Learning english grammar

LEARNING ENGLISH GRAMMAR For : School of Agriculture Development (SPP) Negeri Pelaihari Editor : Warih Nugroho, DVM Preface Alhamdulillah, thanks to Allah that has given His bless to editor to finish this book This book is a collection of articles To Learn English that editor got from the internet So, if reader finds any mistakes from this book please visit www.tolearnenglish.com as reference Editor needs to collect these articles because of these articles are easy to use So, the editor thinks these articles will help the students to learn English in School of Agriculture Development if they are made in to the book In order to finish this book the editor was helped by many people that have an interest in progress of English language So, the editor doesn’t forget to say thanks to: Mr A K Permana Alamsjah, DVM the headmaster of School of Agriculture Development of Pelaihari Mr Ir Dwi Priyanto, the English teacher in School of Agriculture Development Warih Pamungkas Yoga Utomo, editor’s brother that has given the articles and all of his support to editor Endang Marlina and Najwa Ulya Nugrahaini editor’s wife and daughter for their support Member of Teenager English Club School of Agriculture Development for their motivation to learn English and other people that can’t told one by one for their sympathize and other help Editor knows that this book is not prefect and needs revision in the future Editor hopes there are any critics and suggests from the reader to make this book better Editor warns to reader that this book only use in School of Agriculture Development This book isn’t printed for commercial use and printed in limited edition Pelaihari, February 2008 Warih Nugroho, DVM i Contents Page Preface i Contents ii Present Simple Present Continuous (Be +ing) Present Simple or Present Continuous Past Simple Preterite Be + Ing Present Prefect Pluperfect Future Future Prefect and Future Progressive The Passive Voice 10 Comparatives 11 Superlative 12 Direct and indirect discourse 13 The Imperative 14 Asking A Question 15 Interrogative Word 17 Modals : Can, May, Must, Have to 18 Some, Any, No 19 Present Participles 20 Reflexive Pronouns 21 The Subjunctive 22 Which, Who, Whose, Where 23 Non Defining Relative Clauses 24 Defining Relative Clauses vs Non Defining Relative Clauses 25 Adverbs 27 ii Adjectives: Form & Usage 28 Adjective Placement 29 Conditional 30 Making Suggestions 31 References 32 iii Present Simple Main uses: permanent situations, regular habits and daily routine; feelings Syntax: In the positive form, add an 's' to the base form of the 3rd person singular If the verb ends in −y preceded by a consonant, change the −y to −ies Examples: I wake up You wake up He/She/It wakeS up We wake up You wake up They wake up Negative: Conjugate 'do' + not (don't and doesn't) + the base form of the verb to make negatives I don't wake up at 9.30 am She doesn't wake up at 9.30 am Question: Conjugate 'do' (do or does) + the base form of the verb in question forms Do you wake up at 9.30? Does she wake up at 9.30? Answers: Do you wake up at 9.30 ? Long answer: Yes, I wake up at 9.30 No, I don't wake up at 9.30 Short answer: Yes, I No, I don't TEST The cinema _ (close) at pm The _ (not/think) that you should buy this dress We usually _ (take) a taxi to go to work How often _ (you go) to the swimming−pool? Courses _ (begin) the third of September When _ (he arrive) home in the evenings? They _ (not/live) in Washington, they _ (live) in New York We usually _ (take) a taxi to go to work He _ (get up) early on Mondays 10 I _ (not/believe) in witches 11 The Sun's rays _ (take) eight minutes to reach the Earth Present Continuous (BE + −ING) Main use: action which is being done at the same moment Syntax: Auxiliary BE (conjugated) + Verb ending in −ING Examples: I am playing football You are playing football He/She/It is playing football We are playing football You are playing football They are playing football Negation: I am not playing football, you are not playing football Question: Am I playing football? Are you playing football? Is he playing football? Answers: Are they playing football? Long answers: Yes, they're playing football No, they aren't playing football Short answers: Yes, they are No, they aren't TEST − Fill in the gaps They (study) at the moment She (watch) TV What (you/read) at the moment? I (cook) dinner tonight Would you like to come? It (work) I think it's broken He (learn) German for his job Present simple or Present continuous? Put the verbs into the correct tense (present simple OR present continuous): The train always (1: leave) on time "What's the matter? Why (2: cry/you)?" That's strange They (3: not to watch) TV He (4: not to speak) very good English Please be quiet! I (5: do) my homework Where (6: live/they)? Listen! John music! (7: play) I never (8: go) to the swimming pool Harold Black's a famous pianist He (9: give) two or three concerts every week He (10: travel) a lot and this week he's in New York He (11: stay) at an expensive hotel He's at his hotel now He (12: have) his breakfast in the dining−room He (13: drink) a cup of coffee and he (14: read) a newspaper Harold's always very busy He (15: play) the piano regularly He (16: practise) for four hours every day He (17: go) to bed late and he always (18: get up) early But he sometimes (19: get) dressed too quickly, and this morning he (20: wear) one blue sock and one red one! Past Simple (Preterite) Main use: past action (dated and definite) −− REGULAR VERBS −− Did they play football yesterday? >> Yes, they played football yesterday = Yes, they did >> No, they didn't play football = No, they didn't −− IRREGULAR VERBS −− Did they win yesterday? >> Yes, they won = Yes, they did No, they didn't win yesterday = No, they didn't TEST − Fill in the gaps: (1: you/go) to London yesterday? Yes, I (2): I (3: take) the Eurostar and I (4: arrive) at Waterloo Station I (5: meet) old friends there They (6: be) all very happy to see me I _ (7: visit) the town with them and I even (8: see) Prince Charles! I (9: go) to Buckingham Palace too! It (10: be) a wonderful journey! Preterite: BE + −ING Main use: action in the past, which was being done, when another short action interrupted it Syntax: auxiliary BE (was/were) + Verb + −ING Examples: Were they playing football when you saw them yesterday? Answers: Yes, they were playing football when I saw them yesterday = Yes, they were No, they weren't playing football when I saw them yesterday = No, they weren't TEST Please choose the correct tense: simple past or BE+−ING? I _ (1: have) a bath yesterday when the phone _ (2: ring) "That must be my mother," I _ (3: think) As I _ (4: get) out of the bath, I _ (5: put) my foot on my watch and I _ (6: break) it The phone _ (7: still/ring) I _(8: run) out of the bathroom and I _ (9: hit) my head on the door It _ (10: hurt) terribly and I _ (11: want) to sit down for a moment, but the phone _ (12: still/ring) "Please wait a minute, mother," I _ (13: think) The cats _ (14: sit) at the top of the stairs I _ (15: not/see) them and I _ (16: fall) At the bottom of the stairs I _ (17: get up) My right leg _ (18: hurt) more than my head The phone _ (19: still/ring) At last I _ (20: answer) it It _ (21: be) my mother."Hello, dear Is everything all right?" she (22: say) PRESENT PERFECT Main uses: Past actions with results/consequences in the present Paul has eaten all the cookies When was the action done? In the past: a few minutes ago/yesterday Consequence? There is no cookie left There is nothing left for me 2) Actions which began in the past and are still in progress Paul has lived in London for 10 years When did it start? 10 years ago Is it finished? No, it isn't Paul is still in London He lives in London SYNTAX: HAVE (or HAS with he/she/it) + PAST PARTICIPLE I have done my homework She has done her homework (verb: do) NEGATIVE: I have not done my homework = I haven't done my homework She has not done her homework = She hasn't done her homework QUESTION: Have you done your homework? Yes, I have / No, I haven't TEST: Present perfect − Conjugate the verbs: Peter _ (steal) my trainers! I (buy) this magazine We (write) three pages this afternoon _ (ever/you/be) to London? I (finish) my work yet MODALS: CAN, MAY, MUST, HAVE TO CAN MUST Ability Obligation I can drive I must my home work Possibility For an opinion that you think has a good possibility of being true I can come Look at his uniform He must be a policeman HAVE TO MAY 1) Probability She may come tomorrow 1) In the affirmative: HAVE TO has a meaning similar to MUST I have to go to the school 2) In a very polite question May I open the window? 2) In the negative: HAVE TO has a different meaning: "you don't need to dot that" It's Sunday! I don't have to go to school TEST : Fill in the gaps with CAN/CAN'T, MAY/MAY NOT, MUST/MUSTN'T, HAVE TO/DON'T HAVE TO JOHN: " _ you come to the match this afternoon?" PETER: "I'm sorry I _ I _ wash my father's car." JOHN: "But it's raining! You _ wash it!" PETER: "I know, but my parents say the rain _ stop soon And I _ go out with you tonight because I _ go to my grandmother's birthday party and I _come back late." To 18 SOME, ANY, NO SOME: used in positive sentences for countable and uncountable nouns Example: I have some friends ANY: used in negative sentences or questions for countable and uncountable nouns Example: Do you have any cheese? − He doesn't have any friends in Chicago EXCEPTION! "some" is used in questions when offering or requesting something that is there Examples: Would you like some bread? (offer) − Could I have some water? (request) SOMEBODY, SOMEWHERE, SOMETHING: Used in positive sentences Example: He lives somewhere near here ANYBODY, ANYWHERE, ANYTHING: Used in negative sentences or questions Examples: Do you know anything about that boy? − She doesn't have anywhere to go NOTHING: Used in positive sentences (with a negative meaning) Example: This show is very boring! There's nothing interesting! TEST 1) A / AN, SOME or ANY? I've got ……………… cookbook There is ……………….water in the fridge There isn't……………….whisky left in the bottle There was……………….bottle of whisky on the shelf She wants to eat ……………….apple Have we got ……………….chips? 2) SOMETHING, ANYTHING OR NOTHING ? He's hungry, but there's …………………… to eat in the fridge! I don't want to eat…………………… I can see …………………… under the table What is it? "Pardon? What did you say?" − "……………………" Is there …………………… interesting to watch on TV tonight? 19 Present Participles Formation The present participle is formed by adding the ending "−−ing" to the infinitive (dropping any silent "e" at the end of the infinitive): to sing −−> singing to take −−> taking to bake −−> baking to be −−> being to have −−> having Use A The present participle may often function as an adjective: That's an interesting book That tree is a weeping willow B The present participle can be used as a noun denoting an activity (this form is also called a gerund): Swimming is good exercise Traveling is fun C The present participle can indicate an action that is taking place, although it cannot stand by itself as a verb In these cases it generally modifies a noun (or pronoun), an adverb, or a past participle: Thinking myself lost, I gave up all hope Washing clothes is not my idea of a job Looking ahead is important D The present participle may be used with "while" or "by" to express an idea of simultaneity ("while") or causality ("by") : He finished dinner while watching television By using a dictionary he could find all the words While speaking on the phone, she doodled By calling the police you saved my life! E The present participle of the auxiliary "have" may be used with the past participle to describe a past condition resulting in another action: Having spent all his money, he returned home Having told herself that she would be too late, she accelerated TEST A) Find the gerund: to give | to walk | to sit | to help B) Fill in the blanks with BY or WHILE + a present participle Une one of these verbs: to look, to watch, to work He passed his exam very hard He did his homework TV They found the way to our house at their map 20 Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns are used to show that the actions described by a verb act upon the subject of the verb: the subject and the object are thus the same The forms of reflexive pronouns correspond to the forms of the subject pronouns: Subject pronouns I you he she it we you they Reflexive pronouns myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves To use a verb reflexively, the reflexive pronoun must follow the verb (and, in the case of an intransitive verb, it will follow any preposition used with the verb) If there are multiple verbs in the sentence, the reflexive pronoun follows the verb to which it applies: I told myself it would never happen She talks to herself all the time Look at yourself in that mirror! I would like to give myself a raise At the end of a sentence, one can add reflexive pronouns as a way of accentuating the subject in the sentence In this case, the verb does not have reflexive power: I would rather that myself Can you talk to him yourself? TEST Fill in the gaps with the correct pronouns: 1) The door opens when someone comes near it 2) Look at your umbrella! You should buy a new one 3) There was so much noise, I couldn't make heard 4) "− Who taught you Latin?" || "− I taught " 5) They lost the match and were ashamed of 21 The subjunctive The subjunctive is used rarely One finds vestiges of it in a few hypothetical expressions (using "if + to be") and in a few set phrases (In many cases the subjunctive −− considered archaic or literary −− is replaced by the modal "would," used to express the conditional.) Other meanings often communicated by the subjunctive in other languages will be expressed by modal verbs in English > In constructions using "if + to be", one should use "were" (instead of "was") with the first and third persons singular ("I" and "he," "she," or "it") (In spoken English, and in much informal writing, "was" will still be used.) If I were Muriel, I'd never go back there If she were alone, I'd stop by to see her He acts as if he were crazy > When you use verbs, the rule is easy to understand: If I had enough money, I would buy a big house > Set phrases and proverbs: God help us! Long live the king! Would that I were free! TEST Build a sentence with one part from column A and one part from column B The sentence must be logical eg: If she had time, she would visit you B She would visit you She wouldn't eat at McDonald's every day He wouldn't invite her out I would send you a postcard It would be cheaper They would get sunburnt You would go skiing A a She had time b John didn't know this beautiful girl c They spent too much time on the beach d Betty liked exotic food e There was enough snow f You travelled by bus g I had your address 22 WHICH, WHO, WHOSE, WHERE WHICH WHO Non-Human: Human: The dog which is here is very aggressive The girl who is looking at us is called Sarah WHOSE WHERE Possessive: Place: This singer, whose name I don't remember, has a beautiful voice This is the town where I live TEST : A) Fill in these sentences with WHO, WHICH, WHERE or WHOSE The man, _ is sitting on the chair, is a teacher The dog, _ is eating, belongs to Mike This actor, _ films are very bad, is really rich B) Build sentence with these sentences (use a relative clause): John is speaking to his boss His boss is a famous writer I like the town You live there I like the painting It is in this room 23 Non−defining relative clauses Person Object Subject who which Object who, whom which Possessive whose whose, of which Examples: >> SUBJECT: Frank Zappa, who was one of the most creative artists in rock 'n roll, came from California >> OBJECT: Frank invited Janet, who (whom) he had met in Japan, to the party Peter brought his favorite antique book, which he had found at a flee market, to show his friends >> POSSESSIVE: Olympia, whose name is taken from the Greek, is the capitol of Washington State The singer, whose most recent recording has had much success, is signing autographs The artist, whose name he could not remember, was one of the best he had ever seen >> NOTE: In non−defining relative clauses, which can be used to refer to an entire clause Example: He came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a t−shirt, which was a stupid thing to TEST Choose the right pronoun: The girl, _ is sitting on the bench, is called Sarah The dog, _ John has just bought, is very clever The actor, _ films are very famous, is very happy Build sentence with a relative clause: Peter has met his girlfriend She is a journalist His house is located near London It very large Peter has just bought a car He has found it abroad 24 Defining Relative Clauses VS Non−defining relative clauses Non−defining Relative Clauses They provide interesting additional information which is not essential to understanding the meaning of the sentence Example: Mrs Jackson, who is very intelligent, lives on the corner "Mrs Johnson lives on the corner" provides a good piece of information We also know that she is very intelligent, thanks to the relative clause (another interesting piece of information) NB: YOU MUST USE COMMAS! Defining Relative Clauses − their information is crucial in understanding the meaning of the sentence − if you remove them, the sentence has a different meaning or no meaning at all Examples: The woman who lives in apartment No 34 has been arrested What woman? The woman who lives in apartment n°34, not another woman A defining relative clause clearly defines who or what we are talking about Without this information, it would be difficult to know who or what is meant NB: NO COMMAS! Defining Relative Clauses Subject: Example: Children who (that) play with fire are in great danger of harm The man who bought all the books by Hemingway has died Which is better? which/who OR that? who and which: written English that: oral English Object: Example: That's the boy (Ø , that, who, whom) I invited to the party There's the house (Ø, that, which) I'd like to buy Possessive: Example: He's the man whose car was stolen last week They were sure to visit the town whose location (OR the location of which) was little known 25 TEST Choose the right pronoun: It is the book I've just read She is the girl sat next to me in the bus They are the people helped me This is the dog scared me Build one sentence (containing a defining relative clause) with these two sentences: A robot is a machine It can replace human workers A vet is a doctor He treats animals Pets are animals They are kept at home as companions A robot is a machine It looks like a human being 26 Adverbs I) Building adverbs A Most adverbs are formed from the adjective One adds the ending "−ly" to the adjectival form: intelligent −−> intelligently, slow −−> slowly , precise −−> precisely B If the adjective ends with "−le," simply replace the "e" with "y": simple −−> simply , subtle −−> subtly , C The adverb corresponding to the adjective "good" is irregular: good −−> well D Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective: high , low , hard , better , fast E In general, adverbs of time and space have no corresponding adjective; the same can be said of adverbs of quantity: yesterday , today , tomorrow , early , soon , late , here , there , less , more , as , very , much , a lot of , little of II) Where? A When an adverb modifies a verb, it generally comes at the end of the clause (but before any prepositional phrases or subordinated clauses): He writes poorly She pronounced that word well Joseph worked diligently They worked hard before coming home Exceptions: a few adverbs telling the speaker's opinion, such as "probably," "undoubtedly," "surely," "certainly," etc., come at the beginning of the sentence, or between the modal verb (or auxiliary) and the principal verb: We are probably going to spend the summer in Corsica Certainly we would never that! We will undoubtedly see a dirty political campaign this year B Adverbs of time and space generally come at the end of the sentence; however, they may be placed at the beginning of the sentence if the predicate clause is long and complicated: I saw her yesterday We're going to the beach today She went to bed very early Tomorrow we will try to get up early to prepare for our trip C Adverbs modifying adjectives or an other adverb are placed before the adjective or the adverb they modify: She was really very happy to see you It was a brilliantly staged performance TEST A) Find the corresponding adverbs: bad, clear, different, sad, simple, calm B) Insert these adverbs into these sentences: I like this wine (very much) We will go to the cinema tonight (probably) I lost my temper (nearly) 27 Adjectives: forms & usage Forms: Adjectives are generally invariable in English and not agree with nouns in number and gender a blue car the great outdoors a group of young women However, a few adjectives have a connotation which is slightly masculine or feminine Thus, one says that a woman is beautiful while a man would be called handsome Adjectives indicating religion or nationality (or a region, state or province) generally begin with a capital letter, whether they refer to people or objects: She is an American student They go to a Catholic school They enjoy Breton music Usage: The adjective will be placed, with very few exceptions, in front of the noun it modifies When two adjectives precede a noun, they can be connected by a comma (,) or by the conjunction"and." In a series of three or more adjectives, one usually uses "and" before the last adjective in the list Examples: I like short novels That fellow will be a competent worker She writes long and flowery letters He works long, hard hours She had a mean, old and overbearing step−mother An adjective may follow the noun when it is in a predicate (after the verb) or in a relative clause (In relative clauses the relative pronoun may be implicit.) Examples: He was a man (who was) always happy to help others She is a woman (who is) true to herself They were entirely satisfied TEST Complete this sentence with an article, a noun and an adjective: Peter has − adjectives: elegant / short / brown / long / little / blue / warm / curly − articles: a / an / (nothing) − nouns: coat / gloves / beard / eyes 28 Adjective placement Where should I put my adjectives? When you use several adjectives, please use he following order to build your sentence Please note that sentences containg (or more!) adjectives are very awkward and should be split into several sentences Opinion >> an interesting movie, an exciting journey Dimension >> a large house, a big car Age >> an old boat, a young boy Shape >> an oval carpet, a round table Colour >> a grey raincoat, a green door Origin >> French bread, a Japanese town Material >> a plastic bottle, a wooden treasure EXAMPLES: >A wonderful old Italian clock (opinion − age − origin) >A big square blue box (dimension − shape − colour) >A disgusting pink plastic ornament (opinion − colour − material) >Some slim new French trousers (dimension − age − origin) TEST Build a phrase with this noun and these adjectives book >> interesting − small − Spanish house >> beautiful − modern − small cap >> cotton − funny − green picture >> modern − ugly − rectangular 29 Conditional The conditional is formed using the modal "would" in front of an infinitive (dropping the word "to") The conditional is used especially in three contexts: 1) Politeness I would like the menu, please Would you have a couple of minutes for me? 2) To indicate the "future within the past": She said she would come to the party I thought he would arrive before me 3) In hypothetical constructions with "if." When "if" is followed by the preterit or the subjunctive, the conditional is expected in the second clause: If I had the time, I would my homework If you told me the truth, I would believe you The "if" of hypothetical expressions can be implicit: In your position (= if I were you), I wouldn't stay here! TEST − Build a sentence with all these words: rich / would / If / buy / a / house / were / big / I said / like / come / She / would / not / to / she could / I / big / would / if / give / you / a / ring / I 30 Making suggestions ways to tell your friends what you would like to in the next few days: 1) WHAT ABOUT/HOW ABOUT + Base form + −ING What about going to the pictures tonight? How about going to the pictures tonight? 2) WHY + Negative Why don't we go to the swimming−pool tomorrow? 3) IMPERATIVE: Let's + Base form Let's go to the restaurant now! 4) COULD We could visit Paris next week TEST Put these words into the right order to build a sentence tea / have / 's / let / cup / a / of a / car / about / buying / huge / what / ? don't / why / we / together / cinema / to / the / ? / go could / take / we / train / the / Madrid / to 31 REFERENCES Anonym, 2007 To Learn English www tolearnenglish.com FM, Meindar.1991 Kamus Lengkap 10 Juta Penerbit Eska Media, Jakarta 32 [...]... conditional.) Other meanings often communicated by the subjunctive in other languages will be expressed by modal verbs in English > In constructions using "if + to be", one should use "were" (instead of "was") with the first and third persons singular ("I" and "he," "she," or "it") (In spoken English, and in much informal writing, "was" will still be used.) If I were Muriel, I'd never go back there If she... Subject: Example: Children who (that) play with fire are in great danger of harm The man who bought all the books by Hemingway has died Which is better? which/who OR that? who and which: written English that: oral English Object: Example: That's the boy (Ø , that, who, whom) I invited to the party There's the house (Ø, that, which) I'd like to buy Possessive: Example: He's the man whose car was stolen... of 2 a / car / about / buying / huge / what / ? 3 don't / why / we / together / cinema / to / the / ? / go 4 could / take / we / train / the / Madrid / to 31 REFERENCES Anonym, 2007 To Learn English www tolearnenglish.com FM, Meindar.1991 Kamus Lengkap 10 Juta Penerbit Eska Media, Jakarta 32 ... country in the world b We stayed at (cheap) hotel in the town but my cousin’s campsite was (cheap) than our hotel c January is generally (bad) than December but February is (cold) month d English is (easy) than German | e Chinese is (difficult) language f Heathrow is one of (busy) airports in Europe g My father thinks that the Beatles were (good) than the Rolling Stones,... into these sentences: 1 I like this wine (very much) 2 We will go to the cinema tonight (probably) 3 I lost my temper (nearly) 27 Adjectives: forms & usage Forms: Adjectives are generally invariable in English and do not agree with nouns in number and gender a blue car the great outdoors a group of young women However, a few adjectives have a connotation which is slightly masculine or feminine Thus,... Saturday night c) They are hungry; they ………………………………….(to have) a snack d) You ………………………………….(not to use) the phone, are you? 8 FUTURE PERFECT AND FUTURE PROGRESSIVE Future perfect Relatively rare in English, the future perfect serves to express one future action which precedes a future moment or another future action Moreover, it asserts that these actions will be completed before the principal action ... book is a collection of articles To Learn English that editor got from the internet So, if reader finds any mistakes from this book please visit www.tolearnenglish.com as reference Editor needs to... learn English in School of Agriculture Development if they are made in to the book In order to finish this book the editor was helped by many people that have an interest in progress of English. .. editor’s wife and daughter for their support Member of Teenager English Club School of Agriculture Development for their motivation to learn English and other people that can’t told one by one for their