phân dạng và phương pháp giải hóa học 12 phần vô cơ

CU T H A N H T O A N ; (I I & PhUdng phdp gial nhanh BAI TAP • -•««>•' « loral NHAXUATBAN Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang YTel ChirongS D A I Clfdll^G KIM M A I Cdc em hoc sinh Idp 12 than md'n! nam vChig kiS'n thiic va c6 the dat ket qua cao nha't cac k i thi, cac em hoc sinh c^n ren luyfin giai nhanh cac dang bai tap thucmg xuyfen, lifin tuc qua trinh hoc tap ciia minh Di cac em c6 th6m tai Vitu tu ren luyfin cac k l nang giai bai tap, chupg t6i xin tran gioi thidu h6 sach: "Phdn loai vd phuong phdp giai nhanh bai tap hod hoc 12" ' •• PMn V6 CO g6m chuong: ^ Chuong 5: Dai cuong \i kim loai Chuong 6: Kim loai k\6m - Kim loai ki^m th6 nh6m Chuong 7: Crom - Sat - D6ng Chiromg 8: Nhan bie't mot s6' chat v6 co va chu^n d6 dung djch Chuong 9: Hoa hoc vdri va'n d^ kinh i6, xa h6i va m6i trucmg Trong m6i chuong duoc trinh bay: A Ly thuyd't co ban B Phuong phap giai cac dang bai tap Cau tao nguyen tiir: Nguyen tir ciia hSu hd't cac kim loai co s6' electron b Idp ngoai cung it (1, 2, e) Cau tao tinh the: Trong tinh th^ kim loai, nguydn tir va ion kim loai nlm a nhiJng niit ciia mang tinh th6', cac electron hoa tri chuyen dong tu mang tinh the Lien ket kim loai: La lien ket duoc hinh giOa cac qguySn ttr va ion kim loai mang tinh the sir tham gia ciia cac electron tu I I TINH C H A T CUA K I M L O A I Tinh chat vat ly chung Cac kim loai deu dSn didn, dSn nhiet, deo, co anh kim la cac electron tu M6i bai tap sach duoc tac gia chon loc k l cang, la sir k6't tinh ciia kifi'n thiic CO tinh chat t6ng hop kd't hop v6i kinh nghidm nhilu nam luy6n thi Cac bai tap co gia tri rat cao v^ n6i dung, co d6 tin cay rat 16n ki^m tra, danh gia Cac bai tap duoc n6u tap sach d^u duoc giai chi tifi't, d^y dii, d6 hi^u va theo cac phuong phap giai nhanh Tac gia xin b^y to long bid't on sau sSc su gop y chan ciia cac ban d6ng nghifip va cac em hoc sinh Chuc cac em dat kd't qua cao hoc tap I CAU T A O CUA K I M L O A I ' Tac gia kim loai gay Tinh chat vat ly rieng M6t !6' tinh chat vat ly nhu kh6'i luong riSng, nhiet d6 nong chay, tinh ciifng phu thu6c vao b^n ciia lien ket kim loai, nguySn tir khdi, ki^u mang tinh th^, ciia kim loai Tinh that hoa hoc chung cua kim loai Cac kim loai deu CO tinh khir: M > M"" + ne Nguyt n nhan: Cac electron hoa trj ciia nguydn tir kim loai lien k6't yd'u vdi hat nhan nguydn tii, do cac kim loai co kha nang nhuong electron de tao ion duong a Tac dung v&i phi kim Hdu hift cac kim loai khir duoc phi kim ion am Thf du: Mia sach Khang Vi^t xin tran trgng giai thi$u tai Quy dgc gid vd xin idng nghe mgi y kim dong gop, decuon sack ngdy cdng hay han, botch han Thu xin giti ve: Cty T N H H Mpt Thanh Vien - Djch Van hoa Khang Vi$t 71, Dinh Tien Hoang, P Dakao, Quan 1, TP H C M Tel: (08) 39115694 - 39111969 - 39111968 - 39105797 - Fax: (08) 39110880 Ho|c Email: khangvietbookstore@yahoo.com.vn 4A1 + , — ^ Hg + S 2A1A > HgS : h Tac dung vdi axit * D6'i y&i dung dich HCl, H:S04 loang: Cac kiin loai dung trudc H day hoat d6ng hod hoc (day dien hoa) khir duoc ion (H3O*) ciia cac axit H2: M + nH* > M"" + - H , t * D6'i v5i H2SO4 dac, nong; HNO3: nau cac kim loai (triT Au, Pt) khii duoc N va- S cac axit xu6ng s > * catot (cue - ) : Xay sU khir: M hoac X" hoac Quyudrc: E ^ H ' / H ^ < = 0,00 V > 2W +2e 2H2O X + me — > H ' + O , + 4e - Neu anot (cue +) kh6ng tro thi anot bj an mon (tan ddn): A >A"" + ae - Tinh khoi luong cac chat thoat didn cue: > (luon diromg) - Dien cue hidro chudn : Pt ( H , , a t m ) / H " ( I M ) : 20H" + H H , + 2e * d anot (cue +): Xay sU oxi hoa: - Sua't dien dong ciia pin dien hoa: La hieu ciia the didn cue duong (E,+)) v6i th6' dien cue am (£,.,): The dien circ chuan ciia kim loai M M " " + ne Xay su oxi hoa chat khir E ° pi„) = E V ) - E V , > (sua't dien dong chuan) E,pi„), E ° p | , „ phu thuoc vao ban chat ciia k i m loai lam dien cue, n6ng d6 dung dich va nhiet V: - Phan ling hoa hoc or cac dien cUc binh dien phan: • cue duong (catot): Xay sir khu chat oxi hoa H, [kh] - Sir dien phan la qua trinh oxi hoa - khijf xay be mat cac didn cue c6 dong - Pin dien hoa tao bdi hai cap oxi hoa - khu, do: E,-, > [oxh]j4„ + dien mot chi6u di qua chat dien l i nong chay hoac dung dich chat dien l i - Pin d'ltn hoa la thiet bi nang lugng ciia phan ling oxi hoa - khir (hoa nang) chuyen dien nang - - E IV S l T B I E N PHAN Pin dien hoa = H2+/H2 (Dill) [oxh|„,„h + [kh] ,„,„h Dang oxi hoa (M"*) va dang khu ( M ) ciia ciing m6t k i m loai tao nen m6t cap oxi hoa - khu ( M " M ) , giOa chung c6 m6'i quan hd: E(pi,„ (pill) hoa chat khir manh hon sinh chat oxi hoa yeu hon va chat khu yeu hon: Cui Cap oxi hoa - khurcua kim loai • O cue am (anot): ^ — Phan ling giOa hai cap oxi hoa - khir xay theo chieu chat oxi hoa manh hon se oxi Fe-" + Cu ( po /M oxi hoa - khir theo quy tac a III DAY D I E N HOA C U A K I M L O A I M " " +ne — Quy tac anpha (a ) Day didn hoa ciia k i m loai cho phep d u doan chieu eua phan ling giCra hai cap K i m loai manh hon (khong tac dung v6'i H^O) day duoc k i m loai y€u hon khoi dung djch mu6'i > FeSO, + (p,„) (Neu M diing truoc H day dien hoa) 3Fe + H O — ^ Fe304 + H : d Tac dung vai dung dich niuoi cua kim loai Thi du: Fe + CuSO^Cdd) C (Neu M durng sau H day dien hoa) > 2NaOH + H.T M g + H^O.h, — ^ — m = i Trong A.I.t n.F m : Khoi lugng chat thu dugc dien cue, ti'nh bang gam A : K h o i lugng mol cua chat thu dugc dien cue n: 56' electron ma nguyen t u hoac ion da nhan I: Cuong dong dien ( A ) , t: Thoi gian dien phan (s) F: Hang so Faraday (F = 96500 C/ mol) - Tinh s6' mol electron trao d i : n trao ddi = I t / F (mol) r 1" Phdn locii va pluMni^ phc'ip f-idi BT H6a hoc 12 -Cu Thanh Toan HgS + O V Sir A N M O N K I M L O A I S u an mon hoa hoc va su an mon dien hoa -Giong nhau: -Khdc nhau: i D^u c6 ban chat la phan ung oxi hoa - khir * Trong an mon hoa hoc khdng hinh dong dien * Trong an mon dien hoa c6 hinh dong electron (cac electron dirac di chuyen dong, tir cue am d6n cue duong => tao pin difin hoa) C a c dieu kien xay an mon dien hoa hoc - Cac difin cue phai khae ban chat - Cac didn cue phai tid'p xiic true tiep hoac gian tiS'p vdi qua day dSn - Cac dien cue cung tiep xuc vdri dung dich chat dien l i Chu y; Thie'u dieu kifen tren se khdng xay an mon dien hoa hoc, ma se xay an mon hoa hoc > H g + SO, Ag,S + O , — ^ A g + SO, Fe^Oj + 3CO *Thidu: CrA " " ' 2Fe + 3CO, + 2A1 '" ZnO + C > 2Cr + A U O j Z n + CO Chu v; K h i CO nong chi khir duoc cac ion k i m loai cac oxit diing sau kem day dien hoa, thi du FeO, PbO, C u O , Phuomg phap dien phan * Casa: Dung dong didn m6t chieu de khir cac ion k i m loai r, * Phqm vi dp dung: Co the diSu che duoc hdu het cac k i m loai - Dieu che' k i m loai c6 tinh khir manh nhu L i , Na, K , A l , bang each dien phan nhung hop chat (mud'i, baza, oxit) nong chay ciia chiing - Dieu che' k i m loai c6 tinh khir trung binh va k i m loai c6 tinh khir yeu nhu Z n , Chong an mon kim loai - Bi6n phap bao \t be mat: scm, trang, ma, b6i diu m5, phii chat deo, \tn hi C u , bang each dien phan dung djch mu6'i cua chiing > 2Na+ *r/(/c/M.-2NaCl mat k i m loai - Bidn phap bao vt ditn hoa: Diing k i m loai c6 tfnh khir manh hom d^ bio vfi ^n"^.^""i" ) A I 2AI3O3 (anot hi sinh) Q, 2CUSO4 + H , +30, 2Cu + 2H,S04 + O^ ^ VI PHUONG PHAP D I E U C H E K I M L O A I Phuofng phap thuy luyen (phuong phap udt) * Ca Dung nhOng dung dich thich hop, nhu dung djch H S O , N a O H , sff: NaCN, de hoa tan k i m loai hoac hop chat ciia k i m loai va tach khoi phan khong C-Ac B P H U C M ( P H A P GJAO 'D:^Na BAO T^P Dang : Bai tap k i m loai tac dung vol dung djch muo'i, axit va phi kim tan CO quang Sau cac ion k i m loai dung djch duoc khir bang k i m loai c6 tinh khir Kh6'i luong la kem giam ngam la kem vao dung dich (gia thie't k i m loai manh hem thoat bam he't vao la kem, kem chi bi oxi hoa boi ion k i m loai) * Phant vi dp dung: Duoc diing de' dieu che nhOng k i m loai c6 tinh khir yS'u nhu Cu, H g , A u , A CdCl, Di6u che bac tir quang chira bac sunfua: * Thi du: Ag.S + 4NaCN 2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Zn > 2Ag + Na.[Zn(CN)4] x nhiet cao bang cac chat k h u manh nhu C, CO, H , hoac A l , k i m loai k i ^ m , k i m loai kiem th6 vi dp dung: Uhg dung r6ng rai cong nghiep de di^u che' nhffng kim loai c6 d6 hoat dong trung binh n h u Z n , Fe, Sn, Pb, Cr, V i k i m loai kern hoat dong nhu A g , Hg thi chi cin dot chay quang cung da thu duoc k i m loai ma khdng phai khiJr bang cac tac nhan khac D CUSO4 gidi Cac PTPU" xay ra: Zn * Ca sa: Khir nhUng ion k i m loai cac hop chat thucmg la exit kim loai o C PbCNOj), Hu&ng ddn > 2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Na,S Phuong phap nhiet luyen * Phqm B A g N O j Am +CdCl, = 112x > Cdi +Zna, ^'f- X (mol) «>•:"' - 65x > => kh(5i luong la Z n tang Z n + PbCNO,), X A m = 207x - 65x > Zn + 2AgN03 X „ •,, i > Pbl X ^ ; , kh6'i luong la Z n tang 2x ' ;; + ZnCNOj), (mol) > 2Agi ' + Zn(N03), • Am=:2.108x-65x>0=>kh6'iluonglaZntang ' " , ^ , :^ ' ' ^ , Phan loai va phirati}> phi'ip i^iai BT Hoa hoc 12 - Cu Thanh Toan Z n + CUSO4 PTPlT: > Cu 4^ + ZnS04 X M + Cd(N03), > Cdi X +M(N03)2 X (ii2-M).x x(mol) 0,47 ' A m = 64x - 65x < => kh6'i lirong l a kem g i a m Dap an dung la D M + PbCNOj), > P b i + M(N03)2 Cho a gam h6n hop bot cac kim loai N i va Cu vao dung djch A g N O , dir, khuS'y k l m6t thofi gian cho den phan ling k^'t thiic, thu duoc 54 gam k i m loai Mat khac, cung cho a gam h6n hop bot cac k i m loai tren vao dung djch CUSO4 du, khua'y kT cho den phan ling ket thuc, thu duoc k i m loai c6 khoi luong bang (a + 0,5) gam Gia trj cua a la A 13,5 g B 15,5 g C 18,6 g D 20,4 g Goi X, y \&n luot la s6' mol N i , Cu h6n hgfp Ta c6: a = 59x + 64y Cu + A g N , X „: "AgNO., = , X (mol) => A g N O j phan iJng het, va mot phSn Cu(N03)2 da phan iJng: Fe + Cu(N03)2 64x + 64y = a + 0,5 = 59x + 64y + 0,5 ' =:>5x = 0,5 = > x = , l (2) K h i mol Fe T i r ( l , ) ^ x = , l ; y = 0,15 > Cu i + Fe(N03)2 > mol Cu => kh6'i luong tang gam K h i khoi luong tang 1,72 - 1,6 = 0,12g => so mol Fe da phan ung la Vay a = 59 0,1 + 64.0,15 = 15,5 Dap an diing la B = , (mol) < 0,02 Hai la k i m loai ciing chat, c6 khoi luong bang nhau: M o t duoc ngam vao dung dich Cd(N0,)2; mot duoc ngam vao dung djch PbCNO,), K h i phan ling, k i m loai diu bj oxi hoa ion k i m loai 2+ Sau mot thai gian, la'y cac la k i m loai Vay tong khoi luong Fe da phan irng la mp, = (0,01 + 0,015) 56 = 1,40 (gam) khoi dung djch thi tha'y kh6'i luong la k i m loai duoc ngam mu6'i cadimi tang them 0,47%; khoi luong la kim loai tang them 1,42% Gia thiet rang, hai phan ung tren khoi luong kim loai tham gia phan ufng la nhu C Cu lirnmfr M h;in rtaH De khir ion Cu"* dung djch CUSO4 c6 the diing k i m loai B K C Fe D Na Huong dan gidi D Mg De khCr ion Cu-* dung djch CUSO4 c6 the dung k i m loai Fe: Hu&ng dan gidi K l hifiu k i m loai la M , s6' mol M phan ume la x: khA'i Dap an diing la A A Ba K i m loai da diing la B.Fe 0,2 = 0,02 0,02 108 - 0,01 56 = 1,6 (gam) < 1,72 (gam) y A.Zn D 1,72 gam Truofctien: Fe + A g N > A g i + Fe(N03)2 ' K h i 0,02 m o l A g N O j phan ling het thl khoi luong k i m loai se tang: ' ' + NiS04 Cu + C u S - ^ Taco: 100 gam vao 100 m l dung djch h6n hop g6m Theo bai ra: ncu(N03)2 = , 0,2 = 0,02 (mol); (1) 108 * PTPU" xay cho N i , Cu + CuS04(dd, dir): > Cui Dap an dung la A Hu&ng dan gidi =>x + y = 0,25 N i + CUSO4 112-M 0,47 = 3 - M = > M = 129=^M«65(Zn) 2y 2x + 2y = ^ vao sdt) K h o i luong sat da phan ung la A 1,40 gam B 0,84 gam C 2,16 gam 54 Tac6: 1,42 sach lam kh6 can duoc 101,72 gam (gia thiet cac k i m loai tao deu bam het > A g l +Cu(N03)2 y = [2) Cu(N03)2 0,2M va A g N O j 0,2M Sau mot thdi gian lay k i m loai ra, rua +Ni(N03) 2x X 'y'^' 207-M Nhiing mot sdt nang * PTPU" xay cho N i , Cu + AgNO^Cdd, du): > 2Ag>l (207-M).x^M2 Uy(2):(l)taduoc: =>207-M Hu&ng dan gidi N i + 2AgNO., Taco: la m tn\ Phdn loai va phuang phdp gidi BT Hoa hoc 12 - CM TIU Fe + ! an ncu(N03)2 = , l m o l > Cu + FeS04 CUSO4 Dap an dung la C khu ion Fe'* dung dich ion Fe'* c6 ths' diing m6t lugng du A kim loai Cu B kim loai Ba C kim loai Ag D kim loai Mg Hu&ng ddn gidi Thii tu phan iJng: Fe + 2AgN03 ^ Fe(N03)2 + 2Ag 40,01 ^ , Fe D6' khii ion Fe'* dung dich ion Fe"* c6 the dung m6t luong dir kim loai Cu: Cu + 2Fe'* > Cu"* + 2Fe-* 7;; 0,02 , + Cu(N03)2 - > C u + Fe(N03)2 ,< • ; >I (0,05-0,01)-^ 0,04 ^ , Vay m - m^g + ' = 0,02.108 + 0,04.64 = 4,72 g Dap an dung la D Dap an dung la A Cho day cac kim loai: Cu, Ni, Zn, Mg, Ba, Ag S6' kim loai day phan ting ducfc vdi dung djch FeCl, la A B.4 C Hu&ng ddn gidi 10 Cho m gam b6t sat vao dung dich h6n hcfp gom 0,15 mol CuS04va 0,2 mol HCl Sau cac phan ling xay hoan toan, thu duoc 0,725m gam h6n hop kim loai Gia tri cua m la D.6 A 16,0 B 18,0 PTHH: => Fe du => C U S O va HCl 2) Ni + 2FeCl3 ^ NiCl2 + 2FeCl2 h6i Fe + CUSO4 - > F e S + C u i Z n C l + 2Fe 4) M g + 2FeCl3 ^ M g C l + 2Fe 5) 3Ba + H O + 2FeCl3 ^ 3BaCl2 + 2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2 Cho h6n hop gom Fe va Mg vao dung dich AgN03, cac phan ling xay hoan toan thu duoc dung dich X (g6m hai muoi) va chat rSn Y (gom hai kim loai) Hai mu6'i X la A M g ( N ) v a Fe(N03)2 B Fe(N03)3va M g ( N ) C Fe(N03)3 va AgNOj D AgN03 va M g ( N ) 0,15 F e C l + H t + 2HC1 0,1 m - 56 (0,15 + 0,1) + 0,15.64 = 0,725m =>0,275m =4,4 ^ m = 16,0 A 10,95 B 13,20 (Vi Fe du nen AgNO, het, khong the sinh FeCNO,),) AgNO3 , l M va C U ( N O ) 0,5M; cac phan ling xay hoan toan thu duoc m gam cha't ran X Gia trj cua m la C 4,48 Huong ddn gidi Theo bai ra: np, =0,05mol; n^gNOj =0,02mol D 15,20 nFe(N03)3 -0,15.1 =0,15(mol);nc„(NO3)2 =0,15.1 =0,15(mol) Dap an dung la A B.3,20 C 13,80 Huong ddn gidi Theobaira: n^, = 5,4/27 = 0,2(mol) - X gom hai mu6'i => Hai mu6'i la MgCNOj)! va FeCNOj), A-4,08 Dap an dung la A Cu(N03)2 I M Ket thuc phan feg thu duoc m gam ran Gia tri ciia m la - Y gom hai kim loai => Hai kim loai la Ag, Fe du b6t sat vao 200 ml dung dich gdm 0,15 11 Hoa tan 5,4 gam bot A l vao 150 ml dung djch A chiia Fe(N03)3 I M va Huong ddn gidi Cho 2,8 gam D 11,2 VI sau phan ling thu duoc h6n hop kim loai (Cu, Fe du) 1) Cu + 2FeCl3 ^ C U C I + F e C l 3) Z n + 2FeCl3 C 16,8 Huong ddn gidi D 4,72 V Thirtutrong day dian hoa: Al^+ /A^Fe^* /Fe;Cu^^ /Cu;Fe^^ /Fe^^ Dovay,thiirtircacPTHH: Al + 3Fe^^^Al^^+3Fe2+ 0,05 -> 0,15-^ 2A1 " + 3Cu2+ 0,1 / //oti hoc 12 -Cii ' h.i / )/; 2A1 + SFe^"" ^ 3Fe i +2A\^^ 0,05 0,075 ^ 0,075(mol) Vay m = mcu+ mp, =0,15.64+ 0,075.56 = 13,80(g) » a p an dung la C 12 Cho a mol bot kem vao dung djch c6 hoa tan b mol Fe(NO,), Tim dieu kien lien he giOa a va b de sau ket thiic phan ung khong c6 kim loai A a > 2b B b > 3a C b > 2a D b = 2a/3 Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Viet 14 Cho 29,8 gam h6n hcrp bot gom Zn va Fe vao 600ml dung djch CUSO4 0,5M Sau cac phan ling xay hoan toan, thu dugc dung dich X va 30,4 gam h6n hop kim loai Ph^n tram vd khdi lucmg ciia Fe h6n hop ban ddu la A 43,63%' B 56,37% C 64,42% D 37,58% Huong ddn gidi , Theobaira: ncu,so4 =0'60,5 = 0,3(mol) Vi khdi luong hdn hop kim loai sau phan ling lodi hon khdi luong hdn hop tru6c phan ling (30,4g > 29,8g) => Fe da phan ling mot phdn Do do, CUSO4 da phan Huong ddn gidi Di sau phan ung khong c6 kim loai thi luomg Zn (phan ung het) chi khu ling het, hdn hop kim loai sau phan ling gdm Cu va Fe dir Fe-^^-^Fe^^ Goi X , y, z Idn lirot la sd mol Zn, Fe phan ling, Fe du Zn + CUSO4 -> ZnS04 + Cu i PTHH: Zn + F e ( N , ) , -> Z n ( N , ) + 2Fe(N03)2 Ban ddu: a b (mol) X Phan ung: a 2a (mol) Fe + CUSO4 -> FeS04 + Cu i Do b > 2a thi Zn phan ling het (bj tan het) va Fe'^^ 13 Cho h6n hop kim loiii Mg, Zn, Fe vao dung dich chiia AgNO, va CuCNO,), Sau phan ling xay hoiin toan thu duoc dung dich X g6m muoi va chat rSn Y gom ba kim loai Ba mudi X la A Mg(N03)3, Fe(N03),, AgNO., B Mg(N03)„ Zn(NO.,)„ Cu(N03), C Mg(N03),, Zn(N03),, Fe(NO,,), D Mg(NO.,):, Zn(NO,,)., Fe(NO,) Hu&ng ddn gidi Thu" tir cac kim loai day dien hoa: Mg2+ /Mg;Zn2^ / Z n ; Fe^^ /FeiCu^^ /Cu;(Fe-'^ /Fe2+);Ag^ / A g => Kha nang phan ling ciia cac kim loai: Mg > Zn > Fe > Cu > Ag Do kim loai sau phan ling la: Ag;Cu;Fe Vi Fe du nen: + Mg, Zn phan ling het => c6 mu6'i Mg(N03)2 '^"(^^^.Oi + Mu6'i Cu(N03)2;AgNO, het => khong c6 cac mu6'iCu(N03)2 ,AgN03 - > X - > y ^ y x + y=0,3 Fe^^ (dd) Dap an diing la C , ^ Taco: X -> y 65x + 56.(y + z) = 29,8 56z + 64.(x + y) = 30,4 Giai ta dugc: x =0,2;y = 0,l;z = 0,2 56.(y + z).100% 56.(0,1 + 0,2) 100% vay: %mp, = — ^ '=— — = 56,37% 29,8 29,8 Dap an dung la B 15 Cho a mol A l vao dung dich chiia b mol Fe"* va c mol Cvr* Ket thiic phan ling thu duoc dung djch chiia loai ion kim loai Ket lufln nao sau day la diing? , 2b 2(b + c) A — < a < — ^ 3 3 2(b + c) 2(b + c) C.^6(mol) Fe,Cu + A g N O j ^ C 8,31% (11) 16 Cho m gam h6n hop bot X gom Fe, Cu vao 600ml dung djch A g N O , I M Sau B 14,8 B 12,36% Hu&ng ddn gidi A 64,8 ^'4* thu duoc dung djch X chi chiia mudi sat va 4,5m gam cha't ran Ndng d6 ciJa ^ 3a \b + c) c < b = > — < b + c =J'a — MTV DVVH vay C,,,o •^ x = 0,1; y = 0,05 ) ="'"^•^^^•'"'^^-8,31% Fe(N03)3 DapandanglaC 175 + , - , Chu V K h d i luong phdn dung dicll sau phan ling: Fe (NO3 \u (NO3 \(NO3 )3 + A g i •"dd = ""ddAgNOj + "Ipe - "lAg4 m + m ddAgN03 ""^Ag"^ """"^ddsau 19 Cho m , gam A l vao 100ml dung dich gdm Cu(N03)2 0,3M va A g N O , 0,3M Sau cac phan ung xay hoan toan thi thu duoc m j gam chat ran X Neu cho ^ m + mddAgN03 =0,6.108 + (m,dAgNO3 " ^ ^ j m j gam X tac dung vdi luong du dung djch HCl thi thu duoc 0,336 lit (o = > m = , - = 14,8(gam) CM Dap an diing la B v: Cac PTPLT xay ra: Fe + A g N -> F e ( N ) + dktc) Gia trj ciJa m , va m^ Mn luot la A.0,54va5,16 B I , v a , Theo bai ra: ncu(N03)2 " ^ ' ' -^'^ " , m o l ; "AgNOj = 0,1.0,3 = 0,03mol;nH2 = , 3 / 2 , = 0,015mol Ag F e ( N ) + A g N -> F e ( N ) + ^ ^ 17 Ngam h6n hop kirn loai Fe, Cu, A g luong d u dung djch cha't X , khua'y So dd phan ung xay ra: A l ^l^ff^ ky cho den phan iJng ket thiic thi cha't rSn thu duoc chi c6 A g va c6 khdi lugng bang khdi luong ciJa no hdn hop dSu Vay X la B.Fe(N03)3 C.HC1 D I,08va5,16 Hu&ng ddn gidi ^ Cu + A g N ^ C u ( N \ A g I A.CUSO4 C.8,10va5,43 D AgNOj Huong ddn gidi X phai la Fe(N03)3, that vay: > \u •iiMi'rtu > H2 t Al PTHH: Al + 3AgN03 0,01 < - 0,03 -> -> 3Agi +A1(N03)3 0,03 Fe + 2Fe(N03)3 ^ 3Fe(N03)2 2A1 + C u ( N ) - ^ C u i + A l ( N ) Cu + 2Fe(N03)3 ^ 2Fe(N03), + CuCNOj), 0,02 A I C I + 3H2 t 0,01 Fe(N03)2 + A g i m2 = m c u + m A j , =0,03.64+0,03.108=5,16(g) Dap an diing la D 0,02 20 Day nao sau day chi gom cac chat vira tac dung duoc vdi dung djch HCl, vira tac dung duofc vorj dung djch AgNO,? A Hg,Na,Ca B A l , Fe, CuO C Fe, Ni, Sn D Zn, Cu, Mg Huong ddn gidi Day gom cac chat vira tac dung v6i dung djch HCl, vira tac dung v6i dung dich AgNO, la Fe, Ni, Sn Fe + 2HC1 FeCl2+H2 Fe + 2AgN03 Fe(N03)2+2Ag Ni + 2HC1 Ni + 2AgN03 -> Sn + 2HC1 Sn + 2AgN03 ^ S6' mol AgNO., lai 0,065 - (0,04 + 0,02) = 0,005 (mol) Fe(N03), + AgNO, -> Fe(N03)3 + A g i 0,02 0,005 (banddu) Fe(N03)2 + A g ^ 0,15^0,3 Gia sir M la kim loai Zn (kim loai c6 phan tiJr khoi Idn nha't => c6 s6' mol nho nhat) thi n^, = 50/65 = 0,77mol >0,1 => Kim loai M du, AgNOj phan linghet -)• 0,15 ^ 0,3 / -> 0,3 Fe(N03)2 +AgN03 >• A g i + Fe(N03)3 0,075 < - 0,075 -> 0,075 vay m,i„ = m^gi = 0,675 108 = 72,9 (gam) TheoPTHH=>n^NO^)^=0,l(mol) M M = 188 - 62.2 = 64(Cu) Vay M la kim loai Cu Dap an diing la B 22 Cho h6n hop gom 0,02 mol Fe vii 0,01 mol Cu vao dung djch chiia 0,065 mol AgNO,, sau cac phan ung hoan toan thu duoc 200 ml dung djch X N6ng cua Fe(N03), dung djch.X la C 0,025M D 72,9 Cu + 2AgN03 ^ C u ( N ) + A g i 0,1 '£pa;075r^», C 70,2 Hu&ng ddn gidi 0,15^0,075 M + 2AgN03 ^ M ( N ) + ^Ag 4- =>MM(NO3)2 = ' 8,8/0,1 = 188 0,005 ^ 0,005 (mol) Dap an dung la C Theobai ra: n^^j^^^ =0,2.1 =0,2 (mol) A.0,05M 0,01 -> 0,02 CFe(N03), Huong ddn gidi ^ ' Cu(N03)2 + 2Ag i Ni(N03)2+2Ag B Cu 0,1 0,02 (mol) NiCl2+H2 ^ Khang Viet D.O.IOM Dap an dung la D 24 Cho 1,76 gam h6n hop bot X gom Cu, Fe c6 ti 16 mol tuong ling la 1: vao 100ml dung djch AgNO, I M , khua'y k l d^ cac phan urng xay hoan toan Khd'i luong Ag thu duoc la A 6,48 gam B 8,56 gam C 10,8 gam D 8,64 gam Hu&ng ddn gidi Theo bai ra: nAgN03 =^'1 ('"°') Goi X la s6' mol Cu => s6' mol Fe 1^ 2x fH'J VI^N Tl'.MH «iNH THl.'ANJ ——— ^—— :L Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khang Via Ta c6: 64x + 56 2x = 1,76 => x = 0,01 (mol) n c u ( N O ) - ' ' = 0,03mol Vi thiJ t u day di6n hoa: Fe-'/Fe; Cu'VCu; Fe-*/Fe'"; A g V A g So d6 phan ling: Nen thii tix phan ung xay ra: Fe + A g " Fe-" + A g > l 0,02^0,04-^0,02^0,04 ' Cu + A g " C u - " + A g i 0,01 ->0,02 Fe-" + + , Suy ra: Al X Dap an dung la D 25 Hoa tan 5,4 gam b6t A l vao 150 m l dung dich h6n hop Fe(N03)3 I M va A 13,80 B 10,95 C 15,20 y Hu&ng dan gidi Al-''+ + 3e -> X -> 3x(mol) -> y ^ 2y ( m o l ) 0,01 - > , Cu^+ "Cu(N03)2 + 2e ^ Cu i 0,03 - > 0,06 Thu- t u cac P T H H xay ra: =^3x + 3y = 0,01+0,06 = , A l + 3Fe ( N O , \ A l ( N O , \ 3Fe ( N O , \ 0,05 [ Z n ( N H ) ^ ] ( O H ) + N H ; - > 0,075 Dap an dung la A 26 Hoa tan 1,57 gam h6n hop b6t k i m loai gom A l , Z n vao 100 m l dung djch h6n hop A g N O , , M va Cu(N03)2 , M Sau k h i phan ling xay hoan toan thu diroc chat ran X va dung dich Y chi chiJa hai mudi Ngam X dung djch H2SO4 loang kh6ng tha'y c6 k h i thoat Cho dung dich NH3 dir vao Y thi thu dugc bao nhieu gam ket tua? B 2,74 gam C 1,56 gam Hu&ng dan gidi T h e o b a i r a : n ^ g N O j =0,1.0,1 = , mol (2) Al-^^+3NH3+3H20->Al(OH)3 i + N H ; 2A1 + F e ( N ) ^ 3Fe i + A ( N ) Vay m = 0,15.64+ 0,075.56 = 13,80(g) > T i r ( l , ) ^ x = , ; y = 0,02 -^0,15 0,05-> 0,075 (l) Mat khac: 27x + 65y = 1,57 0,15 2Al+3Cu(N03)2->3Cui+2Al(N03)3 [ Ag"^ + le - > A g i D 13,20 T h e o b a i r a : n ^ , = , m o l ; np^ =0,15mol A 1,96 gam , ;j Z n - > Z n ^ ^ + 2e Cu(N03)2 JM- Sau k h i phan ihig xay hoan loan thu duoc m (gam) chat ran * , • • Qua trinh cho - nhan electron: = n ^ + (Pu) = 0,08 (mol) Gia tri cua m la ^ Do do, A l va Z n phan ung vijfa dii vori A g N O , va Cu(N03)2 = 0,04 + 0,02 + 0,02 = 0,08 < 0,1 => A g " d u " " ' '^^ => X chura A g va Cu ( A l , Zn deu het) 0,02 => m^g = 0,08 108 = 8,64 (gam) ' ' + Hai mudi la A l ( N ) , Z n ( N ) => A g N , C u ( N ) he't + Chat ran X khdng tac dung vdi H2SO4 loang Fe'* + A g i 0,02 - > 0,02 ^ => n '\h 0,02 Ag" ^ ' A l , Z n + AgN03,Cu(N03)2 ^ X^^^ + mudi (dd) D 0,78 gam K h d i luong ket tiia thu dirge: m i= 78x = 78.0,01 = 0,78(g) D a p an dung la D 27 Cho m gam bdt sat vao dung dich chiia 0,2 m o l A g N O j va 0,1 m o l Cu(N03)2, khua'y deu den cac phan ling xay hoan toan thu dugc 19,44 gam chat ran Gia tri ciia m la A 5,6 ^^ B.5,04 C.3,36 Hu&ngddngidi Gia siJr A g N phan lifng het thi tao 0,2 mol A g m^g = 0,2.108 = 21,6(g) > 19,44(g) D 8,4 ^ ,1 i urn loai va phifcfnij phcip }>idi BT Hoa hoc 12 - Cii Thanh Toan Huong ddn gidi Pin GPt Ag^ Ag e Huong ddn gidi Taco: Phan ihig xay b cue duong (catot): Ag"^ + le Ag i Dap an diing la C CM VdiE° ^ V - Phan iJng xay pin (hoat d6ng): AgN03 + Fe (NO3 \e (NO3 )3 + Ag - Cue duomg cua pin (E° , Mn /M =0,8V Ag+/Ag ; T t r ( ) = > E ° ^ , , ^ ^ ^ = -H0,34V Tir(l)^E" - Cue am ciia pin lu6n xay su oxi hoa ^ Zn Dang 4: Bai tap tinh SDD chuan cua pin; tinh the dien cue chuan = , - , = - , (V) va E % ^ Zn2+/Zn Biet sua't dien dong chua'n cua pin Zn - Cu la 1,10V, the dien cue chudn ciia didn cue Zn la - 0,76V, the dien cue chu^n cua dien cue Cu la B - 0,34V => 1,10 ^ E°c„2+/cu =E°c„2^eu 1,10 Cho cac the'dien cue chu^n: - A P i n P b - C u E°,„2+,,„ B + 1,44V B Pin Zn - Cu C Pin Zn - Pb (-0,76) 0,76 = + 0,34(V) C + 0,76V D -1,44V D Pin Al - Zn Huong ddn gidi Pin CO sua't dien dong chudn 1dm nha't pin tao tir cap dien cue each xa nha't day dien hoa Do do, cac pin da cho thi pin Zn - Cu (vi tri ciia cap Zn'V Zn va Cu'V Cu each xa nha't) c6 SDD chu^n 16n nha't E ; , „ ( Z n - C u ) = E « ^ , , „ - E^^2.,,„ = Hu&ng ddn gidi Ta CO E°P i n , z n - C = „,- E I^^^2+/Cu Theo bai ra: 0,34 - ^Zn2+/zn E^ 2,^^_^ =1,10 ^zn^^/Zn = "^'^^^^ ^Pb2+/Pb E°,+3/A, = " = - 0,13V; E° 2+^^ = + 0,34V Trong cac pin sau day, pin nao c6 sua't dien d6ng chudn Idm nha't? - Dap an diing la C D + 1,86V Dap an dung la A Biet rang E ^ ,z„.c„) = i,10V va E^Cu'VCu) = +0,34V The'dien cue chu^n cua cap oxi hoa khir Zn'^/Zn la A - 0,76V ' ' '' Huong ddn gidi =E°c„2^eu - = C - 1,86V iSn luot la - 0,76 V va + 0,34 V Cu^+ZCu ' ' Tac6:EV„,„.c„, , /Zn Vay E ° 2+ A + 0,34V be hon) lu6n xay su khu +0,34 - (-0,76) = 1,1 V Dap an dung la B Cho biet phan ihig oxi hoa - khir xay pin dien hoa Fe - Cu la: E^^^.^^^ =0,34 -1,10 = - , V Fe + Cu-* ^ Fe-" + Cu E" (Fe-7 Fe) = - 0,44V, E° (Cu'V Cu) = + 0,34V Sua't dien d6ng chudn cua pin Dap an diing la A Cho sua't dien dong chua'n cua cac pin dien hoa: Zn - Cu la 1,1V; Cu - Ag la dien hoa Fe - Cu la A 0,10 V B 0,78 V 0,46V Biet the' dien cue chudn E V / A g = + 0,8V The' difin cue chu^n C - 0,76V va + 0,34V B -1,46V va - 0,34V , ; ,(j D - 1,56V va + 0,64V D 1,66 V Huong ddn gidi E''pin(Fe-Cu) = A + 1,56V va + 0,46V C 0,92 V E''cu2+/cu- = 0,34 - E^^+ZFe (-0,44) " ' ;,i = 0,78 V Dap an diing la B •^1 fhan loai vd phUang phap nidi til Hoa hoc 12 - Cii Thanh Todn Cho th6' dien cue chu£n cua cac cap oxi hoa - khu A g ^ / A g , Cu^^/Cu, Pb^^ /Pb, Zn^"^ / Z n c6 gia tri Idn lucrt la: +0,80V; + 0,34V; -0,13V; -0,76V Huong ddn gidi Ti'nh sua't dien d6ng chuSn E° ciia cac pin: -•(;'> Epe-Ni Trong cac pin sau, pin nao c6 suS't didn dong chudn Idti nha't? A PinPb-Cu B P i n Z n - A g C P i n Z n - C u E-;0z n - F e = - ' 4 - ( , ) = , V D P i n P b - A g Hu&ng dan gidi Y trai sang phai la =-2,37V vay E^g_y„ = - , - ( - , ) = , V Dap an dung la B ' A.Z,Y,Cu,X B.X,Cu,Z,Y C Y, Z , Cu, X D X, Cu, Y, Z Huong ddn gidi V I E V „ - X = 0,46V ^ E"c„ - /cu < E ^ x « ' => Tinh k h u X < C u Dang 5: Bai tap so sanh tinh ox! hoa - khiir, xac dmh c h i l u cua phan ihig oxi hoa - khiir Cho E",,, 2+ = - 0,76V; E"c„ 2+ = + , V ; E\, 2+ ^ , = - , V Cac cation CO tinh oxi hoa giam d i n theo thii tir C Cu-^ Nr\^ D Nr\^ Cu-\ Sapthu-tir E ' ' M " ^ M :E''cu^^cu>EV^%i E^X-T => T r i h k h u C u < Z -i F " (' - C i i ) F ° (3) —> E, , x _ C u ) ^ ^ _ pO y+ 2+ F " Cu /Cu C Y -' ^ /Y I - Cu l* - pO 7,+ 2+ F " /Cu E\+ /Y < E"z ^+ r,, => Tinh khijf Y > Z ^ Z /Z- » (4) Dap an diing la B, E x _ Y - l , l V ; E x _ z = , V ; E " _ Z = , V (X, Y, Z , T la bon k i m loai) Day cat: k i m loai xep theo c h i l u tang ddn tinh khCr tir tnii sang phai la A Y , Z , T , X B.T,Z,X,Y C Z , T, X, Y D T, Z , Y , X Huong ddn gidi = + 0,32V Tinh k h u ciia k i m loai X, Y, Z , T tang ddn theo thi} t u - K i m loai viet truoc la cue am (anot), kim loai viet sau la cue duong (kim loai A X, T, Y , Z B Z , Y, T, C T, Y , Z , X D X, Y, Z , T X dong vai tro la cue am eo tinh khu manh hoii kim loai dong vai tro cue ducfng) => Tinh khu: X>Y;X>Z;T>Z Hu&ng ddn gidi Nhan xet - Pin CO E° cang lorn thi tinh khiJf cQa cac k i m loai cang chenh lech nhifiu (hay noi each khac chiing cang xa tren day dien hoa) - Trong cac pin tren, X ddu dong vai tro cue am => X CO tinh k h u manh hem cac k i m loai Y, Z va T - VI E^x-V < E ^ x - z > E^x-T (1) E ° v y - / Y - E ' ' x ^ ^ « < E»,^V " E°x^"/x E ° Y y + ; y > E " z ' + / - ^ = ^ Tinh k h u Y > Z - V I E-'x-V (2) Cho su£ t dien dong chuan E° ciia cac pin dien hoa: >^\„^' Dap an dung la C, = + 1,1V; E\y^^ V i E V - c u , = 0,47V :=> E " c ^ c u > E'V/^/z ^ Cho sua't dien dong chudn ciia cac pin dien hoa: E\.^ E ^ - C U , = , V = ^ E"e,2+^,„ > T u ( l , 2, 3,4) t a c o : X < C u < Z < Y => Cac cation c6 tinh oxi hoa Cu"* > N i " * > Zn^* E°x-Y = + , V ; (1) => Tinh k h u C u < Y * ' Huong ddn gidi • Vi Vi A Ni-\^ Zn'\ Cii'\^ N i " * >> ^ E%y+;v - E ° x ^ V > E \ > V - E ^ x ^ V ; - Do do, thu tu tren day dien hoa ciia cac k i m loai: X > T > Z > Y > ' / vay tinh khir tang ddn theo thii tu Y , Z , T, X Dap an diing la A (2) Trong day the dien cue chuan ciia k i m loai, vj tri mot so cap oxi hoa - khu duoc sdp xep nhu sau: ' • ' • ' " A l ' V A l , Fe-^/Fe, Ni=*/Ni, Cu'VCu, Fe'^/^e=^ A g V A g , Hg=*/Hg , /'/(,/(/ \ p/i(/p gidi BT Hoa hoc 12 -Ci) Thanh Toan T r o n g so c a c k i m loai A l , F e , N i , C u , A g , H g , so k i m loai tac dung v6i dung djch F e ' * chi khCr duoc F e ' * Fe"* la A Al'* Al B Fe-* Ni-* C Hu&ng dan gidi , Cu-* Fe'* Ni Fe D.4 Ag* ^ • Hg-* (2) Mn + 2H* > Mn-* + H , z=> Tmh oxi hoa Mn"* < H* Do Mn'* < H* < Fe'* < Ag* Chii v: Day dien hoa: Mn Fcr* Ag Hg Dira vao day dien hoa trSn va qui tdc a ta bid't duoc cac kim loai doan Fe-*/Fe va Fe'*/ Fe"* se chi khiJr diroc Fe'* f)ap an dung la C Day cac ion xep theo chilu giam ddn tinh oxi hoa la (biet day dien hoa, cap Fe'*/ Fe-* diJng trirorc cap Ag*/Ag) B Ag*, Fe'*, Cu"*, Fe"* D Ag*, Cu"*, Fe'*, Fe"* Dap an dung la B Mdnh d^ khong dung la Dap an diing la D H* Fe'* Ag* H, Fe-* Ag Cho cac phan ling sau: Fe + 2Fe(NO,)^ -> 3Fe(NO3 )^ > Fe"* Do CO kim loai Fe, Ni, Cu Mn"* -) — \> • Cu A Fe'*, Ag*, Cu-*, Fe-* C Fe'*, Cu-*, Ag*, Fe-* Ti'nh oxi hoa Fe'* < Ag* '' :v ( AgNO, + Fe(NO,)2 ^ Fe(N03)3 + Ag Day sdp x6'p theo thii tu tang ddn tinh oxi hoa cua cac ion kim loai Id A Ag^Fe2^Fe^+ B Fe2^Fe•'^Ag+ C Fe2+,Ag",Fe-'" D Ag",Fe"'",Fe^" ' • Hu&ng ddn gidi Suy thu tu day dien hoa: Fe^"/Fe;Fe-'"/Fe2";Ag"/Ag A Fe khij duqfc Cu"* dung dich B tmh oxi hoa cua cac ion tang theo thir tir: Fe"*, H*, Cu"*, Ag* C Fe'* CO tinh oxi hoa manh hon Cu"* D Fe-* oxi hoa duoc Cu Vay tinh oxi hoa: Fe^" < Fe"*" < A g " Dap an dung la B 10 Thii tu m6t s6' cSp oxi hoa - khCr day dien hoa nhu sau: Hu&ng dan gidi Fe-*/Fe; Cu'*/Cu; Fe'*/Fe"* • Xet cac phuong an sau: A Dung Fe-*/Fe + Cu-*/Cu Cap chat khong phan ung vori la (quy tdc a): A Fe va dung djch FeClj Fe + Cu-* > Fe-* + Cu B dung dich FeCK va dung dich CuQi B Dung Tinh oxi hoa Fe'* < H* < Cu"* < Ag* C Dung 2Fe'* + Cu D Sal D Cu va dung djch FeClj Dap an dung la D (2) AgNOj + Fe(NO_,)3 Mn + 2HC1 > Fe(N03)3 + Ag i B > MnCK C Fe + CuCU Day cac ion sdp x6'p theo chidu tang ddn tinh oxi hoa la A Ag*, Fe'*, H*, Mn=* B Ag*, Mn"*, H*, Fe'* C Mn-*, H*, Ag*, Fe'* D Mn"*, H*, Fe'*, Ag* Hu&ng dan gidi - Ta c6: (1) Ag* +Fe-* > Fe'* + Ag j,,' X^t cdc phuofng an: A Fe + 2FeCl3 +H.t ! Huong ddn gidi Fe'* c6 tinh oxi hoa yeu hcfn Cu"* ntn Cu + Fe"* khong xay Cho cac phan ung xay sau day (1) C Fe va dung djch CuCl > Cu"* + 2Fe-* FeCU + CuCK D Cu + 2FeCl3 > 3FeCi2 > khong xay ) - // i ; > Cu + F e d > 2FeCl, + CuCl, ' Dap an dung la B 11 Cho cac cap oxi hoa - khiJ duoc sdp xep theo chieu tang ddn tinh oxi hoa ciia dang oxi hoa nhu sau: Fe^" / F c C u ^ " /Cu,Fe''" /Fe^" Phat b'iiu nao sau day la dung? 37 A Cu klurduDC Fe'* th;uih Fe B Cu"^^ oxi hodduoc Fe^"^ Fe^^ j C Dung C Fe'* oxihoaduDC Cu thiuih Cu^* D Fe"* oxi hoadiioc Cu thaiih Cu^* D Sai, VI tfnh oxi hoa Fe'* > Huong dan gidi ; 2Fe-'* +21' 2Fe2*+Io Dap an dung la C Ta c6: Cu + 2Fc^^ ^ Cu'+ + 2Fe^+ Cu^* + Fe^"" Chit y: * Chung minh tfnh khir: Cu > I > Fe^* Khoiig xay 2Fe^*+Cu^2Fe'*+Cu'* -.^^ (Fe'* oxi hoa duoc Cu Cu'*) Fe'^* + Cu -> Khong xay Cu + 1, -> Cu^* + 2r ; Tfnh oxi hoa: I j > Cu^* • => Phat bieu diing la C ' Dap an diing la C 12 Cho cac ion kim loai: Zir*, Svr*, Ni"*, Fe"*, Pb"* Tlii} tir tinh oxi hoa giam diln la A B C D Zn-* > Sn=* > Ni"* > Fe"* > Pb'* Pb-*>Sn-*>Ni-*>Fe-*>Zn-* Sn-*>Ni-*>Zn-*>Pb-*>Fe-* Pb-* > Sn-* > Fe-* > Ni'* > Zn"* Huong dan gidi ThiJ tir tfnh oxi hoa giam dSn: Pb"* > Sn'* > Ni"* > Fe"* > Zn"* Dap an dung la B 13 Cho day cac ion: Fe"*, Ni"*, Cu"*, Sn"* Trong cung dieu kien, ion c6 tinh oxi hoa manh nhat day la A Sn-* (Cu'*/Cu;l2/r;Fe'VFe2*) B Cu-* C Fe-* D Ni"* Huong dan gidi Trong cling dieu kiSn (nhiet d6, nong do), thu- tir tfnh oxi hoa ciia cac ion la: Fe-* Fe'* > Ni"* > Fe"* Dap an diing la B 2Fe-^* + 2r->2Fe^*+l2 =^TfnhkhiJf: F >Fe^*; Tfnh oxi hoa: Fe'* > I , ^ Ul^^l^ * Cac the dien circ chuilin E " Oxi Mg-*/Mg K*/K hoa/Kh -2,36 -2,92 E°(V) Zn-*/Zn s/s-' Fe-*/Fe Ni-*/Ni -0,76 -0,51 -0,44 -0,25 Oxi hoa/Kh Cu-*/Cu Fe'*/Fe-* Ag*/Ag 0,77 0,80 H*/H Cu-*/Cu 0,54 0,52 0,34 0,00 15 Day gon1 cac ion deu oxi hoa duoc kim loai Fe la E"(V) A Cr^*, Au-'*,Fe-'* B Cr2*,Cu2*,Ag* C Fe'*, Cu^\Ag\ Zn^^Cu2*,Ag^ Huong dan gidi Cac ion oxi hoa dugc Fe (cac ion ciia cac kim loai dung sau Fe day dien hoa va ion Fe''* : B Tfnh klur ciia K > Mg > Zn > Ni > Fe > Hg 2Fe'* + Fe-^3Fe2* •, C Tfnh khir ciia K > Fe > Cu > f > Fe"* > Ag C u - * + F e ^ C u + Fe^^ D Tfnh oxi hoa ciia Ag* > I > Fe'* > Cu"* > S"- 2Ag*+ F e ^ F e ^ * + A g Huong dan gidi Xet cac phuong an: 16 Day gom cac kim laii ddu tac dung duoc vol dung djch FcQ, la: g A Sai, VI tfnh oxi hoa Fe'*>Cu^* 2Fe'* + Cu ^ 2Fe-+ + Cu^* B Sai, VI tfnh k h u F o N i Dap an dung la C Fe + Ni^* ^ N i + Fe^+ A Fe, Mg, Cu, Ag, Al B Fc, Zn, Cu, Al, Mg C.Cu,Ag,Au,Mg,Fc D.Au,Cu,AI,Mg,Zn , , Huong dan gidi Cac kim loai tac dung vai FeCl,: Fe + 2FeCl3->3FeCl2 38 , ,/ ^ " - • 39 Zn + 2FeCl3 Z n C l , + 2FeCl2 Huong ddn gidi Cu + 2FeCl3 -> C u C l , -b-2FeCl2 Theo quy tSc a : Z^"" + X - > X^^ + Z A l + 3FeCl3 ^ AICI3 + 3FeCl2 i r , ii,.H M g + F e C l - > M g C l j + 2FeCl2 -rt)! Im r Dap an dung la C 20 Cho sua't didn d6ng chua'n ciia cde pin didn hoa: Dap an dung la B 17 Thir t u m6t s6'cap oxi hoa - khif day dien hoa nhu sau: Ez-H2 Bifi't Mg^VMg;Fe2VFe;Cu2VCu;Fe^VFe2*;Ag+/Ag ' ^°y3+/-^2+ la X-\^ , = 0,44V; E^_^ = 0,78V; E^_y = 1,24V = + 0,77V ; X , Y , Z la cac k i m loai, cac ion k i m loai tuong ung va Z ' ^ Day chi g6m cac chat, ion tac dung duoc vdi ion Fe'"^ dung djch la Cho rieng biet tung k i m loai X , Z vao lucfng d u m6i dung djch chua m6t ion k i m A.Mg,Cu,Cu2^ loai sau: Y ^ X - ^ Z-\ phan u-ng oxi hoa - khu xay la B.Mg,Fe2^Ag C Mg,Fe,Cu D Fe,Cu.Ag^ A Huong ddn gidi Dua vao quy t i e a ta xac djnh duoc: : : " ^3Fe2+ Trucmg hop khong xay hien tuong an mon difen hoa la A de ta'm sat duoc ma k m bang thiec ngoai khong £m Dap an dung la C 18 Cho biet thiif t u tir trai sang phai cOa cac cap oxi hoa - khir day dien hoa Hu&ng ddn gidi Z n ^ * /Zn;Fe2+ /FeiCu^^ /Cu;Fe-'VFe2^; A g ^ / A g Cac kirn loai va ion deu phan ung duoc v6i ion Fe'"^ dung djch la B.Ag,Cu-* C A g , Fe'" D Z n , Cu"* Hu&ng ddn gidi Theo quy tac nguofi ta xac djnh duoc: A g ^ + Fe^^ - Co dien cue c6 ban chat khae Do do, de ta'm sat duoc ma kin bang thiec ngoai khdng dm => khong xay >Ag + Fe-'^ hi6n tuong an mon di6n hoa (vi khong c6 di^u kien va 3) /M /x /Y -2,37 -0,76 -0,13 P h n n ,'rnr, J Phan u-ng nao sau day xay ra? Dap an diing la A Bid't rang ion Pb"* dung dich oxi hoa duoc Sn K h i nhiing hai k i m loai Pb va Sn duoc nd'i vdi bang day dan dien vao mdt dung djch chat dien li thi A chi C O Sn bj an mon dien hoa + 0,34 B chi C O Pb bi an mon dien hoa C ca Sn va Pbdeu khdng bj an mon difin hoa A.Z +Y ^ - ^ Z ^ ^ Y B.Z + M ^ * ^ Z - + M C.X D.X + M^^-^X^^+M + Z'^->X'UZ an mon dien hoa: - Hai dien cue ciing duoc nhiing mot dung dich chat dien l i >Fe + Z n ^ * 19 Cho gia trj thd' dien cue chua'n ciia mot so cap oxi hoa - khu: E°(V) Khong xay hien tuong an mon dien hoa khong thoa man ca di^u kidn - Hai dien cue tie'p xiic true tia'p hoac n6'i vdi qua day dSn " Dap an dung la A Cap oxi hoaAhu B hai day Cu va A l duoc noi true tiep vdi va de ngoai kh6ng khf dm C de thep ngoai khong dm D hai Cu, Zn duoc noi vdi bdi day dSn va cung nhiing vao dung dich H Q (day the dien cue chu^n) nhu sau: Zn + Fe^* D Dap an dung la B Dang 6: Bai tap ve an mon kim loai Cu + 2Fe2^ ^Cu^^+2Fe2^ A.Zn,Ag* C.4 •^ M g + 2Fe-'^ - > M g ^ * + 2Fe^* Fe + 2Fe^^ B.6 fi,; ^, , , D ca Sn va Pb deu bi an mon dien hoa Huong ddn gidi Ion Pb-* oxi hoa duge Sn => Sn cd tinh khu manh hon Pb ' v, ,' * / ' 41 Trong thf nghiem nay, thoa man dieu i C u i + FeS04 So thf nghiem c6 xay an mon dien hoa la A B.4 C.2 D.3 Huong ddn gidi Chi C O thf nghiem (a) thoa man dieu kien de' xay an mon dien hoa: Fe + CUSO4 ^ Cu i +FeS04 ,^ ^ true tiep vdi nhau, hai dien cue duge nhiing vao mot dung djch chat dien l i la dung djch CUSO4 => Chi C O thf nghiem *>ap an dung la A Truong hop nao sau day xay an mon dien hoa? - Thf nghiem 4: Thoa man dieu kien an mon dien hoa B Dot la sat khf C I Vay C O hai truong hop thoa man xua't hien an mon dien hoa (TN2 va TN4) C Thanh nhom nhiing dung djch H2S04loang Dap an dung la B Co dung djch rieng biet: H C l , CuCK, FeCl,, HCl c6 kin CuCK Nhung vao m6i dung djch mot Fe nguyen chat So truomg hop xua't hien an mon dien hoa la C Huong ddn gidi Cac truong hop thoii man di^u kien an mon dien hoa la: , A Soi day bac nhiing dung djch H N O , - Thf nghiem 3: Chi c6 mot dien cue (cue Cu) B ; Fe + H S ( l ) — ^ F e S + H2 Thoa man dieu kien: Co dien cue khae (cue Fe, circ Cu), hai cue n6'i A •? D ,, , D Thanh kern nhiing dung djch CUSO4 Huong ddn gidi De xay an mon dien hoa thi pluii dong thai thoa man diSu kien an mon dien hoa Do do, kern nhiing dung djch CUSO4 thi se xay an mon dien hoa Dap an diing la D 43 I HUH l u i i i ;jmiu)i,n i)iiui> f^iui ui mm nui iz — i minn i uuii Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khcwfj Viet Neu vat lam bang hap kim Fe - Zn hi an mon dien hoa thl qua trinh an mon A s a t dong vai tro catot va ion H * hi oxi hoa B Sat dong vai tro anot va bj oxi hoa C K e m dong vai tro catot bj oxi hoa Chii y: Trucmg hop F e / d d A g N O , va F e / d d C u S , liic d^u xua't hifen an mon hoa hoc, sau xua't hien an mon difin hoa (vi thoa man d i ^ u kifin cua Sn mon difen hoa) D K e m dong vai tro anot va bi oxi hoa P a n g 7: B a t t a p d i e n p h a n Huong dan gidi Hop k i m F e - Z n bj an mon dien hoa: Anot (circ - ) : Zn Z n ^ ^ + 2e (bj an mon) Catot (+, F e ) : IHjO + 1, Dien phan dung dich CUSO4 vdfi anot bang dong (anot tan) va di6n phan dung djch CUSO4 vdri anot bang graphit (dien cue tro) dau c6 dac d i ^ m chung la: + 4e ^ H " (chang ban) A catot xay sir o x i hoa: H O + 2e - > H ~ + H2 Vay kem dong vai tro anot va bj oxi hoa Dap an dung la D Chii y; Trong pin dien hoa: Cue am (bj an mon) la anot (noi xay qua trinh oxi hoa), cue ducmg la catot (duoc bao ve) 10 C o dung djch rieng biet: B anot xay sirkhir: H O - > + H ^ + e C b anot xay sir oxi hoa: C u -> C u ^ ^ + 2e D catot xay su khir: Cu^^ + e - » Cu a) H C l , b) CUSO4, c) F e , ( S ) , „ d) HCl c6 iSn CuCK, e) Z n S Nhiing vao m6i dung djch m6t Fe nguyen chat S6' trucmg hop xua't hifin an mon d i ^ n hoa la A B CO Xet qua trinh dien phan dung djch CUSO4: * Dien phan vdri anot bang dong (cue duong tan): D Catot ( - ) : Cu^^ + 2e ^ Cu (sir khir Cu"" -> Cu) Hu&ng ddn gidi C a n c\X vao dieu kien an mon dien hoa: Anot ( + ) : Cu -^Cu^"" + 2e (sir 6xi hoa Cu - C o dien cue khac ve ban chat Cu"") * Dien phan vdi anot bang graphit (dien cue tra): - Hai dien cue ndi true tiep hoac gian tiep v6i qua day dSn - Cling duoc nhiing vao mot dung djch chat dien l i Catot ( - ) : Cu^ + e - > C u Suy c6 trucmg hop xua't hien an mon dien hoa: Anot ( + ) : H O - > H ^ + O2 + 4e (sir oxi hoa) - Fe - CUSO4 : F e + CUSO4 ¥cSO^ + C u i => Dac d i ^ m chung la cf catot xay sir khir Cu^"^ + 2e ^ - Fe - CUCI2 / H C l : Fe + CUCI2 ^ FeCl2 + C u i Dap an dung la D djch mot F e nguyen chat So truonig hop xua't hien an mon hoa hoc la A B C Cu D a p a n dung la D 11 C o dung djch rieng biet: H C l , FeCl,, A g N O , , CUSO4 Nhung vao m6i dung ' D Dien phan 500 m l dung djch CUSO4 0,2M (dien cue tro) cho den a catot thu duoc 3,2 gam kim loai thi the ti'ch (dktc) thu duoc a anot la A 2,24 lit B 1,12 lit ' Huong ddn gidi Xua't hien an mon hoa hoc c6 xay phan ling hoa hoc V I k i m loai F e deu phan ling duoc vai cac dung djch nen dfiu xuat hien an mon hoa hoc: C 3,36 l i t D 0,56 l i t Huong ddn gidi K i m loai thu diroc la Cu: nc^ = , / - , ( m o l ) 2CUSO4 + H O 2Cu i + ! +2H2SO4 1) F e + H C I ^ F e C l + H2 t catot(-) anot(+) 2) F e + 2FeCl3 ^ F e C l 0,05 -> 0,025(mol) 3) F e + A g N - ^ F e ( N ) + A g ; ; ^ : The ti'ch thu duoc anot: V^^^^^^,) = 0,025.22,4 = , ( l ) 4) F e + CUSO4 ^ FeS04 + C u I D a p an diing la D D a p an dung la A 44 Huong ddn gidi Cty TNHH MTV DVVH Khani- Viet Phau loai va pinfcng phcip fjicii BT Hoa hoc 12 -Cii Thanh Toari Hoa tan 13,68 gam muoi MSO4 vao nuac duoc dung dich X Dien phan X (voi dien circ tro, cuonig dong dien khong doi) thofi gian t giay, dirge y gam k i m loai M nha't a catot va 0,035 mol a anot Con neu thbi gian dien phan la 2t giay thi t6ng so mol thu dugc a ca hai dien cue la 0,1245 mol Gia trj cua y la • A 4,480 B 3,920 C 1,680 D 4,788 Huong dan gidi 200.10 - Khoi luong dung djch sau ngirng dien phan: m —>M4+H2S04 0,07 + 0,502 ^ => Na" + CP catot (cue - ): Na* + le > Na (su khir) b(mol) •< anot (cue + ): 2Cr >a = 0,085; b = 0,0545 X ^ , 5 = 13,68/(M + 96) ' > C I + 2e (su oxi hoa) Tai catot xay su khir ion Na* X a c d i n h M : a = 13,68/(M + 96) Dap an dung la A Dien phan (vdi dien cue tro) 200ml dung djch CUSO4 nong x moi/1, sau mot thoi gian thu dugc dung dich Y viln mau xanh, c6 khdi lugng giam gam so + 96 = 160 ^ M = ( C u ) Vay y = 0,07.64 = , ( g ) Dap an diing la A Tien hanh dien phan (dien cue tro) 200 gam dung dich N a O H 10% den dung dich N a O H binh dien phan c6 nong 25% thi dirng lai Tlie tich hai dien cue da thoat (6 dktc) la A 22,4 l i t ^120 > Huong dan gidi • 2OH- + H 2b < - > H T + ^ O.T Khi didn phan NaCl nong chay (dien cue tro), tai catot xay (0,035.2) ^ , ( m o l ) Ta c6: = ^^(mol) '20, n -(mol) 18 - ^ H t + 0,502 ^ H2O- • H + + , ^ + 2e Catot (-): n H20 C'i dien phan) - > M i + H2S04 + , Catot >:> i (bj dien phan) = 200 - 80 = (gam) - Phuong trinh dien phan: H , MSO4 +H2O S.: - Khdi luong dung dich bi giam chinh b i n g khdi lugng H O bi dien phan: * K h i t (giay): MSO4 + H - dd'^ B 168 lit C 224 l i t D 112 lit v6i dung dich ban dau Cho 16,8 gam bgt sat vao Y , sau cac phan lifng xay hoan toan, thu dugc 12,4 gam k i m loai Gia trj ciia x la A 1,50 2H.0 2H:t + 0,T - Khdi luong NaOH khong thay doi (nhung lugng H O giam dan nen nong N a O H tang dan) C 1,25 D 2,25 Huong ddn gidi P T H H : CuS04 + H ^ C u i + ^ t + H S Huong dan gidi - K h i dien phan dung dich NaOH thi H^O bi dien phan: B 3,25 a Tacd: ^ a - > 0,5a Phan ling b i a 64a + 32.0,5a = = ^ a = = > a = , l Fe + CUSO4 ^o't- b (mol) ; Phan loai va pliKcfng fiicU BT H6a lux- phdp Thanh 12 — Cii Toan Fe + H2S04(l)^>FeS04 + H t O.I b = 0,l5 Dodo nc„,so4 =a + b = 0,l + 0,15 = 0,25(mol) Vay X H2SO4 Theobaira: nFe2(S04)3 =0'^ D a p a n diing l a =0,25/0,2-1,25(M) Chu y: Axit • i y (sinh dien phan dung djch CUSO4) tac dung vdi Fe dong dien khong d6i 2,68A (hieu sua't qua trinh dien phSn la 100%), thu duoc chat ran X, dung djch Y va khf Z Cho 12,6 gam Fe vao Y, sau cac phan utig ke't thuc thu duoc 14,5 gam h6n hop kim loai va N O (san phdm khir nha't cua N''^ ) Gia trj cua t la B 0,3 C.0,8 D 1,0 Huong dan gidi Theobaira: n^^^j^Q^ =0,15.1 =0,15mol Goi X , y Idn luot la so mol AgNO, bi dien phan va s6' mol AgNOj chua bi dien phan =>x + y = 0,15 2AgN03 + H2O ^ 2Ag + 2HNO3 + /2O2 Ta c6: y/2 0,1 ' se bj khir a catot: [H*] = 0,1 2/ 0,1 = 2M, nfin tiep theo 2H* + 2e ^ H , t Do do, thcri gian t thi chi c6 Fe2(S04)3 bj dien phan theo phuong trinh tren, hay noi each khac, o catot Fe^* bj khir hoan toan Fe"* Fe-^* + ' le ^ Fe-* (0,1.2) (mol) (gi^) Chii v: Trong day dien hod: Fe'V Fe, H^/H,, Fe'*/Fe-* ndn trir6c tien Fe^* se bj khir Fe"* (chu" khong tao Fe), sau H* -> H t , ti^'p den Fe"* -> Fe Khi dien phan mot dung djch vori dien cue tro, khong mang ngan thi dung djch A dung dich CUSO4 B dung dich NaQ C dung djch H2SO4 -> 3x/8 -> 0,1 0,2 Khi Fe2(504)3 het thi tao dung djch CO dem dien phan la X D dung djch H N O Hu&ng ddn gidi 2AgN03 + Fe (du) -> Fe(N03)2 + ^Ag i y 2FeS04 + H.SO4+ - O j sau dien phan c6 pH tang so vdi dung djch truoc didn phan Vay dung dich 8HNO3+3Fe (du) ^ F e ( N ) + 2NO + 4H20 X Trudc tien: Fe.(S04)3 + H^O D a p a n d u n g ]a C => Trong Y c6 AgNO, (AgNO, chua bj dien phan he't) X ^ ' ' A p dung phuong trinh Faraday, ta c6: t = (^'^-^^-^-^^^^^-2 2,68.3600 Fe + Y -> h6n hop kim loai (=> Ag, Fe du) X = - ' ("^oO C 7, Dien phan 150ml dung djch AgNO^ I M v6\n circ tro t gicf, cuong d6 A 1,2 S Dien phan 100ml dung dich Fe2(S04)3 I M (dien cue tro), vdi cucmg dong difn I = 2,68A th6i gian t gior thl bat ddu c6 thoat or catot (hieu sua't ciia qua trinh dien phan la 100%) Gia trj cua t la A B.4 C.2 D Hu&ngddngidi ^ Phuong trinh didn phan cac dung djch: y * Dung dich CUSO4: CUSO4 + H ^ C u + H2S04 +^0^ 12,6 - (3x /8 + y/2).56 + 108y = 14,5 tang (do sinh H2SO4 va the' tich dung djch giam vi H^O bj dien => 80y - Ix = 1,9 =^ X = 0, l;y = 0,05 phan) => pH giam So mol electron trao ddi: n^ = nA = 0,1 (mol) * Dung djch NaCl (khong c6 mang ngan): Matkhac: n, = - ^ t = n , F / I =^ t = 0,1.96500/ 2,68 = 3600s = gid 2NaCl + 2H2O Dap a n dung la D > 2NaOH + CI2 + H2 ; CI + N a O H - » NaCl + NaClO + H2O NaClO bj thuy phan: NaClO + H2O ?=> NaOH + HCIO , 40 riuiii I QUI va pliircfiifi pimp giai HI Hon hoc 12 - Ci'i Thanh Toan n^j, = 22,7/108 = 0,21mol > tang => p H tang OH * Dung dich H,S04: H.O ^ H, + - O , ' ' • ' Fe 10 Dien phAn vdi didn circ trof dung dich nao sau day thl pH ciia dung djch khong 3x/8^x thay doi qua trinh dien phan? C NaNO, D HCi ' (mol) , => , - x + 11,2 + 7x = 22,7 =^ lOlx - 101 =^ X = 0,1 n'.n.F 0,1.1.96500 x , ^ Vayt = = =^1,00(h) Dap an dung la B 1.3600 2,68.3600 ^ ' 12 Tien hanh dien phan (vdi dien circ tro) V li't dung dich CuCl, 0,5M Khi dirng C u C l - > Cu i + C I t => pH trirdc va sau dien phan thay doi - Dung dich A g N O , : dien phan thu dugc dung djch X va 1,68 lit CK (dktc) nhat d anot Toan b6 dung dich X tac diing vira dii vdi 12,6 gam Fe Gia tri ciia V la A g N + H O A g + H N O + O2 A 0,45 => p H thay doi - Dung dich NaNO,: H O 2H + O2 B 0,80 C.0,60 Huong dan gidi D.0,15 ^ T h e o b a i r a : n ^ , = 0,075inol;np, = 0,225mol => pH kh6ng thay d6i , (0,2-x)mol Theo bai ra, ta cd: (0,2 - x ) 108 + ( , + x ) / - 2 , Cu^^ + H20 Cu"^ + -> F e ( N ) , + A g i Chat rdn gom: (0,2 - x ) m o l A g Huong dan gidi - Dung dich CuCK: 2AgN03 3Fe + H N ^ F e ( N ) + N O + H O Dap an diing la B B A g N O , + 0,5.(0,2-x)ncuci2 =0,075 +0,225 = 0,3mol nhat) va sau cac phan i/ng hoan toan thu dugc 22,7 gam chat rSn Gia trj ciia t la A 2,00 ' Theobaira: B 1,00 C.0,50 Huong dan gidi D 0,25 - 16,8/56 = 0,3(mol) V i khoi Iirgng chat rdn Idn hon khdi lugng Fe nen A g N O , du sau dien phan A g N + H O - > 2Ag i + 2HNO3 + ^ ! vay V = ^ 13 Dien phan dung dich CuCK vdi dien circ tro, sau mot thdi gian thu dugc 0,32 gam Cu d catot va mot lirgng X d anot Hap thu hoan toan lugng khf X tren vao 200 m l dung dich NaOH (d nhiet thudng) Sau phan ung, ndng N a O H lai la 0,05M (gia thict the tfch dung dich khdng thay ddi) Ndng ban dau cua dung dich N a O H la B.0,2M A 0,15M X -> X Gia sir k i m loai Fe het thi chat riin la A g C 0,1M Huong dan gidi x(mol) => Trong dung dich X cd x mol H N O , va (0,2 - x) mol A g N O , Dap an dung la C = 0,60(1) T h e o b a i r a : nc.„ = nNaOH.uu — = 0,005 (mol); 64 , = , , = 0,01 (mol) D 0,05M ift'v: ; ^ , rh(1?i logi vd plfinr/ii^ priap i^iai IJl 11 oa nOC IZ -Lii hanli pan cry i\/itTivii Cu-* + 2e > Cu i y 2y y CO thoat catot (cue am) thi H2O bi dien phan: Cac PTPU' xay ra: Cuci, ""'^ > cui + a,T 0,005 mol ^ 0,005 mol CI, + 2NaOH , 2H2O + 2e > NaCl + NaClO + H^O 0,005 mol -> 0,01 mol = nci ^ = 2.0,005 = 0,01 (mol) nNnOH i.,.-"? > ^„ ,^ Q 14 Dien phan (didn cue trcf) dung djch mu6'i sunfat ciia m6t kim loai hod tri II vdri dong dien ciromg d6 3A Sau 1930 giay dien phan tha'y kh6'i lugng catot tang 1,92 gam a) Viet phuomg trinh hoa hoc ciia phan ling xay tai m6i dien cite va phuong trinh hoa hoc chung cua sir dien phan b) Xac dinh ten kim loai Huong dan gidi a) Tai catot (-): M"^ + 2e ^ 2H2O Tai anot (+): Mi 4H+ + + 2H2O vrer > H ' + H j t , H.O phong difn thi A g \* da phong x = 0,02, ^ y = 0,02 v a y CA^NO, = ^0,02 = 0,1(M) ^ ' ' (1) i M iiiiv ' ' (2) |js,;.iO i Dap an dung la A 0,2 Di6n phan dung djch h6n hop g6m 0,1 mol FeC^, 0,2 mol C u C l v a 0,1 mol HCl (dien cue tro) Khi o catot bat dSu thoat thi a anot thu dugc V lit (dktc) Biet hieu sud't ciia qua trinh dien phan la 100% Gia tri ciia V la A 5,60 B 11,20 C 22,40 ,D 4,48 ,i|'i) Huong ddn gidi + 4e catot (cue am) chua c6 thoat thi chi c6 FeCl^ va CUCI2 bi dien phan: PTHH cua phan ixng dien phan: M S O p^nun^ n dienhet Theo bai ra, ta c6: 180x + 64y = 3,44 T6ng s6' electron da tham gia trao d6i catot: ^ I.t 0,402.4.3600 ^ ,^ , Ie= — = =:0,06(mol) F 96500 Dodo: lx + 2y = 0,06 ii Tir(l,2)tac6: V uvvn > 2M i + O2 t + H S O , - ^ A.I.t m.n.F ii'j > b) Tu m = =>A = n.F I.t -n, A- ^ ' u ^ A 1,92.2.96500 , ^ Thay s6 vao, ta tmh diroc: A = = 64 (Cu) 3.1930 ^ ^ Vay kim loai hoa tri I I la dong Dang 8: Bai tap dien phan h6n hop >FeCl2+^Cl2T FeClj 0,1 ^ CUCI2 0,2 0,05 > Cu + CI2 t ^ 0,2 Khi thu duoc b anot la CI2: n^-^^ = 0,05 + 0,2 = 0,25mol => Vp^ = 0,25.22,4 = 5,60(1) '»*' Dap an dung la A Chii v: - ThiJ tu PTDP xay ra: Dien phan 200 ml mot dung djch c6 chila mu6'i la Cu(N03)2 va AgNO, v6i ciromg dong dien la 0,402A den hot bat dau thoat a catot thi ma't thori gian la gicK, khoi luong cue am tang them 3,44 gam Ndng mol cua AgNO, dung dich ban ddu la A.O.IM B.0,15M C.0,2M D 0,05M ' Huong dan gidi Thii tu cac qua trinh xay a catot: Ag* + le X Ix > Agi X FeCl3-^FeCl2+^Cl2 C U C I - ^ C u + Clj 2HC1-> H2 T+CI2 F e C l - > F e + Cl2 ,^ , , " ,,(1 - De bai thieu dilu kien mang ngan xe'p d^ can tror phan ling: CI2 + 2FeCl2 ( d d ) F e C l >: ,1 f Dien phan (dien circ tio, khong mang ngan, hieu sufl't 100%) dung dich chita 0,15 mol Cu(NO,)2 va 0,1 mol Fe(NO,), bang dong dien c6 circmg d6 lOA Khoi luong catot tang len sau 5790 giay dien phan la A 9,6 gam B 9,8 gam C 15,2 gam D 15,4 gam Huong ddn gidi Tac6:n Fc' ^+ = , l m o l ; n 2+ =0.15mol Cu t':;',it) o It 10.5790 S6 mol electron trao doi: n, = — = F * ' •' ^ ngtrng dien phan De yen blnh dien phan de cac phan ling xay hoan toan thi B 0,15 D 0,6 Cu^^ + 2e Cu i Thu t u day dien hoa: F e ' V F e ; H V H ; Fe'^VFe"^ i) N6n chat bi dien pluui trirdc tien se la: 2Fe(NO,), + H.O ^ 2Fe(NO,), + 2HNO3 + ^ O j T 0,15->0,3->0,15(mol) Theo cong thuc Faraday ta ti'nh duoc so mol Fe(NO,),i bi dien phan: + 2e ^ H2 np,./K.o,\i dicn phan) = — ^'^^^^h H* duofc sinh qua trinh oxi hoa H.O catot: =^"FC(N(),), 2H20^4H^+02+4e I.t 1.2895 „.F 1.96500 = 0,03(mol) = ( m o l ) ^ n „ N ( ) , = , + 0,03 = , ( m o l ) Sau xay phan u^ng thu ca'p: 0,6(mol) 3Fe(NO,)2 + H N , ^ F e ( N , ) , + NO t +2H2O 0,03 Vay khd'i luong catot tang: m = m,-,, =0,15.64 = , ( g ) >)ap a n d u n g l a A ^ 0,04 => n„No, (con lai) = 0,05 - 0,04 = 0,01 (mol) iom - Ion H " bj khir tru6c ion Fe"" = CHNO, - H* dirge sinh sir oxi hoa H O b anot: 2H2O ^ AH^ + O2 + 4e r^pH= - S6' mol electron trao doi: n, = It / F -Ig ( c n l a i ) = ^ = 0,05(M) D a p a n d i i n g l a C = - l g O , = l,3 Dien phan 200ml dung dich chiia dong thai A g N O , I M va Cu(NO,): M Dicn phan dung dich h6n hofp chiia 0,1 mol FeCl,; 0,2 mol CuCK va 0,1 mol HCl thofi gian 48 phiit 15 giay, vdi cuang dong dien 10 ampe (dien cue tro, hieu (dicn circ t r , mang ngan xop) K h i a catot biit dfiu siii hot thi dirng dien phan Neu k i m loai thoat bam hoan toan vao catot thi tai thai diem khoi luong catot da tang len suat dien phan la 100%) Siiu dicn phan de yen binh dicn phan cho ciic phan u n g A 12,8 gam A 3,36 B 5,6 gam C 18,4 gam D 2,0 gam xay hoan toan thu duoc V li't N O (san phdm khu nhat, dktc) Gia t r j cua V la B.6,72 Huong ddn gidi C 1,68 Theobai ra: nAj.No, =0.2mol;ncu(NO3)2 = m o l De catot chua c6 k h f thoat th) dien phan: PTDP: phai chua bj dien phan, do Fe'^ va Cu'* bi Fe'*+le-^Fe-*(dol) D 1,12 Huong ddn gidi Trat tir day dien hoa: Fe^'^/Fe; H ^ / H ; Cu^^/Cu; Fe-^^/Fe^"^ PTDP: 54 C 1,3 Huong ddn gidi ' (0,6-0,1-0,3) Chi'i v: Fe(NO,)3 va 0,02 mol H N O , vdfi cucnig dong dien A Sau 48 phiit 15 giay thi Thcri gian dien phan: 48 phut 15 giay = 2895 (s) Fe'^ 0,1 ( m o l ) 0,6 0,1 ^ 2H^ Cu i -> 0,2 (mol) thu duoc 200 ml dung dich c6 pH la Cac qua trinh xay a catot (-): Fe^^ + le Cu-* + 2e 0,2 A g N O , + H - > A g + 2HN03 + ^ 0,2 liiiC'"; • • 0,2->0,2 55 Cu(N03)2 + H O ^ C u + H N + - X -> X ^ 2x „ , I t 10.(48.60+15) Taco: — = =0,3 F 96500 => 0,2 + X = 0,3 => X •>if.i • • A A g + H N -^3AgN03 + N T + 2H2O 0,5 05 V3-MI 12 ) y J \ A.Z,X,Ni,Y 22,4 = 1,68 (lit) D a p a n diing la C j Tien hanh dien phan 200 m l dung djch X g6m H C l , M va CUSO4 I M \6\ cuomg dong dien I = 2,68 ampe thdi gian gior (dien cue tro, c6 mang B 2,688 lit C 2,24 1ft D 1,344 lit Hu&ng dan gidi Theo bai ra: nHci = 0,12 m o l ; n^^^^ = 0,2mol cr Huong ddn gidi Cdch 1: Theo bai ra: n^^+ = " p ^ H " "cu^* " " p b ^ * " ^ ' ^ 0,12 - ^ 0,06 (mol) Sau d o (CO the' c6): 2H2O - 4e • 4H* + O , Thdi gian dd o x i hod het ion CP: t, = n 0,1 - > 0,1 ( m o l ) (1) T n.F 0,1 0,2 ( m o l ) 0,12.1.96500 I =4320(giay) 2,68 = l,2(gic0 V i t, = 1,2 (gior) < 2(gi6r) => c6 (2) xay Thdi gian o x i hoa H^O (xay qua trinh (2)) t, = - 1,2 = 0,8 (gior) = 2880 (giSy) ' 68 9880 A p dung c6ng thurc Faraday cho (2): n^^ = ' " ° ; ^ ^ ^ = 0,02(mol) 4.96500 V a y t6ng the ti'ch thoat a anot: n kh, = 560/ 22400 = 0,025 m o l Thii tif phong dien o catot: Fe''* + le->Fe2+ ( d d ) -cu t -e D Y, X, N i , Z Ag"^ + le - > A g i ,/ () anot (cue duong): Trudc tien: C Z , N i , X , Y 9, Tien hanh dien phan dung dich 500ml h6n hgp A g N O , ; Cu(N03),; Fe(NO,),,; Pb(N03)2 ( cac cha't c6 cung nong 0,2M) biing dong dien c6 cuong 9,65A £>i thu dugc 560ml k h i thoat catot thi can thcfi gian dien phan la (the ti'ch or dktc, ditn cue tro, hieu sua't di6n phan 100%) A 4500s B 8500s C 6500s D 1000s ngan, hieu sua't dien phan 100%) The ti'ch thoat b anot ( dktc) la A 1,792 lit B X , Y , N i , Z D a p an dung la A 0,1/3 0,5 E ° N i - x ) = , V ; E | ' Y _ N i ) = , V ; E | ^ N i - Z ) =•''76 ( X , Y , Z l a cac k i m loai khac Do do, thu" t u thu dugc cac k i m loai a catot dien phan la Z , X , N i , Y 3Cu(NO3 )2 + N O t + H O • + g Cho sua't dien dong chuan ciaa cac pin dien hoa: Ti'nh khir cac k i m loai tang ddn theo trat tir: Z < X < N i < Y 0,05 ^ , / ^ 0,1 D a p a n diing la A Huong ddn gidi 0,2 + 0,1 = , mol HNO3 vay V=V^o = = 1,792 (lit) Z N i thi thii tir thu dugc cac k i m loai a catot la 0,2mol A g ; 0,05mol Cu; 3Cu + H N O =(0,06+0,02).22,4 sat) K h i didn phan dung dich h6n hop mu6'i clorua tao tCr cac k i m loai X , Y , = 0,05 (mol) Suy ra: Sau ngimg dien phan c6: PTPi;: w Va„„, - Vc,2 + H ^ + 2e ^ H t (khi thoat a catot) 0,054H^+02+4e) T6ng s6' mol electron cac cation da nhan a catot: n , = 0,1 + 0,1+0,2 + 0,05 = , ( m o l ) M a n = 11 3>t = ^ F I = ^ 9,65 ^ ^ ^ r i.-r ^ ^ ^ ,^ A ^^ S7 Cdch 2: V i mjd g i a m = 10,75(g) < m c , ^ + m ^ , = , ( g ) A.I.t Tir nif = He = iiF I.t — iiF _ , Pc-n-F => t = — I D o d o l o n g thcfi g i a n d i d n phan ciln thiet la: t = 0,I.1.965(X)^ + 9,65 0,1.2.96500 9,65 = > C u ^ ^ chua bj d i c n phan het, d o d o t r o n g d u n g djch sau dien phan c C U ( N ) ^ Khi Cr 0,025.2.96500 +- 9,65 ' ' " m c , ^ t + " V u i = , + 0,05.64 = , ( g ) < , ( g ) - 4500(s) D i e n philn c m a n g ngan 0 m l d u n g d j c h c h i i a h n h o p g o m C u C U , M va bj d i e n phan het t h i : :r>Cr bj d i e n p h a n het va H , da bj o x i hoa (V anot: , , ' , "'^ " N a C l , M ( d i e n circ t r o , h i e u suat d i e n phan 0 % ) v6\g d o d o n g d i e n A H , - > H " + - , + e t r o n g g i a y D u n g d j c h t h u dirge sau d i e n phan eo k h a n a n g hoa tan m gam A l G i a t r j Ion nhat cua m la A 5,40 B 1,35 C 2,70 D 4,05 V a y t r o n g d u n g d j c h co: K \ Huong dan gidi T h e o bai ra: n c c , , to, = D a p a n d i i n g l a 1) 12 D i e n phan 20()ml d u n g d j c h l i n h g j i g o m N a C I , M va C u ( N O , ) : , M ( d i c n cue t r o , CO m a n g n g a n ) den k h i k h o i l i r g n g d u n g d j c h g i a m 1,65 g a m t h i d i r n g > C u i , day la qua t r i n h khir xay dau t i e n ) A.I 0,05.64.2.96500 — = 1930 ( g i a y ) < ( g i a y ) 64.5 = l a i D u n g d j c h t i n i dirge sau d i c n phan ehira cac chat tan la A N a C I va C u ( N O , ) : B N a N O , , H N O , va C i i ( N O , ) : C N a N O , va C u ( N O , ) : D N a N O , , N a C I va C u ( N O , ) : => T h o i g i a n d i e n phan H , ( d catot) la - 1930 = 1930 ( g i a y ) H , + 2e c Suyra: noH = It > 20H"+H,t 5.1930 , ^ ,^ = 0,1 ( m o l ) = + OH 0,1 < - , l -i-3H:0 > |Al(OH)J Huong dan gidi Theobaira: i \ Phirong t r i n h d i c n p h a n : -TrU(5c tien: C u ' ^ + C r + | H ^ ' l i ^ C u i + CI, t 0,050,05 ^^-^'-^ =>m,, = 0,05 64 + 0,05 I = 6,75 ( g a m ) -Tieplhco: C u ^ ' + H , O ^ ^ C u i + Oi:.: 2H'+|o, T d i e n phan (gia thiet l i r g n g nirdrc bay h o i k h o n g d a n g k e ) Tat ea cac cha't tan 0,1 t r o n g d u n g d j c h sau d i e n phan la A K N O , va K O H B K N O „ K C I va K O H C KNO3 va C u ( N O j ) , D K N O „ H N O , va C u ( N j ) Huong dan gidi T h e o b a i ra: ^^^Q\1 m o l => n md.,„a > 0,1 -> 0,05 ,„ = 0,1.64 + (),05.32 = 8(gam) V I m,,,,„„ + m,,,„ ,„„ = 6,75 + = 14,75g ( > 11,65 g a m ) d i e n phan het ( C f da bj d i c n plnui het) Qr* chua b, V a y d u n g d j c h t h u d u g c c h u a chat t a n : C u ( N O , ) , ; H N O , ; N a N O , _ —0,1 m o l , "cu(N03)2 = , ( m o l ) = > n ^ ^ ^ ^ D a p a n d i i n g l a 15 =0,15mol 59 [...]... loai va pinfcng phcip fjicii BT Hoa hoc 12 -Cii Thanh Toari 3 Hoa tan 13,68 gam muoi MSO4 vao nuac duoc dung dich X Dien phan X (voi dien circ tro, cuonig do dong dien khong doi) trong thofi gian t giay, dirge y gam k i m loai M duy nha't a catot va 0,035 mol khi a anot Con neu thbi gian dien phan la 2t giay thi t6ng so mol khi thu dugc a ca hai dien cue la 0 ,124 5 mol Gia trj cua y la • A 4,480 B... khi ngirng dien phan: m —>M4+H2S04 0,07 + 0,502 ^ => FeS04 + H 2 t O.I b = 0,l5 Dodo nc„,so4 =a + b = 0,l + 0,15 = 0,25(mol) Vay X H2SO4 Theobaira: nFe2(S04)3 =0'^ D a p a n diing l a =0,25/0,2-1,25(M) Chu... Vayt = = =^1,00(h) Dap an dung la B 1.3600 2,68.3600 ^ ' 12 Tien hanh dien phan (vdi dien circ tro) V li't dung dich CuCl, 0,5M Khi dirng C u C l 2 - > Cu i + C I 2 t => pH trirdc va sau dien phan thay doi - Dung dich A g N O , : dien phan thu dugc dung djch X va 1,68 lit khi CK (dktc) duy nhat d anot Toan b6 dung dich X tac diing vira dii vdi 12, 6 gam Fe Gia tri ciia V la 4 A g N 0 3 + 2 H 2 O 4 A... dicn phan cho ciic phan u n g A 12, 8 gam A 3,36 B 5,6 gam C 18,4 gam D 2,0 gam xay ra hoan toan thu duoc V li't khi N O (san phdm khu duy nhat, dktc) Gia t r j cua V la B.6,72 Huong ddn gidi C 1,68 Theobai ra: nAj.No, =0.2mol;ncu(NO3)2 = 0 4 m o l De catot chua c6 k h f thoat ra th) dien phan: PTDP: phai chua bj dien phan, do do Fe'^ va Cu'* bi Fe'*+le-^Fe-*(dol) D 1 ,12 Huong ddn gidi Trat tir trong... A g + 4 H N 0 3 -^3AgN03 + N 0 T + 2H2O 0,5 05 V3-MI 12 3 ) y J \ A.Z,X,Ni,Y 22,4 = 1,68 (lit) D a p a n diing la C j 7 Tien hanh dien phan 200 m l dung djch X g6m H C l 0 , 6 M va CUSO4 I M \6\ cuomg do dong dien I = 2,68 ampe trong thdi gian 2 gior (dien cue tro, c6 mang B 2,688 lit C 2,24 1ft D 1,344 lit Hu&ng dan gidi Theo bai ra: nHci = 0 ,12 m o l ; n^^^^ = 0,2mol cr Huong ddn gidi Cdch 1: Theo... ; n^^^^ = 0,2mol cr Huong ddn gidi Cdch 1: Theo bai ra: n^^+ = " p ^ H " "cu^* " " p b ^ * " ^ ' ^ 0 ,12 - 2 ^ 0,06 (mol) Sau d o (CO the' c6): 2H2O - 4e • 4H* + O , Thdi gian dd o x i hod het ion CP: t, = n 0,1 - > 0,1 ( m o l ) (1) T n.F 0,1 0,2 ( m o l ) 0 ,12. 1.96500 I =4320(giay) 2,68 = l,2(gic0 V i t, = 1,2 (gior) < 2(gi6r) => c6 (2) xay ra Thdi gian o x... > Fe^* Khoiig xay ra 2Fe^*+Cu^2Fe'*+Cu'* -.^^ (Fe'* oxi hoa duoc Cu thanh Cu'*) Fe'^* + Cu -> Khong xay ra Cu + 1, -> Cu^* + 2r ; Tfnh oxi hoa: I j > Cu^* • => Phat bieu diing la C ' Dap an diing la C 12 Cho cac ion kim loai: Zir*, Svr*, Ni"*, Fe"*, Pb"* Tlii} tir tinh oxi hoa giam diln la A B C D Zn-* > Sn=* > Ni"* > Fe"* > Pb'* Pb-*>Sn-*>Ni-*>Fe-*>Zn-* Sn-*>Ni-*>Zn-*>Pb-*>Fe-* Pb-* > Sn-* > Fe-* >... N O , , CUSO4 Nhung vao m6i dung ' D 3 2 Dien phan 500 m l dung djch CUSO4 0,2M (dien cue tro) cho den khi a catot thu duoc 3,2 gam kim loai thi the ti'ch khi (dktc) thu duoc a anot la A 2,24 lit B 1 ,12 lit ' Huong ddn gidi Xua't hien an mon hoa hoc khi c6 xay ra phan ling hoa hoc V I k i m loai F e deu phan ling duoc vai cac dung djch nay nen dfiu xuat hien an mon hoa hoc: C 3,36 l i t D 0,56 l i