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Thuyết trình transmission and switching
Transmission and Switching Gruop 5: Tu Van Lam Nguyen Tan Luc Ho Nguyen Van Man CONTENTS WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS OVERVIEW Introduction to wave antennas - Microwave - Infrared waves Introduction to wireless network For nearly 10 years over the wireless network being developed at a rapid pace There are many types of networks, technologies, wireless standards have been standardized Classification wireless network PAN LAN MAN WAN Classification wireless network PAN: Personal wireless network, with small coverage range of several meters to tens of meters The technology used to connect peripherals such as printers, keyboards, mouse, hard disk, mobile phone with computers Classification wireless network LAN: Wireless local area networks This group includes technology coverage range of several hundred meters Classification wireless network MAN: Metropolitan wireless networks Its coverage will silkworms few km (range ~ km maximum) Typical representatives of this group is WiMAX Classification wireless network WAN Wide-area wireless network Its coverage also reach several kilometers to tens of kilometers range This group covers network technologies such as UMTS mobile communication / GSM /CDMA2000 Classification wireless network Organizations IEEE just About Us IEEE 802,22, called is a regular connected WRAN (Wireless Regional Area Networks) Purpose that helps to the user was captured Sóng Wifi even when the current moving speed cao above xe hoi, xe firewall Wireless transmission Microwave 1GHz-40GHz Radio Infrared waves 30MHz-1GHz Three frequency range of interest Truyền Thông MPLS Basics (cont’d) Routing for MPLS Traditional shortest path based IP routing protocols provide enough information for LDP signaling Policy driven signaling protocols set up an LSP based on the policy: A policy may enforce a manually configured route A policy may use a route found by a constraint-based routing protocol A policy may use a route found by a shortestpath based routing protocol MPLS Basics (cont’d) MPLS eliminates the potential for SAR bottlenecks by not using ATM as a transport MPLS eliminates the complexity of managing two separate control planes and two fundamentally different types of networking equipment MPLS eliminates the cell tax by not using ATM as a transport MPLS can support DiffServ CoS The peer-to-peer nature of IP routed MPLS eliminates the need to manage a complex logical topology (n-squared PVCs) MPLS provides flexible traffic engineering features MPLS Related Research Topics MPLS multicasting Pseudo-wire over MPLS MPLS VPN MPLS high availability MPLS Traffic engineering MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING Some the concept of multiprotocol labe switching: a Lable b Lable stack c Label Switch Forwording Table d LSR-Lable Switching Router e FEC-Forward Equivalence Class f LIB-Lable Information Base g LSP-Lable Switching Path MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING Routing and switching: +Routing: Using declared static paths or running the routing protocol in order to identify the best paths to a certain destination +Switching: Moving an information package from interface to another interface in equipment MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING Basic information processing in MPLS: A LSP is set between two LER by LDP or RSVP When IP information package goes to LER input, router will check destination IP address and assign it a corresponding label.As a result, this package is assigned a corresponding MPLS before moved 3.LSR core routers move information package that base on ingress labels and egress labels without paying attention to IP adress of information package The last LER will remove MPLS label, find destination of information package in IP router table and push information package to required port MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING Structure and components of a MPLS MPLS network includes many buttons which have routing function and connected transition together Each button is corresponding to LSR equipment ( Lable Switching Router).MPLS network can be divided into two regions that are MPLS core and MPLS Edge.There will be corresponding equipment with each region MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING MOVING PACKAGE PATTERN Information package is packed at here and Paris and London are destinations.Firstly,information package is pushed to LSR ingress Ingress LSR identifies FEC, divides label at here, and moves flow to Paris through LSP yellow path and to London through LSP red path Traffic will be assigned label at each LSR transit in MPLS When information package goes to Egress LSR will remove MPLS label, go on moving it that base on destination address and move to requiered destination MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING MPLS and Traffic Engineeing 2.1.1 Traffic Engineering Definition: Traffic Engineering (TE) is traffic control engineering which contain traffic through network The aim is to improve the use of network resource, avoid to congested network of an element while other elements are not used out In addition, It is also used to ensure the line transmission with certain attributes, the available transmission resources on the particular line transmission or identified flow it priority when occurs disputes resources MPLS - MultiProtocol Label Switching creates LSP - Label Switched Path in network in order to decrease traffic forwarding MPLS-TE MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING MPLS-TE uses TE tunnel or tunnel traffic control in order to control traffic on the line transmission to a specific destination MPLS-TE uses autoroute to create routing table by LSP without fully information of neighbor lines.MPLS-TE is also able to reserve bandwidth for building this LSP In general, this method is more flexible than traffic engineering forwarding that bases on destination address + MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING Traffic engineering in MPLS environment establishes the targets for funtions: + Traffic orientation + Environmental orientation MPLS has a strategic meaning to traffic engineering beacause it provides most of the valuable funtions is overlay model according to integrated method with low expense.It is the most important is that MPLS proposes the ability to automate traffic engineering funtion MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING Traffic Math: We consider a simple network as follow picture Network includes routers R1,R2,R3,R4,R5 that belongs to the same administrator domain.Routers are linked to each other like the picture Considering two traffic streams I-I‟,II-II‟ input traffic stream R1 and output traffic stream R5 According to picture, we can easily see that there are two paths for selection of two traffic streams abvove: - R1-R2-R3-R5 - R1-R4- R5 MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING Selection of using static routing method MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING Selection of using OSPF routing method MULTYPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING Selection of using RIP routing method [...]... 30 GHz) 11 Around the microwave frequency band is determined according to the following table L-band 1 to 2 GHz S-band 2 to 4 GHz C-band 4 to 8 GHz X-band 8 to 12.4 GHz Ku-band 12.4 to 18 GHz K-band 18 to 26.5 GHz Ka-band 26.5 to 40 GH Q-band 30 to 50 GHz U-band 40 to 60 GHz V-band 50 to 75 GHz E-band 60 to 90 GHz W-band 75 to 110 GHz F-band 90 to 140 GHz D-band 110 to 170 GHz 12 Distances waves Broadcasting... other The number of satellites is limited Wave propagation characteristics A satellite can not transmit and receive on the same frequency Optimal frequency bands for satellite TV in the range from 1 to 10 GHz Under 1GHz noise (Natural and Artificial) On 10GHz declined sharply (from atmospheric absorption and precipitation) 5.925 to 6.425 GHz 3.7 to 4.2 GHz A common application is worth noting that the navigation... intermittent The receiver must be within sight of each other Other infrared microwave in that it is not through walls, and use it do not need to register frequency Guided media – wire Consist of: − Copper − Fiber Characteristics and quality of data transmission is determined by the environment and the signal For wireline, greater environmental impact Guided media – wire 1 Copper b) Two-wire open line Guided... parabolic or a place Frequency of 30 MHz to 1GHz include: FM radio VHF & UHF TV Radio wave transmission characteristics Frequency range of 30 MHz to 1 GHz is suitable for broadcast communications Less decline when some rain and little else Infrared waves Transmitted from one point to another In the local applications and narrow range Infrared waves Infrared communication is done by using the transmitter... carrier is very high due to the orientation of directional antennas For the media does not control, transmission and reception is performed by means of an antenna An antenna can be defined as an electrical conductor may be radiated electromagnetic energy or electromagnetic energy collected Terrestrial microwave transmission Wave propagation characteristics Frequency within the range from 1-40GHz Transfer... wire 1 Copper b) Twisted-pair Guided media – wire 1 Copper b) Twisted-pair Transmission characteristics − Analog • Need amplifier each 5km to 6km − Digital • Use the analog or digital signals • Need a repeater each 2km or 3km − The distance limit − Bandwidth limits (1MHz) − Speed limit data (100Mbps) − Susceptible to noise and the impact of the external environment Guided media – wire 1 Copper c)... 110 GHz F-band 90 to 140 GHz D-band 110 to 170 GHz 12 Distances waves Broadcasting straight distance is limited by the curvature of the earth Because the radius of the earth r = 6,37.10^6 m Call h1 [m] and h2 [m] 2 antenna height, the maximum distance information for microwave line is d [km] 13 Parabolic Antennas Microwaves ground commonly used parabolic reflector antenna If an electromagnetic energy ... frequency band is determined according to the following table L-band to GHz S-band to GHz C-band to GHz X-band to 12.4 GHz Ku-band 12.4 to 18 GHz K-band 18 to 26.5 GHz Ka-band 26.5 to 40 GH Q-band 30... Ka-band 26.5 to 40 GH Q-band 30 to 50 GHz U-band 40 to 60 GHz V-band 50 to 75 GHz E-band 60 to 90 GHz W-band 75 to 110 GHz F-band 90 to 140 GHz D-band 110 to 170 GHz 12 Distances waves Broadcasting... network Switching technique Circuit switching There is a dedicated communication path between two stations Packet switching Circuit switching Circuit switching was first developed to handle voice