383 Tuyen tftp cdng trinh Hdi nghi Cff hoc toiin qudc Ky niem 30 ndm Vien Cffhgc vd 30 ndm Tgp chi Cff hoc Hd Ndi, ngdy 8-9/4/2009 Han che phat thai chat gay hieu iing nha kinh voi cong nghe ung dung sinh hoc tren dong co" dot Biii Van Ga, Le Minh Tien, Truong Le Bich Tram, Nguyen Van Dong D(:n hge Dd Ndng Ton tat: Viec nghien cieu icng dung cdc ngudn ndng liegng tdi sinh la rdt bice bdch nhdm dam bdo an ninh ndng lugng vd bdo vi mdi trudng bdi cdnh ngudn nhien lieu hda thgch dang ngdy cdng cgn kiet vd SIC dm ddn len ciia bdu quyin dang trd thdnh mdi hiem hoa ddi vpi nhdn logi Viet Nam vdi 80% ddn sd sdng a ndng thdn, chdt thdi him ca qud trinh sdn xudt ndng nghiep vd chdn nudi Id ngudn rdt tot de sdn xudt sinh hoc Ngudi ddn Viet Nam da rdt quen thude vdi ngudn ndng lugng ndy vd sdn lugng biogas dang gia tdng nhanh chdng Tuy nhien biogas a nude ta hien chii yen chi mdi diing Igi a viic sic dung cho dun ndii Khi methane cd tdc dung gdy hieu ieng nhd kinh lan han CO:, vi vay niu thai biogas thica vdo cpiyin thi vdn di d nhiim mdi trudng cdng trd nen trdm han Trong nhirng cdng trinh trudc ddy chimg tdi dd die tgo cdc bd phu kien di chuyin ddi ddng ca xang vd diesel sang thdnh ddng ca hcang nhiin lieu biogas-ddu md de sdn xudt dien ndng a ndng thdn Vdi dd phdt triin ndng lugng biogas nhu hiin ciing vdi viec sdn xudt biogas a cdc trgm xie ly nude, cdc bai chdn lap rac, tuang lai gdn, sdn lugng biogas a medc ta se tdng ddng ke, vi vay viec nghien cim hodn thiin cdng nghi sic dung biogas tren ddng ca tTnh tgi vd heu trie biogas di ldm nhien lieu cung cdp cho phuang tiin giao thdng ca gidi Id rdt cdn thiit Bdi bdo ndy gidi thiiu cdng nghi sie dung biogas tren ddng ca ludng nhien lieu vd khd ndng img dung cdng nghe dd tren phicang tiin ca gidi a ndng thdn Viec nghien ciru irng dung cae ngudn nang lugng tai sinh la rat biic bach nham dam bao an ninh nang lugng va bao ve moi trudng bdi canh nguon nhien lieu hda thach dang cang can kiet va sir am dan len eiia bau quyen dang trd mdi hiem hoa doi vdi nhan loai Viet Nam vdi 80% dan sd sdng d ndng thdn, chat thai hii'u ca qua trinh san xuit nong nghiep va chan nudi la ngudn rat tdt de san xuat biogas Tuy nhien viec sir dung rpng rai biogas can cdng nghe de bien chimg cac dang nang lugng khac Bai bao gidi thieu cong nghe chuyen ddi ddng co sir dung nhien lieu Idng sang chay bang biogas Neu sir dung cong nghe nay, mdi nam nude ta cd the san xuat 10%) dien nang bang nhien lieu tai tao va giam 6,5%) phat thai Carbon vao bau quyen L S u gia tang nong CO2 quyen va tac hai doi voi moi truong Trong vdng 4,5 ti nam tdn tai, qua dat da eo nhirng ehu ky nong len roi lanh di Tir thdi diim euli eiia thdi ky bang cuoi ciing, each day khoang 13000 nam, qua dit da ndng len trung binh 4°C Ngay qua dat nong len nhanh chong Trong the ky nhiet dp eiia qua dit da 384 Bill Vdn Ga, Le Minh Tiin, Truong Li Bich Trdm, Nguyin Vdn Ddng tang len 0,5°C Phan tich mau lay tir bang cho thay ky nguyen ciia chiing ta ndng nhat tii hon 600 nam va 20 nam culi cimg cua thi ky XX, su gia tang nhiet da vugt qua mpi ky luc vdi dinh cao la nam 1998 Nhiet dp gia tang nhanh chong nhu vay khien cho thien nhien khdng cd thai gian de thich nghi Neu sir gia tang nhiet dp qua khii' gay qua trinh tir nhien thi sir gia tang nhiet dp chii yeu la boat ddng cua eon ngudi Can bang nhiet ciia qua dat dugc dam bao he thdng khdng tfch Ifjy nang lupng thang du tir m^t trdi Ban biic xa mat trdi dugc hap thu bdi khf quyen, dai duong va dai luc va ban dem cac phan truyen ngugc biie xa khdng gian viing hdng ngoai Cac tia biic xa hdng ngoai den lupt nd bj hap thu bdi may va mpt sd chat khf ed mat khf quyen Cac chat gay hieu ung nha kinh phan xa lai mpt phan biie xa ve mat dat va lam nong Idp quyen dudi ciing: Dd la hieu ung nha kfnh Klidng cd hieu irng nay, nhiet dp trung binh ciia mat dat la -18°C thay vi +15°C nhu hien Hieu ung nha kfnh la mpt hien tugng tu nhien khdng the thieu tren hanh tinh xanh cua chung ta Tuy nhien tac dpng cua nd vugt qua miic cho phep thi nd gay nhung hau qua nghiem trgng ddi vdi mdi trudng Trong so nhQng chat khf gay hieu irng nha kfnh thi CO2 chiem den 50%) tae dung Tir bat dau thdi ky cong nghiep den (khoang 200 nam), sir phat thai CO2 vao bau khf quyen da khdng ngirng gia tang Ndng CO2 hien da tang 35%) so vdi thdi ky tien cdng nghiep, vupt xa ndng cua ehiing 600 000 nam trudc Ndng CO2 da tang tii' 280ppin d thdi ky tien cong nghiep den 379ppm vao nam 2005 Mue tang trung binh cua CO2 la +l,5ppm/nam khoang 1970 den 2000 va +2,1 ppm/nam khoang 2000 den 2007 Cae hoat dpng eua ngudi nhu su dung nhien lieu hda thach, pha rirng san sinh mdi nam ty tan carbon Tinh toan dien bien nong dp CO2 khf quyen theo cac kieh ban khac cho thay ndng dp dat can bang on djnh khoang 500ppmV trudng hgp tir bay gid chiing ta khdng lam gia tang them CO2 va dat gia trj can bang cue doan khoang lOOppm neu tiep tuc phat thai nhu hien (hinh 1) Cac nghien ciiu ve dien bien hau cho thay mdi quan he true tiep giua nong dp CO2 khf quyen va su dao dpng ehu ky cua nhiet vdng 150000 gan day Neu ndng dp CO2 tang len gap doi se lam gia tang nhiet dp trung binh eua mat dat len 2,8°C Dieu se lam dao Ion khf hau tren hanh tinh 1900 2000 2100 2200,, 2300 i4ata 1900 20 2100 2200,,- 2300 Hinh Tinh toan du bao ndng dp CO2 quyin vdi cac kjch barilJhac ve sii dung nang lupng [9] 385 Hcin chi phdt thdi chdt gdy hiiu img nhd kinh vdi cdng nghi iing dung sinh hge trin dgng ca dot Sir gia tang nhiet dp quyin gin mat dit gay nhung hau qua nang ne ddi vdi mdi trudng d cac vimg Chau Phi nhiet ddi, Trung My, Nam My, Dong Nam A va Uc cay cdi Idn nhanh ban va chet sdm hon Cd chii'ng 20 giong ddng thuc vat bien mat mdi bien doi hau Neu mdi trudng tiep tuc bj tae ddng bdi sir khd ban, bao kit thi sir can bang he thdng sinh thai ciia hanh tinh se bj anh hudng nang ne Khi nhiet hanh tinh tang len, cac vi khuan, vi triing va cac yeu td truyen benh se phat trien nhanh chdng Tren thuc te, nguy co benh tat bien ddi hau da dien nhting nam 1993-1995 d Trung My sau mgt giai doan nong bat thudng va am tang Nam 1993 benh dich ta phat trien manh d An Dp sau giai doan mua keo dai Nam 1996 benh viem mang nao da giet che hang nghin ngudi d Ddng Phi sau thdi ky khd ban kbimg khiep Cae nghien ciru cdng bd nam 2005 eho thay cudng dp nhfrng bao 30 nam qua tang manh nhung sd lugng cac eon bao ed giam di so vdi trirde day Cac nghien cii'u tren eiing cho thay sir gia tang cudng ciia cac tran bao la nhiet quyen gia tang Ngudi ta udc tinh dai duong hap thu tren 80%) nang lugng cap them vao he thdng khf ban Su gia tang nhiet dp dai duong khien nude gian nd va lam tang eao mirc nude bien Cac sd lieu nghien ciru ve tinh cung cap cho thay the ky 20, muc nude bien da dang cao khoang vai chuc cm (0,l-0,2m) Rieng giai doan 1961 den 2003, mire nude bien da tang l,8min/nain Sir gia tang muc nude bien chii yeu la gian nd nhiet Anh hudng eiia sir tan bang d cac cue the hien quang thdi gian dai nhieu the ky Muc nude bien se dang cao tii' 18 den 59cm vao nam 2100 (hinh 2) Nd cd the dang cao 2m vao nam 2300 [3] Sir 80 dang cao mire nude bien vai cm khong gay - c u — CGCM1 anh hudng dang ke ddi vdi bd bien da HO —' c; — CSIRO Mk2 — ECHAM4/OPYC3 nhung nd gay anh hudng nghiem trpng ddi bO — GFDL o •o — HadCM2 vdi ddng hpc biin cat cua cac bai bien ^ b -•• DOE PCM c — MRI2 30 phang Trong nhung vimg nay, dang d trang ?n P thai can bang dpng bgc, su dang cao mirc on 10 d nude bien tao kha nang xam thuc manh va lam djeh chuyen su can bang toan bp ve u n Nam -10 phfa bai bien bj xam thuc va liii dan vao dat 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2100 lien Vi vay sir dang cao mire nude bien gay anh hudng quan trpng hon nhieu so vdi viec Hinh Du bao dang cao muc nude bien the dich chuyen bd bien ddi vdi chieu eao muc ky 21 theo cac md hinh toan hpa khac [1] nude tuong ii'ng • - ... vai cong nghe I'mg dung sinh hoc tren dpng ca dot Biogas la nang lirgng tai sinh nhan dirge tir qua trinh phan hiiy cac chat hu'u ca moi trirong thieu khong Rac thai sinh hoat, cac chat thai... bao an ninh nang lugng tuong lai, chiing ta can nghien cii'u phat trien cac loai nang lugng tai sinh Trong sd cae dang nang lugng thi nang lugng tir biomass d nude ta cd tiem nang rit ddi dao va... nhiet nha d bang kien triic sinh khf bau, sii' dung vat lieu mdi de giam sir dung nhiet eho he thdng sudi va dieu hda khdng khf Mat khac, sir dung cac loai nang lugng tai sinh duge xem la giai phap