DOCUMENT FOR EXAMINATION

DOCUMENT FOR EXAMINATION UNIT 1: WHAT IS A SENTENCE? I Definition: “A sentence is a group of words that is used to make a statement, to ask a question, or to give an order or make a request.” * A sentence should provide enough information to form a complete idea in the hearer or reader’s mind Ex: - My new house is very small - The homework is so difficult Not a sentence: - the big boy - we cannot have with us - their new car yesterday II Types of Sentences: four main types: - Declaratives : sentences that make statements - Interrogatives - Imperative : sentences that ask questions : give order or make requests - Exclamatory : express opinions or feeling with strong emotion III How to punctuate Sentences: - A written sentence begins with a capital letter and end with a full stop (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!) Sentence types Ending with Declarative Full stop, exclamation mark Harry’s coming / Harry’s coming! Imperative Full stop, exclamation mark Please sit down / Sit down at once! Interrogative Question mark How did she that? Exclamatory Exclamatory mark What a wonderful day! UNIT 2: SUBJECTS, PREDICATES AND VERBS I Subject: - The word or group of words that names the person or thing being talked about in the sentence is the subject of the sentence Ex: - My friends will save her a seat subject - The girl leaning agaisnt the wall with the red hat is my old classmate Subject II Predicate: - The predicate of a sentence is everything that is not part of the subject of the sentence Ex: - The little boys and girls are playing football in the garden - The old couple next door have been married for more than sixty years UNIT 3: SUBJECTS – VERB AGREEMENT I Agreement (concord): - The subject of a sentence controls the verb This is called agreement: averb must agrees with its subject Ex: - The apples on that big tree are ripe - The new comer living next door is doing the gardening II Situations of subject-verb agreement: Indefinite pronouns such as: everybody, someone, anyone, everything, something, anything, nobody, nothing take singular verbs - Everybody is now here / something strange has happened If the subject is a noun phrase, the main noun determines the number of the phrase - The noise of the them demonstration is distracting Demonstrators Clauses are generally singular Ex: - Playing handball relaxes me - That he needs a shave is obvious AND 4.1 The subject is plural if it consists of two or more phrases that are linked by and, even if each is sigular Ex: Your kitchen, your living-room, and your dining-room are small 4.2 In some instances, two linked units may be viewed as either a combination (therefore singular) or as separate units (therefore plural) Ex: - Bread and butter is good for you, ( bread with butter on it ) - Bread and butter have recently gone up in price (both bread and butter…) 4.3 If the noun phrases are introduced by each or every, the subject is singular Ex: - Every student and every instructor has to show an ID card to borrow book from the library - Each adult and each child was given a sandwich - Every bank and store was closed that day OR, NOR - If the subject noun phrases are linked by or, either…or, neither… nor, the verb may be singular or plural When both phrases are singular, the verb is singular - No food or drink was provided - Either pollen or dust causes his allergy - Neither the time nor the place was appropriate When both phrases are plural, the verb is plural - Either the Unionists or the Nationalists have to make concessions 5.3 When one is singular and the other plural, the verb agrees in number with the phrase closest to it - Three short essays or one long essay is required - Neither your brother nor your sisters are responsible WITH When a singular noun phrase is linked to a following noun phrase by with, as well as, in addition to, after, the subject is singular - His sister, together with her two youngest children, is staying with them - The teacher, as well as the students, was enjoying the picnic - One person after another has objected to the proposed reform COLLECTIVE NOUNS 7.1 A collective noun refers to a group of people or things When members of the group are viewed as a unit, singular verb and singular pronoun are used - The audience was very noisy - The Olympic Committee has made its decision, and has awarded the 2008 Games to Beijing 7.2 When the members of the group are viewed as individuals, plural verb and plural pronoun are used - The government are confused about what to next (The members of the government are…) - All the team are in their places (all the members of the team are….) Several indefinite pronouns (none, all, some, any) and the fractions may be either singular or plural Compare: If refer to one thing, take a If refer to more than one singular verb person or thing, take plural verb Some (of the material) is not Some (of suitable for children missing Half (the country) water the pages) is under Half (of the members) voted for him All (the fruit) has been eaten None (of the crop) danger are have All (my friends) were abroad was in None (of us) have heard about the news None (of us) has the news heard about QUANTITY PHRASES - Plural phrases of quantity or extent take singular verbs when the quantity or extent is viewed as a unit Otherwise, a plural is used: Singular verb - Ten pounds is enough Plural verb Twenty years have - Two years seems too long passed since I last saw Helen to wait - Five miles was as far as - Twenty-seven pounds were stolen from his wallet they would walk 10 Singular nouns ending in –s 10.1 Nouns ending in –ics are singular when they refer to a field of study (economics, linguistics, mathematics, physics, statistics) - Statistics was my favourite subject at school Some of these nouns are often used in a different sense and may then be prural: - Your statistics are inaccurate 10.2 Names of diseases ending in –s are singular (AIDS, measles, mumps) - AIDS is particularly prevalent in Africa 10.3 Names of games ending in –s are singular (billiards, darts, dominoes) - Dominoes is the only game I play at home (but: The dominoes are on the floor.) UNIT 4: DIRECT & INDIRECT OBJECT; TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE VERBS I Direct objects (OD): - The direct object of a sentence is the person or thing that is most directly affected by the action or state described by the verb For example, the Od may refer to what the subject of the sentence has, or gets, or does something to, or does something with Ex: - They have two sons and two daughters - Pour some water into the pot II Indirect Object (Oi): - The word or word-group that describes the person or thing that the direct object is given to or done for, etc is the indirect object of the sentence Ex: - I gave her a book Oi Od - She sent him some flowers Oi Od III Direct and Indirect Objects: Many verbs can have two objects: usually a person or thing The thing that is given to, sent, bought etc is called the direct object.; the person who gets it is the indirect object Common examples: bet get make play sell teach bring give offer post send tell build kick show throw buy leave pass read sing cost lend pay refuse take owe promise wish write - He built his parents a new house - Could you bring me the paper? ( S V OI OD ) - She sent her mother a postcard When the Oi comes after Od (S V Od Oi), there is a preposition (usually to or for) between them Eg: - I gave the keys to John - Mother bought the ice-cream for you When both objects are pronouns, the Oi commonly follows the Od (S V Od Oi) Eg: - Lend them to her - Give it to me  Exercise: I Find out the direct object in each sentence: 1) She introduced the school head to her parents 2) Norma’s parents met her English and Biology teachers at the Open Day 3) Caroline submitted a poem about her dog to the school magazine 4) All the members of staff considered Janet the best student in the Upper Sixth 5) The school head recommended a careers advice test 6) Marilyn chose Sussex as her first preference on her application form university entrance 7) Her parents preferred York or Lancaster 8) Elizabeth likes the Chaucer course best 9) She regards the Chaucer teachers as the most interesting lectures IV Transitive and intransitive: 1.Transitive: - a verb that has a direct object is a transitive verb Ex: - George kicked the ball angrily - I saw her in town yesterday Intransitive: - a verb does not have a direct object is an intransitive Ex: - A friend of mine lives in Delhi - My aunt is coming next weekend  Some verbs can be both transitive or intransitive: - John ate quickly - John ate the biscuit  Exercise: II Underline the direct object in each sentence If a sentence contains more than one clause, It may have more than one direct object The president has offered substantial concessions, but he should not expect much gratitude The president promised the end of racial discrimination, but he rejected the black demand for one man, one vote She has learned by heart most of the Old English declensions and conjugations That sort of democracy would mean rule by a black majority, which might feel an understandable urge for retribution for past oppressions Whites, equally understandably, want safeguards for white rights, but you cannot ensure safeguards once you surrender your power Among blacks he has created an upward surge of expectations which he may be unable to fulfil UNIT COMPLEMENTS, LINKING VERBS & COMPLEX TRANSITIVE VERBS I Complements: - A complement is a word or group of words that says something about the subject or object of the sentence Subject-complements: - A subject-complement says something about the subject of the sentence, for example: what it is or what it is like Ex: - Your room is a mess - That dress looks nice  Linking verbs: - The verbs that link the subject and the subject complement are called linking verbs Ex: - They seem absolutely tired - The news was a shock Object-complements: - An object-complement says something about the direct object of the sentence Ex: - Don’t call me a liar - I find her attitude strange Adverbial-complements: - Some verbs are incomplete without an expression of place This expression is called adverbial-complement Ex: - He lives in New York - She got off the bus Subject complement (Cs) Complements Object Adverbial II Complex Transitive verbs: A verb that has a direct object and an object complement is called a complex transitive verb (S V Od Co) Ex: - Someday I will prove you wrong! Make both lines equal Some verbs take the clause pattern (S V O A) are also complex transitive Ex: - I put the plate on the table - He got himself into trouble * Exercise: Practice 1: underlined the indirect object in each sentence Some sentences not have an indirect object Can you tell me the time, please? Who taught you how to that? Paul’s parents promised him a bicycle for his twelfth birthday You can save yourself the bother The college provides accommodation for all first-year students I owe my parents’ several hundred pounds Show me your latest videos They can cause us a lot of trouble What can I offer you now? The restaurant does not serve vegetable meals What a meal they ordered for us Practice 2: in each of the following sentences below, state whether the underlined phrase is an object complement (Co) or an adverbial complement (Ca) Jack has put his coat and hat in my room 10 11 ridiculous shoes can be: a noun phrase, a prepositional phrase - We had a five-hour delay at the airport - It was a last-minute decision - We’ve done an in-depth survey Exercise: I Complete the sentences below by adding a postmodifier to the adjective at the ends of the sentences No doubt you are aware………………………………… My children are always happy…………………………… It is sometimes possible………………………………… They are sure …………………………………………… I am sorry………………………………………………… We are conscious………………………………………… She is fond ……………………………………………… He was not averse……………………………………… II Identify the function of the adjective phrase in each following sentence The former champion is now very ill He has a rare viral infection The drugs he takes make him sick His body looks no different than it looked before His doctor has arranged preliminary tests for heart surgery His general health is good, but surgery is always somewhat risky III Pick out the adjectives and write the words that the adjectives modify Susan is a very careful typist Writing business letters is not easy A letter of business should be correct, clear, polite, and short I am afraid it is a busy day You will be coming with that young man He has a very charming wife In the big town, they found that many houses were 10 11 small, ugly and overcrowded Many young married people today live with the boy’s or with the girl’s family We are leading a natural and honest life The motor-bike I am sitting on is a very special one The company has to close because of the economic difficulties UNIT 13: NOUN PHRASES Noun phrase = typically contructed by either a noun or a pronoun as the head & other constituents as modifiers Ex: a nice girl leaning against the wall Noun phrase: - Basic NP - Complex NP (A) BASIC NP (determiners) + Head noun E,g: all these 10 pupils Determiners = words of close-system used before a noun to “determine” the precise meaning of the noun Determiners Pre-determiners Central-determiners Post-determiners Pre-determiners all, both, half multipliers fractions such, what • mutually exclusive: Eg: all girl, both girls BUT NOT: all both girls Multipliers : once, twice, three times, double Fractions : one-thirds, two-fifths, three-quarters - twice her age, double their salaries - He took only two-thirds of the books - What/ such a surprise! Central-determiners: classes based on their co-occurrence with the noun classes (singular count, plural count, and noncount) (1) The Possessive Wh-words Some, any (stress)no (2) Zero article Some, any (unstress) enough (3) A(n)/ Every/ Each/ Either/ Neither (4) This/ That (5) These/ Those (6) Much Central determiners in respect to their co-occurence with the noun classes: Count bottle Non-count furniture plural bottles (1) The Possessive Ex: singular X X Wh-words Some, any (stress)no X - Do you want me to turn off the light? - I love my family - What colour you like? - I have some friends in London - I won’t give this pen to any student - She has no idea at all (2) Zero article Some, any (unstress) enough Ex: - Love is not - I did not have X X everything enough time to this - I want some beer, please! - Have you got any wine for tonight? (3) A(n)/ Every/ Each/ Either/ Neither Ex: - My friends gave me a flower/ an apple X - I want to ask each / every person individually - You can put it on either table - Neither party accepted such a proposal (4) This/ That Ex: X X - This chair is mine and that table is yours - I cant’t stand this silence (5) These/ Those Ex: - Did you read these stories yesterday? X - Have you seen those girls? (6) Much: Ex: - He wants X much sugar in his coffee Post-determiners cardinal numbers ordinal numerals/ general ordinals close-system quantifiers open-class quantifiers (1) cardinal numbers: One, two, three Eg: my three sons his two books (2) Ordinal number: First, second, third General ordinals: Next, last, past, additional Further, (an)other Eg: the first time another candidate (3) Close-system quantifiers: + before count Ns: many, (a)few, several + before non-count Ns: much, (a)little Eg: a few words, much stress (4) open-class quantifiers: + included: alot of, a great deal of, lots of, a good number of + verbs has number concord with the second nouns, not the quantity nouns (lot, lots deal, plenty, etc ) Eg: - Lots of food was on the table - There was a lot of food on the table (B) COMPLEX NP Pre-modification + Head noun + post-modification E.g: all these 10 pupils (1) Pre-modification : - ‘s-genitive Eg: Mary’s brother is very naughty - ing/ -ed participle Eg: - He has rented a crumbing cottage - The wanted man was last seen in Paris - sentence Eg: - I got angry with his I-dont-care attitude - She waved the boy away with a you-stink kind of look on her face - adverbial Eg: - I visited his far-away hometown playing football - noun Eg: - He has fixed the cupboard door - adjective Eg: - She is a lovely girl - multiple premodification (2) post-modification: - relative clause Eg: The girl who is playing in the ground is my daughter - prepositional phrase Eg: She loves the monitor in your class - non-finite clause Eg: The girl playing in the ground is my daughter - appositive clause Eg: The fact that he is rich is not the reason she loves him - clause of time, place, manner, reason Eg: - I work in the university where I studied English - 12th Sep, 1983 is the date when she was born - That is the reason why he spoke ill of me - She shows me the way how I can cook beef - adverb Eg: The girl overthere is my sister The road back is dense with tracffic - adjective Eg: Something strange happened last night - Multiple modification + Multiple premodification + Multiple postmodification + with single head: his last brilliant book + with multiple head: the new chair and table the new but ugly table and chair Sequence of premodifiers: Determiner general age colour de-nominal a medical the participle head new central extravagant London social an interesting provenance noun life old rusting gate a big + with single head: green car Russian Eg: The girl in the corner talking to John + with multiple head: Eg: The boy and the girl in the corner talking to John FUNCTIONS OF A NOUN PHRASE Subject - The people in the bus escaped through the emergency exit Direct object - They are testing some new equipment Indirect object - I gave the old beggar money for a cup of tea Subject complement - That’s a very good idea Object complement - Many of us consider her the best candidate Complement of a preposition - You’re in great danger Pre-modifier of a noun or noun phrase - Milk production is down this year Adverbial - The term finishes next week - She will come tomorrow morning [...]... question) of (John) Bring to Find for Give to Leave for / to Lend to Make for Offer to Owe to Pour for Promise to Read to Save for Show to Teach to Tell to Throw to Pay for Practice 8: Complete these sentences by adding an adverbial complement 1 My parents live _ 2 Unfortunately, nobody is _ 3 Everybody behaved _ 4 You can get 5 The fortress stands 6 The food... Object complement (Co) ) 1 Adjuncts: answer for such questions: where, when, how, with what, for whom - The tall man is working in the garden in the garden: Adjunct / Where? - They go to school by bikes everyday to school: Adjunct / Where? by bikes: Adjunct / How? 2 Disjuncts: making a comment on the rest of the sentence - They arrived, to our surprise, before we did - To our regret, Bob rejected the... averse……………………………………… II Identify the function of the adjective phrase in each following sentence 1 2 3 4 5 The former champion is now very ill He has a rare viral infection The drugs he takes make him sick His body looks no different than it looked before His doctor has arranged preliminary tests for heart surgery 6 His general health is good, but surgery is always somewhat risky III Pick out the adjectives... adverbial is a word or group of words that provides information about when, where, why, how, ect the action or state described by the verb in a sentence is taking place  The adverbial element (A) in clause structure has a wider range of roles than the other four element: S, V, O, and C Ex: - I’ll see you tomorrow morning - The meeting was in room 304 - She performed well last night II Units realizing adverbial... saying They can generally appear only in declarative clauses Ex: 1 Obviously, nobody expected us to be here today (= That nobody expected us to be here is obvious) 2 Unfortunately, Bob rejected the offer (= That Bob rejected the offer was unfortunate.) 3 Conjuncts: - A conjunct is an adverbial that serves as a link between sentences Ex: - I don’t want to go shopping Besides, I don’t have time to - You... I’m not going to put up with his complaints any longer What’s more, I’m going to tell him that myself when I see him tomorrow  Common comjuncts: anyhow, after all, all the same, by the way, else, for example, for instance, furthermore, hence, in other words, instead, moreover, nevertheless, on the contrary, so, thus… UNIT 7: SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS I Functions: - The gilr is smiling... The walls were painted bright pink He has often been looked upon as slightly mad All my cards have been laid on the table Has all this food been paid for? The prisoner was found guilty His children were found a suitable school This house has been lived in for two hundred years Surely I cannot be refused a proper hearing Practice 6: Say whether the items underlined in the following sentences are grammatically... rejected the offer 3 Conjuncts: linking sentences - He doesn’t need any money from us On the contrary, we should be going to him for a loan 4 Subject complements: - Your work is of great value - His opinion is of little interest to me 5 Object complements: - We considered the information of little importance - He found the work boring and beneath his dignity 6 Postmodifier in a noun phrase: - The people... knowledge augments our capacity for evil 18 The police laid the bodies by the side of the road 19 Travel nowadays is fraught with disillusion 20 You must keep calm 21 Keep out of sight 22 You can keep the change 23 I can’t keep my hands warm 24 Keep me a seat, will you? Practice 5: indicate by a, b, c, etc of which clause types listed in Exercise 4 the following sentences are transformation: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7... books (2) Ordinal number: First, second, third General ordinals: Next, last, past, additional Further, (an)other Eg: the first time another candidate (3) Close-system quantifiers: + before count Ns: many, (a)few, several + before non-count Ns: much, (a)little Eg: a few words, much stress (4) open-class quantifiers: + included: alot of, a great deal of, lots of, a good number of + verbs has number concord