DOCUMENT FOR EXAMINATION

Subject : - The word or group of words that names the person or thing being talked about in the sentence is the subject of the - The predicate of a sentence is everything that is not pa

DOCUMENT FOR

EXAMINATION

UNIT 1: WHAT IS A SENTENCE?

I Definition:

“A sentence is a group of words that is used to make a statement, to

ask a question, or to give an order or make a request.”

* A sentence should provide enough information to form a complete idea in the hearer

or reader’s mind.

- The homework is so difficult.

Not a sentence:

- the big boy

- we cannot have with us

- their new car yesterday

II Types of Sentences: four main types:

- Declaratives : sentences that make statements

- Interrogatives : sentences that ask questions

- Imperative : give order or make requests

- Exclamatory : express opinions or feeling with strong emotion

III How to punctuate Sentences :

- A written sentence begins with a capital letter and end with a

full stop (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation mark

(!)

Sentence types Ending with

1 Declarative Full stop, exclamation mark

Harry’s coming / Harry’s coming!

2 Imperative Full stop, exclamation mark

Please sit down / Sit down at once!

3 Interrogative Question mark

How did she do that?

4 Exclamatory Exclamatory mark

What a wonderful day!

UNIT 2: SUBJECTS, PREDICATES AND VERBS

I Subject :

- The word or group of words that names the person or thing being

talked about in the sentence is the subject of the

- The predicate of a sentence is everything that is not part of the

subject of the sentence

Ex: - The little boys and girls are playing football in the

- The subject of a sentence controls the verb This is called

agreement: averb must agrees with its subject

Ex: - The apples on that big tree are ripe.

- The new comer living next door is doing the gardening.

II Situations of subject-verb agreement :

1 Indefinite pronouns such as: everybody, someone, anyone,

everything, something, anything, nobody, nothing

take singular verbs

- Everybody is now here / something strange has

happened.

2 If the subject is a noun phrase, the main noun determines the

number of the phrase

- The noise of the demonstration is distracting them.

Demonstrators

3

Clauses are generally singular.

Ex: - Playing handball relaxes me.

- That he needs a shave is obvious.

4 AND

4.1 The subject is plural if it consists of two or more phrases that

are linked by and, even if each is sigular.

Ex: Your kitchen, your living-room, and your dining-room are small.

4.2 In some instances, two linked units may be viewed as either a

combination (therefore singular) or as separate units (therefore plural).

Ex: - Bread and butter is good for you, ( bread with butter

on it )

- Bread and butter have recently gone up in price (both bread and butter…)

4.3 If the noun phrases are introduced by each or every, the

subject is singular

Ex: - Every student and every instructor has to show an ID card to

borrow book from the library.

- Each adult and each child was given a sandwich.

- Every bank and store was closed that day.

5 OR, NOR

- If the subject noun phrases are linked by or, either…or, neither…

nor, the verb may be singular or plural.

5 1 When both phrases are singular, the verb is singular.

- No food or drink was provided.

- Either pollen or dust causes his allergy.

- Neither the time nor the place was appropriate.

5 2 When both phrases are plural, the verb is plural.

- Either the Unionists or the Nationalists have to make concessions.

5.3 When one is singular and the other plural, the verb

agrees in number with the phrase closest to it.

- Three short essays or one long essay is required.

- Neither your brother nor your sisters are responsible

6 WITH

When a singular noun phrase is linked to a following noun

phrase by with, as well as, in addition to, after, the

subject is singular.

- His sister, together with her two youngest children, is staying with

them.

- The teacher, as well as the students, was enjoying the picnic.

- One person after another has objected to the proposed reform.

7 COLLECTIVE NOUNS

7.1 A collective noun refers to a group of people or things

When members of the group are viewed as a unit, singular verb and singular pronoun are used.

- The audience was very noisy.

- The Olympic Committee has made its decision, and has awarded

the 2008 Games to Beijing.

7.2 When the members of the group are viewed as

individuals, plural verb and plural pronoun are

used.

- The government are confused about what to do next (The

members of the government are…)

- All the team are in their places (all the members of the team

are….)

8 Several indefinite pronouns (none, all, some, any) and the

fractions may be either singular or plural Compare:

If refer to one thing, take a

singular verb If refer to more than one person or thing, take plural

verb

Some (of the material) is not

suitable for children Some (of the pages) are missing Half (the country) is under

water Half (of the members) have voted for him All (the fruit) has been eaten All (my friends) were abroad None (of the crop) was in

danger None (of us) have heard about the news.

None (of us) has heard about the news.

9 QUANTITY PHRASES

- Plural phrases of quantity or extent take singular verbs

when the quantity or extent is viewed as a unit Otherwise,

a plural is used:

- Ten pounds is enough.

- Two years seems too long

to wait.

- Five miles was as far as

they would walk.

- Twenty years have passed since I last saw Helen.

- Twenty-seven pounds were stolen from his wallet.

10 Singular nouns ending in –s

10.1 Nouns ending in –ics are singular when they refer to a field of study

(economics, linguistics, mathematics, physics, statistics)

- Statistics was my favourite subject at school.

Some of these nouns are often used in a different sense and may then be prural:

- Your statistics are inaccurate.

10.2 Names of diseases ending in –s are singular (AIDS, measles, mumps)

- AIDS is particularly prevalent in Africa.

10.3 Names of games ending in –s are singular (billiards, darts, dominoes)

- Dominoes is the only game I play at home.

(but: The dominoes are on the floor.)

UNIT 4: DIRECT & INDIRECT OBJECT;

TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE VERBS

I

Direct objects (OD):

- The direct object of a sentence is the person or thing that is

most directly affected by the action or state described by the verb

For example, the Od may refer to what the subject of the sentence

has, or gets, or does something to, or does something with.

Ex: - They have two sons and two daughters.

- Pour some water into the pot.

II Indirect Object (Oi):

- The word or word-group that describes the person or thing that thedirect

object is given to or done for, etc is the indirect object of the

III Direct and Indirect Objects:

1. Many verbs can have two objects: usually a person or thing The thing that is

given to, sent, bought etc is called the direct object.; the person who gets it is

the indirect object.

Common examples:

bet get make play sell teach bring give

offer post send tell build kick owe promise show throw buy leave pass read sing wish cost lend pay refuse take write

- He built his parents a new house

- Could you bring me the paper? ( S V OI OD )

- She sent her mother a postcard.

2. When the Oi comes after Od (S V Od Oi), there is a preposition (usually to or for) between them.

Eg: - I gave the keys to John.

- Mother bought the ice-cream for you.

3 When both objects are pronouns, the Oi commonly follows the

Od

(S V Od Oi)

Eg: - Lend them to her.

- Give it to me.

 Exercise: I Find out the direct object in each sentence:

1) She introduced the school head to her parents

2) Norma’s parents met her English and Biology teachers at the Open Day.3) Caroline submitted a poem about her dog to the school magazine

4) All the members of staff considered Janet the best student in the Upper Sixth

5) The school head recommended a careers advice test

6) Marilyn chose Sussex as her first preference on her application form university entrance

7) Her parents preferred York or Lancaster

8) Elizabeth likes the Chaucer course best

9) She regards the Chaucer teachers as the most interesting lectures

IV Transitive and intransitive:

1.Transitive: - a verb that has a direct object is a transitive

verb.

Ex: - George kicked the ball angrily.

- I saw her in town yesterday

2 Intransitive: - a verb does not have a direct object is an

intransitive.

Ex: - A friend of mine lives in Delhi.

- My aunt is coming next weekend.

 Some verbs can be both transitive or intransitive:

- John ate quickly.

- John ate the biscuit.

 Exercise: II Underline the direct object in each sentence If a sentence contains more than one clause, It may have more than one direct object.

1. The president has offered substantial concessions, but he should not expectmuch gratitude

2. The president promised the end of racial discrimination, but he rejected theblack demand for one man, one vote

3. She has learned by heart most of the Old English declensions and

conjugations

4. That sort of democracy would mean rule by a black majority, which might feel an understandable urge for retribution for past oppressions

5. Whites, equally understandably, want safeguards for white rights, but you cannot ensure safeguards once you surrender your power.

6. Among blacks he has created an upward surge of expectations which he may be unable to fulfil

UNIT 5 COMPLEMENTS, LINKING VERBS & COMPLEX

TRANSITIVE VERBS

I Complements:

- A complement is a word or group of words that says something about the subject or

object of the sentence.

1 Subject-complements:

- A subject-complement says something about the subject of the

sentence, for example: what it is or what it is like.

Ex: - Your room is a mess

- That dress looks nice

 Linking verbs: - The verbs that link the subject and the subject

complement are called linking verbs.

Ex: - They seem absolutely tired.

- The news was a shock

2 Object-complements:

- An object-complement says something about the direct object

of the sentence

Ex: - Don’t call me a liar

- I find her attitude strange.

3 Adverbial-complements:

- Some verbs are incomplete without an expression of place This

expression is called adverbial-complement.

Ex: - He lives in New York.

- She got off the bus.

Complements

II Complex Transitive verbs:

1 A verb that has a direct object and an object complement is called a complex transitive verb (S V Od Co).

Ex: - Someday I will prove you wrong!

- Make both lines equal.

2 Some verbs take the clause pattern (S V O A) are also complex transitive.

Ex: - I put the plate on the table.

- He got himself into trouble.

* Exercise: Practice 1: underlined the indirect object in each

sentence Some sentences do not have an indirect object.

1. Can you tell me the time, please?

2. Who taught you how to do that?

3. Paul’s parents promised him a bicycle for his twelfth birthday

4. You can save yourself the bother

5. The college provides accommodation for all first-year students

6. I owe my parents’ several hundred pounds

7. Show me your latest videos

8. They can cause us a lot of trouble

9. What can I offer you now?

10. The restaurant does not serve vegetable meals

11. What a meal they ordered for us

Practice 2: in each of the following sentences below, state

whether the underlined phrase is an object complement (Co)

or an adverbial complement (Ca).

1. Jack has put his coat and hat in my room

Subject complement (Cs)

Object Adverbial

2. The noise is driving me mad.

3. They keep their house too warm

4. I can see you home

5. She made me her assistant

6. My friend wants her coffee black

7. Make yourself comfortable

8. I want you outside

9. We found everybody here very helpful

10. Show me to my seat

Practice 3: use the verb below to make up a sentence

containing both a direct object and an object complement.

Practice 4: indicate by a, b, c, etc to which of the following

clause types the sentences below belong:

a) S V intens Cs

b) S V intens A place

e) S V complex Od Co

1. George’s father greeted the headmaster

2. The headmaster put George into the second class

3. That made Stanley angry

4. His annoyance did not last

5. He was really a lawyer

6. But he prove himself a great soldier

7. The Manager is not in

8. May I offer you a cup of coffee?

9. After the war, M gave him back his saddle-bags

10. He throw himself from his horse

11. I remember the reasonableness of my father’s argument

12. We are in a bit of a mess

13.I have always lived in the country

14.Could you call me a porter, please?

15.Do you call your self a porter?

16.Finding peace and quiet has become very difficult

17.Every increase in knowledge augments our capacity for evil

18.The police laid the bodies by the side of the road

19.Travel nowadays is fraught with disillusion

20.You must keep calm

21.Keep out of sight

22.You can keep the change

23.I can’t keep my hands warm.

24.Keep me a seat, will you?

Practice 5: indicate by a, b, c, etc of which clause types listed in Exercise 4 the

following sentences are transformation:

1. People are killed on the road every day

2. We were each handed a leaflet

3. The walls were painted bright pink

4. He has often been looked upon as slightly mad

5. All my cards have been laid on the table

6. Has all this food been paid for?

7. The prisoner was found guilty

8. His children were found a suitable school

9. This house has been lived in for two hundred years

10. Surely I cannot be refused a proper hearing

Practice 6: Say whether the items underlined in the following sentences are

grammatically obligatory or optional:

1. George’s father greeted the headmaster warmly

2. He greeted us warmly

3. That made me very annoyed

4. George’s work is always thorough

5. Let me give you a drink

6. Let me explain the difficulty

7. The burglar stood the ladder against the wall

8. I don’t enjoy loud music

9. You are being rather stupid

10. I get impatient with stupid people

11. He convinced us of his innocent

12. A difficult problem arises in this sentence

Practice 7: Supply a prepositional phrase which could

replace the indirect object in each of the following sentence.

Example: May I ask you a great favour?

Oi Od

May I ask a great favour of you?

Od Prepositional phrase

1. Listen! I’m going to play you a new record.

2. Can I play you a game of chess?

3. I can change you a cheque if you like

4. Will you choose me in interesting book?

5. We wish all our friends a very happy New Year

6. I have left you some soup on the stove

7. An uncle of mine left me a thousand pounds

8. Would you throw me that rubber, please?

9. Would you mind bringing me towel

Practice 7: Supply a prepositional phrase which could

replace the indirect object in each of the following sentence.

Ask (a question) of (John)

Practice 8: Complete these sentences by adding an adverbial

complement.

1. My parents live _

2. Unfortunately, nobody is _

3. Everybody behaved _

4. You can get

5. The fortress stands

6. The food will last

7. The motorway stretches

8. The next lecture will be

9. I haven’t been _

Practice 9: Identify the functions of the underlined phrases

in each sentence:

1. The lecture explains the functions of subjects

2. That man is my father

3. Tell me the result of the match

4. I’m baking a cake

5. The Department has offered me a post

6. John seems good at mathematics

7. You can put your clothes in the washing-machine now

8. I’m working for my father during the spring break

9. Pay attention

10. The weather today appears much colder

11 I’m writing an essay on Milton

1 John searched the room carefully S V O A

2 The girl is a student at a large university S V C A

3 He gave the girl an apple S V O O

4 They made him the chairman S V O C

Subject Object

A sentence

Verb

UNIT 6: ADVERBIALS

I Definition:

- An adverbial is a word or group of words that provides information

about when, where, why, how, ect the action or state described by

the verb in a sentence is taking place

 The adverbial element (A) in clause structure has a wider

range of roles than the other four element: S, V, O, and C.

Ex: - I’ll see you tomorrow morning

- The meeting was in room 304

- She performed well last night

II Units realizing adverbial functions:

Adverb phrases Peter was playing very well.

Noun phrases Peter was playing last week.

Prepositional phrases Peter was playing with great skill.

Finite verb clauses Peter was playing although he was tired.

Verbless clauses Peter was playing, unaware of the

dander.

Non- finite clauses (in which the verb is: )

+ infinitive Peter was playing to will.

Complement Adverbial

II Classes of adverbials:

- Adjuncts

- Disjuncts

- Conjuncts

1 Adjuncts:

- An adjunct is a word or group of words that describes where, when, why, how, for

whom, with what, how much… the action described in the sentence is carried out.

Ex: - I’ll see you at the match.

- Are you coming this evening?

- Sue sings beautifully

- You’ll have to cut it with a knife

- A style disjunct conveys the speaker’s comment on the form of what he is saying,

defining in some way under what conditions he is speaking

- Common Adverbs as style disjuncts : bluntly, briefly, candidly, frankly, generally, honestly, personally, seriously, confidentially.

Ex: - Very frankly, I am tired.

(= I tell you very frankly…)

- Seriously, do you intend to resign?

(Seriously speaking, ….)

2.2 Content Disjuncts:

- Content disjuncts convey the speaker’s comment on the content of what he is

saying They can generally appear only in declarative clauses.

Ex: 1 Obviously, nobody expected us to be here today.

(= That nobody expected us to be here is obvious).

2 Unfortunately, Bob rejected the offer.

(= That Bob rejected the offer was unfortunate.)

3 Conjuncts:

- A conjunct is an adverbial that serves as a link between

sentences.

Ex: - I don’t want to go shopping Besides, I don’t have time to.

- You can tell him from me that I’m not going to put up with his

complaints any longer What’s more, I’m going to tell him

that myself when I see him tomorrow

 Common comjuncts:

anyhow, after all, all the same, by the way, else, for example, for instance, furthermore, hence, in other words, instead, moreover, nevertheless, on the contrary, so, thus….

UNIT 7: SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND

GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS

I Functions:

- The gilr is smiling happily

NP as subject

- The function of a word or word-group in a sentence is the role it

plays in that sentence

- They appeared to be extremely tired.

predicate

within the predicate we have the functions: verb, direct object,

indirect object, complement, adverbial.

The predicate: appeared to be extremely tired

- appeared to be : verb

- extremely tired: subject complement

II Structure and Analysis:

- To describe the structure of a sentence is to state what the various

parts of the sentence are and what their functions are

- To describe the structure of a sentence in this way is to analyse the

sentence

- Jane saw her uncle.

Structure: subject + verb + direct object

- My mother met her old teacher

house.

5 S + V (complex) + O + A I put the plate on the table.

6 S + V (complex) + Od + Co We have proved him

- Adjective: happy, steady, new, large, round