behavioural theorists
‘Perspective on management emphasising the
importance of attempting to understand various
factors affecting human behaviour in organisations.’
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Behavioural theorists
Early theorists:
• Hugo Munsterberg
Creating optimal psychological conditions, behaviour shaping
• Mary Parker Follett
Importance of group functioning
• Hawthorne studies
Importance of supervisory style
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Safety
Social Esteem Self-actualisation
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McGregor’s Theory X & Y
Theory X
Work is natural Capable of self-direction
Workers seek security
Workers seek security
Theory Y
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Quantitative management
viewpoint
• Management science
‘Approach aimed at increasing decision effectiveness through use
of sophisticated mathematical models & statistical methods.’
• Operations management
‘Function or field of expertise primarily responsible for managing production & delivery of an organisation’s products and services.’
• Management information systems
‘Field of management focused on designing & implementing
computer-based information systems for use by management.’
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‘Viewpoint arguing that appropriate managerial
action depends on the particular parameters of the situation.’
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approach aimed at increasing managerial
effectiveness while remaining compatible with the norms and values of American society and culture.’
• Total Quality approach
‘Approach highlighting collective responsibility for product and service quality, and encouraging
individuals to work together to improve quality.’
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26
Lecture summary
• Early management ideas
Generation of ideas leading to identification of
management as a significant field of inquiry.
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Views of organisations as systems, importance of
contingency factors & amalgamating Japanese & American management practices
• Innovation & management theory
Each approach provides insights, knowledge & practice regarding the management of innovation in organisations