báo cáo khảo sát về cải cách pháp luật và tư pháp tại một số nước

L Chủ biên: L Tham gia biên soạn: TS Uông Chu Lưu Nguyễn Huy Ngát Lê Thành Long Đặng Hoàng Oanh Nguyễn Minh Phương Báo cáo thể ý kiến nhìn nhận đánh giá thành viên tham gia khảo sát thông qua tham quan, tìm hiểu nghiên cứu tài liệu mà không phụ thuộc vào ý kiến chủ quan quan Việt Nam, nhà tài trợ gợi ý quan, cá nhân mà thành viên tham gia khảo sát gặp gỡ These reports express opinions and assessments of only members participating in the three study tours through their visits, meetings and researches and not reflect or are influenced by the understanding or opinion of Vietnamese agencies, relevant donors and suggestions of any other organisation or individual with whom the members met Các quan, tổ chức thực chuyến khảo sát này: Bộ Tư pháp Việt Nam UNDP Hà Nội Cơ quan phối hợp thực hiện: a Chuyến khảo sát Hoa Kỳ Canada: Đại sứ quán Canada Việt Nam ABA - UNDP Trung tâm nguồn luật quốc tế, Hoa Kỳ Viện nghiên cứu quản trị quốc gia Canada (IOG) Đại sứ quán Việt Nam Canada Đại sứ quán Việt Nam Hoa Kỳ b Chuyến khảo sát Nhật Bản: Đại sứ quán Nhật Bản Việt Nam Cơ quan hợp tác phát triển quốc tế Nhật Bản Việt Nam (JICA) Đại sứ quán Việt Nam Nhật Bản Trường Đại học Tổng hợp Nagoya, Nhật Bản Trung tâm trao đổi pháp luật châu á, Đại học Tổng hợp Nagoya c Chuyến khảo sát Indonesia Philippines Toà án tối cao Philippines Ngân hàng phát triển châu á, Manila, Philippines Đại sứ quán Philippines Việt Nam Đại sứ quán Việt Nam Philippines Đại sứ quán Indonesia Việt Nam Văn phòng Chương trình phát triển Liên hợp quốc (UNDP) Indonesia The three Study Tours in North America, Japan, Indonesia and the Philippines were organised by: Ministry of Justice of Vietnam and UNDP Ha Noi, with assistance and cooperation from: a For the study visit to North America: Canadian Embassy in Viet Nam ABA - UNDP International Legal Resource Center, the US Institute for Governance of Canada (IOG) Vietnamese Embassy in the USA Vietnamese Embassy in Canada b For the study visit to Japan: Japanese Embassy in Viet Nam Japan International Cooperation Agency in Viet Nam Vietnamese Embassy in Japan Nagoya University, Japan Center for Asia Legal Exchange, Nagoya University c For the study visit to Indonesia and the Philippines: Supreme Court of the Philippines Asian Development Bank, Manila, the Philippines Indonesia Embassy in Viet Nam Philippines Embassy in Viet Nam Vietnamese Embassy in Indonesia Vietnamese Embassy in the Philippines UNDP in Indonesia Chúng chân thành cảm ơn quan, tổ chức nói hỗ trợ thực thành công ba chuyến khảo sát ba lĩnh vực liên quan đến xây dựng hoàn thiện hệ thống pháp luật nước Canada, Hoa Kỳ, Nhật Bản, Philippines Indonesia We sincerely thank the mentioned agencies and organisations in Viet Nam and abroad assist us to sucessfully conduct these study tours Lời giới thiệu Hiện nay, Việt Nam giai đoạn đầu trình cải cách pháp luật tư pháp nhằm xây dựng Nhà nước pháp quyền xã hội chủ nghĩa lãnh đạo Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam Chính phủ Việt Nam cam kết mạnh mẽ tiến hành cải cách hệ thống pháp luật tư pháp để xây dựng hệ thống quản lý đất nước quán minh bạch nhà nước pháp quyền, qua tạo điều kiện cho Việt Nam chuyển sang kinh tế thị trường định hướng xã hội chủ nghĩa Đây bước chủ đạo việc thực Chiến lược phát triển kinh tế - xã hội 2001 - 2010 Với vai trò thành viên Hiệp hội nước Đông Nam (ASEAN), trình thực Hiệp định thương mại Việt Mỹ (BTA), việc chuẩn bị nhằm đáp ứng yêu cầu gia nhập Tổ chức thương mại giới (WTO) động lực thúc đẩy trình cải cách Việt Nam Nhằm xây dựng nhà nước pháp quyền, Việt Nam cố gắng tăng cường lực hệ thống pháp luật tư pháp, bao gồm tăng cường lực đội ngũ cán tư pháp pháp luật, để đáp ứng yêu cầu ngày tăng kinh tế thị trường thành phần quốc doanh tồn hoạt động Việt Nam Xét phương diện định, việc tăng cường lực pháp luật Việt Nam có liên quan đến trình nghiên cứu khía cạnh khác hệ thống pháp luật tư pháp nhiều nước khác nhau, có nước có hệ thống pháp luật phát triển Hoa Kỳ, Canada (Bắc Mỹ), Nhật Bản (châu á), nước có tốc độ phát triển kinh tế pháp luật với Việt Nam Philippines Indonesia Việt Nam muốn tìm hiểu kinh nghiệm từ học mà nước bạn trải qua, nhằm hoàn thiện hệ thống pháp luật tư pháp với vai trò quan trọng việc tạo điều kiện để vận hành kinh tế thị trường Với mục đích vậy, khuôn khổ Dự án VIE/02/015 Hỗ trợ thực thi Chiến lược phát triển hệ thống pháp luật Việt Nam đến năm 2010 UNDP, Thuỵ Điển, Đan Mạch, Na Uy AiLen tài trợ, ba chuyến khảo sát Hoa Kỳ Canada, Nhật Bản, Indonesia Philippines tổ chức năm 2004 2005 Chuyến khảo sát Hoa Kỳ Canada tổ chức thời gian từ ngày 17/9 đến ngày 02/10/2004 tập trung vào tìm hiểu số vấn đề có tính chất vĩ mô hệ thống pháp luật tư pháp Bắc Mỹ, mục đích chuyến khảo sát nghiên cứu tìm hiểu vấn đề khác hệ thống pháp luật tư pháp; mối quan hệ nhánh quyền lực Nhà nước nhằm bảo đảm cho trình thông qua, thực cưỡng chế thi hành pháp luật minh bạch thông suốt Hoa Kỳ Canada Chuyến khảo sát Nhật Bản từ ngày 05/12 đến ngày 17/12/2004 tập trung vào nghiên cứu phương pháp tiếp cận cách toàn diện với quy trình ban hành văn quy phạm pháp luật cấp quyền từ trung ương tới địa phương Nhật Bản Các kinh nghiệm học tập Nhật Bản góp phần giúp chuyên gia Việt Nam thiết lập khung pháp luật hoàn thiện phục vụ công tác cải cách xây dựng pháp luật, nâng cao hiệu hoạt động ban hành văn quy phạm pháp luật, bảo đảm tiến độ chất lượng dự án, dự thảo văn quy phạm pháp luật, đáp ứng kịp thời yêu cầu có đủ luật điều kiện phát huy nội lực, chủ động hội nhập kinh tế quốc tế Việt Nam 10 Chuyến khảo sát Indonesia Philippines từ ngày 20/7 đến ngày 28/7/2005, việc tìm hiểu kinh nghiệm xây dựng pháp luật cải cách tư pháp hai quốc gia này, thành viên Đoàn tìm hiểu ưu tiên mang tầm chiến lược, mô hình chế quản lý bảo đảm việc thực thành công trình cải cách pháp luật, tìm hiểu khung pháp lý cần thiết, học rút từ thực tiễn quản lý điều phối nguồn hỗ trợ nước quốc tế phục vụ cải cách pháp luật tư pháp Indonesia Philippines Với hy vọng, kiến thức kinh nghiệm phù hợp thu từ chuyến khảo sát nghiên cứu để vận dụng cách có chọn lọc Việt Nam Dự án VIE/02/015 phối hợp Nhà xuất Tư pháp xin trân trọng giới thiệu bạn đọc song ngữ Báo cáo khảo sát cải cách pháp luật tư pháp số nước biên tập trích từ báo cáo kết ba chuyến khảo sát Phần tiếng Anh sách chọn dịch từ báo cáo tiếng Việt để bạn đọc tham khảo Tháng 11 năm 2006 Nhà xuất Tư pháp 11 Preface Viet Nam is presently in the initial stages of a process of legal and judicial reform initiatives, as it works to establish a rule-oflaw socialist state under the leadership of the Communist Party The Government of Viet Nam has made a strong commitment to reform its legal-judicial system in order to establish a consistent and transparent system of administration under a rule of law state and thereby, to facilitate Viet Nam's transition to a market-oriented economy This is one of the key parts in implementing the country's "Strategy on Socio-Economic Development 2001-2010" The push for reform has also been prompted by Viet Nam's membership in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the implementation of the Vietnam-US Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA), and Viet Nam's preparations to meet the requirements for its entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) As Viet Nam proceeds with its plans to be a rule-of-law state, it is seeking to strengthen the capacity of its legal and judicial systems, including the improvement of legal and judicial staff, to meet the growing needs of the market economy and the non-state actors that now inhabit this arena In part, increasing Viet Nam's capacity involves an examination of the various aspects of legal and judicial frameworks in other countries, including the countries where exist well-established legal system such as the United States of America and Canada (North America), and Japan (Asia) as well as including the countries where exist similar level of legal development as in Viet Nam such 12 as Indonesia and the Philippines The well-established legal and judicial systems, as well as lessons and experiences withdrew from failures in the process of operation, play an important role in facilitating the operation of market economies and, as such, are of particular interest to Viet Nam Toward this end, under the framework of Project VIE/02/015 "Assistance for the Implementation of Viet Nam's Legal System Development Strategy to 2010" funded by UNDP, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Ireland, three study visits to the United States of America and Canada, to Japan, and to Indonesia and the Philippines were conducted in 2004 and 2005 The study visit to the United States of America and Canada, which was organised from 17 September to 02 October 2004, focused on examining a number of macro aspects of North America's legal and judicial systems The objective of this study tour is to examine and understand the various aspects of the legal and judicial systems; the interrelationship between the different branches of government to ensure a smooth process of passing, implementing, and enforcing laws in the US and Canada The second study trip to Japan from 05 September to 17 September 2004 focused on studying a comprehensive approach to the law making process of both central and local authorities in Japan Experience learnt from Japan will contribute to assist Vietnamese legal experts to establish a comprehensive and complete legal framework for the legal reform in Viet Nam This is also to contribute to improving effectiveness of law making activities, ensuring timelineness and quality of draft normative legal documents that will be promulgated as well as meeting with requirement of having sufficient laws and regulations to proactive in international economic integration and in the context of promoting internal capacity 13 report on study tour on legal and judicial reform in some countries - Rural infrastructure, etc In the industrial field, Indonesia did not intend to borrow foreign loans but mainly mobilized domestic loans or other sources In the legal reform and the human rights protection, Indonesia mainly used non-refundable ODA and accessed such source in a very limited scope because the Indonesian Government considered those as domestic affairs, proving the national sovereignty If ODA were much utilized in the fields, internal affairs of Indonesia would be affected through ODA In 1996, under the regime of the State President Soeharto, the legal aspects, which were in the first priority of ODA attraction, were the democracy reform, the judicial reform, the legal officials training and especially the anti-corruption There were many international legal cooperation projects, such as the UNDP-funded Project on "Access to Justice", the EC-funded Project on "Legal Reform", the Netherlands funded Project on "Judges Training" Many mechanisms established in order to assist legal and judicial reform in particular and to assist the governance reform in general These mechanisms also try to contribute to enhance the effectiveness of ODA use and management Amongst them, Partnership for Governance Reform and Decentralization Support Facility (DSF) are two main mechanisms that Indonesian Government appreciates PartnershipforGovernanceReforminIndonesia The Partnership was created by a group of eminent Indonesians representing different walks of life, together with UNDP, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank at the end of 1999, in the aftermath of the free and fair General Elections held June of that year The Partnership was designed to extend and deepen the nature of cooperation between the international donor community and Indonesian 444 Part III Report on regional Tour to Study the coordination and use of International Assistance for Legal Development in Indonesia support of the governance reform agenda At the time of its establishment, the Partnership was headed by a Governing Board comprising of Indonesians representing the government, civil society, and the private sector, and representatives of multilateral sponsors (UNDP, World Bank, and ADB) and representatives of foreign governments extending development assistance to Indonesian development The Partnership promotes governance reform through two mechanisms, namely: - "The Indonesia Governance Fund" that supports reform-related projects and activities which are financed through contribution from Indonesia's development Partners; and - The Facility for Policy Dialogue and Analysis which is designed to support the Indonesia Governance Fund with reform ideas and the capacity to test their operational relevance in the context of the governance reform agenda Throughout these years, the Partnership has contributed to the reform process by supporting initiatives in the areas of decentralisation, police reform, anti corruption, parliamentary and electoral reforms, justice sector reforms, and civil service reforms The Decentralisation Support Facility (DSF) is a new multi-donor organisation whose purpose is to provide harmonised donor support to Indonesia's decentralisation The activities supported by this DSF include policy dialogue (local, national and international), programme support and development, direct support to grassroots organisation The DSF is a mechanism to unify thread of all DSF activities to support to the development of decentralised government services that are effective, accountable and promote economic well-being Department for International Development (DFID, United Kingdom), ADB, UNDP and the World Bank are active members of the Facility and the funds will be put by donors for harmonisation activities to be managed by a World Bank Trust Fund b Attraction process of ODA projects The general attraction process of ODA projects, including projects in legal field, is that ministries and agencies must annually 445 report on study tour on legal and judicial reform in some countries prepare their lists of projects in need of ODA to send to the National Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) for gathering; and then the ministries and agencies make TOR to send to the BAPPENAS for review of the contents and financial aspects The BAPPENAS often provides its viewpoint independent from the sending ministries because there has been a situation where the sending ministries pay any price to have ODA projects or even conditional projects The BAPPENAS must therefore review and evaluate the proposed projects for the sake of the nation as a whole If we move back to 15 years ago, we can see that most of ODA projects were adjusted to the subjective intention of foreign partners However, the situation now changes and there have been an increasing number of proposed projects rejected by the BAPPENAS, thereby showing the independence and sovereignty of Indonesia in international relations Signing places of projects have also proven such change: in the past, projects were signed in the US (the WB headquarters) or the Philippines (the ADB headquarters) but projects are now signed in Jakarta to avoid the pressure of the foreign partners on the Indonesian negotiation missions Hiring excellent counselors to give advice to the Government in the process of negotiation, attraction and use of ODA has become a common tendency in Indonesia, especially for ODA projects with big loans Oriented ODA borrowing is currently a key approach in Indonesia The Government of Indonesia declared a principle that ODA loan borrowing for new projects will be conducted only when old projects are completed This principle has reflected the Government's effective use and due disbursement of ODA In the past, Indonesia borrowed 800 million USD per year from the ADB However, Indonesia's loan, mainly from the WB has now decreased to a half The ADB is now of concern that it has money for lending but it can not spend - a phenomenon contrary to 15 446 Part III Report on regional Tour to Study the coordination and use of International Assistance for Legal Development in Indonesia years ago when such financial institutions often utilized ODA to interfere into the internal affairs of Indonesia That ODA borrowing must ensure a high safety is a principle stringing along with ODA projects in general and ODA projects in legal field in particular This principle requires a loan rate proportional to the export and national treasury rates For ODA projects with big loans, requirement of consultants (domestic consultants are in the first priority) is a prerequisite for legal safety of the projects c Roles of the Ministry of Justice in the attraction and use of ODA projects The Ministry of Justice actively participates in and plays an important role in the attraction, management and use of ODA projects in general and ODA projects in the legal field in particular Firstly, like in Viet Nam, the Ministry of Justice of Indonesia is the agency providing legal opinion to draft agreements on foreign loan Secondly, the Ministry of Justice is the agency chairing the coordination in international legal cooperation projects The coordination scheme aims at avoiding overlap in cooperation activities d Others Corruption is a national calamity in Indonesia The Indonesian Government is now utilizing all recourses, including ODA, to the anti - corruption In December 2003, a National Committee on Corruption Eradication was established and mainly financed by the state budget In addition, the Committee's operation also attracts support from many foreign donors such as the PGRI (Partnership for Governance Reform Indonesia), the UNDP, the ADB, etc In particular, the PGRI provides a sum of USD 219,423; the ADB USD 250,000; and the WB USD 350,000 (Corruption Eradication Commission, Indonesia) 447 report on study tour on legal and judicial reform in some countries A kind of facility for the legal system development is being established in Indonesia It is expected to be a coordination model of all support resources in the legal field but not a general account In nature, it is an open fund to attract quickly and easily foreign assistance in the legal field 2.2 Actual situation of the receipt and use of ODA in the legal field in the Philippines a General issues According to the viewpoint of the Projects Management Department(1) under the Supreme Court of the Philippines, the following five aspects will be in the first priority in attraction and use of ODA in the legal field: - Law drafting and law implementing institutions (police agencies, investigation agencies); - Strengthening of capacity of prosecution institutes(2); - Strengthening of capacity of courts (firstly the Supreme Court); - Strengthening of capacity of the system of social rehabilitation agencies; - Legal dissemination to the community At present, the Supreme Court of the Philippines is chairing the judicial reform program with two main objectives: - Development of an independent and effective judiciary; - Development of judges who have good professional qualification and morals According to the organizational structure of the Projects Management Department under the Supreme Court of the Philippines, there are the Projects Management Division, the Supervision Division and the Financial Division (2) The General Prosecution Institute is under the Ministry of Justice of the Philippines (1) 448 Part III Report on regional Tour to Study the coordination and use of International Assistance for Legal Development in Indonesia The financial source for such program mainly derives from the State budget ODA will be utilized for the following activities: - Mobile trial programs; - Electronic library; - One-stop shop scheme (provision of services in a court for residents' less traveling) b ODA attraction and use process Like in Viet Nam, the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) is the focal point in the attraction, management and use of ODA However, the organizational structure and the operation of the NEDA differ from Viet Nam Put in detail, attraction, management and use of ODA are conducted through a Coordination Committee in the NEDA The Minister of Planning and the Minister of Finance are the co-presidents of the Committee; members of the Committee are the Central Bank, the Office of the State President and local government representatives As for its power, the Committee reviews ODA projects with the funding, ranging from to 10 million USD, and reviews the projects in which the State is the main investors with the involvement of private sector The review process of an ODA project starts from evaluation of financial - economic aspects of the project and then other aspects such as technical, environmental aspects; capacity of the implementing agency (especially central - local relations, the involvement of civil society in the implementation of the project); capacity of the foreign counterpart (experience in related fields, financial - capital capacity), and finally the interaction between this project and other projects Upon completion of the evaluation, the evaluated project will be approved (the NEDA has the approval power) In fact, there have been an increasing number of 449 report on study tour on legal and judicial reform in some countries projects which the NEDA refuses to approve - a phenomenon extremely different from 20 years ago when most of ODA projects were approved and even approved at any price The viewpoint of the Philippine Government is that more careful consideration on conditional ODA projects should be made because they may affect the independence and the national sovereignty of the Philippines In regard to projects in the legal field, they have a lot of their own characteristics First of all, based on the principle of separation of power, judicial agencies nearly have the autonomous right in the ODA field or, in other words, they are entitled to seek donors to formulate ODA projects In nature, ODA is a part of the State budget and the burden of debt payment falls upon the shoulder of the Government but the courts Therefore, even in circumstances where ODA projects are those of judicial agencies, such projects are still submitted to the NEDA for approval However, there hasn't been in fact any refusal of approval of the ODA projects, which are submitted by the Supreme Court, and even the ratio of ODA for projects in the legal field is on the increase, accounting for 32% of the total fund (with a loan of 800 million USD and a non-refundable loan of 200 million USD) for the current ODA projects because of its important role and position Much importance is attached to project evaluation In addition to preliminary evaluation, mid-term evaluation and evaluation upon completion of a project, there still exists unexpected evaluation (when unusual sign is found in the project) and post evaluation (evaluation after completion of a project to review how the project affects the economy and society) Moreover, adjustment of project contents is strictly stipulated, whereby any ODA projects must be examined by the NEDA if such projects have any changes of the objectives during their implementation 450 Part III Report on regional Tour to Study the coordination and use of International Assistance for Legal Development in Indonesia c Others As for assistance sources from foreign NGOs to the Philippines, they are not a part of the State budget As for counterpart fund, the counterpart fund for ODA projects/programs in the Philippines is, likely in Viet Nam, the Government's contribution of personnel, facility and equipment and so on According to Mr Liqun Jin, Vice President of the ADB, governments should utilize loans in the legal field in a more intensive manner China's experience has shown that when acceding to the WTO, China requested the ADB to provide loans for the drafting of bills to serve its implementation of the WTO undertakings Cambodia has recently gone for the same way The characteristic of ODA projects in the legal field is that debt recovery is invisible However, the influence of bills (especially in foreign direct investment, securities, monetary, banking fields) is so tremendous Therefore, governments should change their way of approach to loans for legal and judicial reform projects Last but not least, the Philippines is in the post ODA period, or in other words, it is now paying foreign debts According to the Ministry of Treasury of the Philippines, one-third of the GDP spends for foreign debt payment, a consequence of ODA project in previous periods At present, the Government of the Philippines only considers and accepts ODA in a selective manner otherwise it follows the same terrible track of Argentina or some Latin-American and African countries ODAAssistanceforlegalReformandfurther developmentinthePhilippines In the Philippines, they have secured only one major ODA assistance for legal reform and further development, and this 21.9 million loan from the World Bank This is the first ODA loan that the Republic has ever tapped for legal development because of its sensitivity and ownerships 451 report on study tour on legal and judicial reform in some countries The World Bank assistance is focused on developing a more effective and accessible Judiciary that would foster public trust and confidence through the implementation of the Supreme Court's Action Plan for Judicial Reform The World Bank loan agreement for the Judicial Reform Support Project was signed last October 2, 2003 It is intended to put up investments critical to the immediate implementation of key components of the Judiciary's Action Plan for Judicial Reform 2001 - 2006 The Project intends to support the achievement of the following reform objectives: (a) To improve case adjudication efficiency and access to justice, (b) Enhance the integrity infrastructure of the Judiciary; and (c) Strengthen the capacity of the Supreme Court to manage the Judiciary The Project will implement its components/activities in the Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals, Court of Tax Appeals, Sandiganbayan and in the lower courts located in the identified regional pilot sites Currently, the Philippines is in the process of securing another ODA loan from the Asian Development Bank for Judicial Reform The objectives of the new project are: to realise the financial and administrative autonomy of the judiciary, as envisaged in the Constitution; to set in place more efficient and transparent business process and support services to strengthen competencies of the bench; and To support core institutional infrastructure, operating mechanisms, technologies and competences that will strengthen the independence and accountability and improve judiciary's operational efficiency However, it is too early to assess the effectiveness and impact of the World Banks assistance III Lessons obtained from the study tour and recommendations Lessons obtained and recommendations from the Study Tour This is a very useful study tour in the context that Viet Nam is now in the process of amending and supplementing its normative legal documents stipulating the ODA management and use in general and the international legal cooperation in particular Through the study tour, the following lessons are drawn: 452 Part III Report on regional Tour to Study the coordination and use of International Assistance for Legal Development in Indonesia 1.1 Securing the independence and the national sovereignty, and strengthening expedition in the receipt, management and use of ODA Both Indonesia and the Philippines have paid price to their limitations on unconditional receipt of ODA, thereby causing negative impacts: foreign counterparts' utility of ODA to interfere into the internal affairs; and their acceptance of infeasible ODA projects Such limitations should be taken into account in our country because many agencies and bodies in our country have sometimes poor awareness of receipt of ODA projects and they even lobby ODA projects at any price (this phenomenon occurs in some economic cases which have been recently adjudicated) It has strongly emphasized that the above-mentioned are lessons we should learn to strengthen our expedition in receipt of ODA which is in nature the preferential treatment of foreign countries and international organizations to less developed countries However, it is not the reason for ODA recipients not to discuss terms of the international legal instruments on ODA On the contrary, ODA recipients need to strongly request amendment and supplement of the terms for the sake of their countries On the other hand, ODA recipients not let ODA give bad influence on or even break their overall socio - economic development strategies but have to adjust ODA to their national socio - economic development Sector or program - based approach to ODA is an oriented choice of ODA recipient governments 1.2 Careful attention is paid in mobilizing ODA loans We all know that there are two types of ODA: ODA preferential loan and ODA non - refundable loan As for projects with ODA loans (even soft/preferential loans), they are potential risks to the 453 report on study tour on legal and judicial reform in some countries recipient governments in balancing their national budget for debt payment As mentioned above, the Philippines now spends onethird of its annual budget for foreign debt payment Therefore, if we not take precaution in receiving ODA projects, the debt payment burden of our current generation will be put on the next generation's shoulder Through the lessons from the two countries, we should borrow ODA loans for projects of great necessity In the other hand, governmental agencies' capacity of management of ODA loans, from the attraction to the use of ODA, must be strengthened, and corruption and waste must be avoided because ODA is also a part of state budget 1.3 Strengthening of delegation of authority of the management of ODA ODA is an assistance source for governments and the international legal instruments on ODA all provide for responsibility of ODA recipient governments in the implementation of ODA projects, but ODA beneficiaries are finally people Therefore, delegation of authority of the management of ODA to the local level to effectively and strictly receive and use ODA is a requirement for ODA projects and donors' expectation In the two surveyed countries, local governments are allowed to take initiative in accessing, mobilizing and attracting ODA based on the principles set forth by the central governments, and taking into account the possibility of balancing local budget for foreign debt payment (for projects with ODA preferential loan) On the other hand, the two countries also attach much importance to encouragement of the involvement of NGOs, like universities, research institutes, etc (civil society), in the attraction, management and use of ODA 454 Part III Report on regional Tour to Study the coordination and use of International Assistance for Legal Development in Indonesia 1.4 Attention is paid to the sustainability of ODA p rojects after completion For decades of the ODA attraction, Indonesia and the Philippines all draw a lesson that the ODA attraction is not as difficult as how to effectively use ODA To effectively use ODA, attention should be paid to not only efficiency of ODA projects during their implementation but also their output and outcome In addition to economic impact, much importance is also attached to other criteria (such as social impact: employment increase, social welfare improvement; environmental impact; capacity of law implementation institutions) when impacts of ODA projects are reviewed 1.5 Attention is paid to the role of the Ministry of Justice in the state management of ODA project in the legal field In the current international integration context, when negotiation of international treaties in general and international legal instruments on ODA in particular is conducted, review of legal aspects of such legal instruments is inevitable Through the study tour, the Delegation found that in both Indonesia and the Philippines, the Ministry of Justice plays a very important role in review and provision of legal opinion to international legal instruments on ODA, especially agreements on foreign ODA loans (mainly loans from the WB and the ADB) Especially, in the Philippines, a board of review and approval of ODA Programmes and Project (Investment Coordination Committee) established by President, comprises various representatives of Ministries and agencies, not only the National Economic and Development Authority - NEDA (like Ministry of Planning and Investment in Viet Nam) This job is to secure legal safety for ODA projects to be signed so as to avoid unexpected disputes and to be in conformity 455 report on study tour on legal and judicial reform in some countries with international legal standards in the ODA field Remarks about the Study Tour The program was conducive to achieving the objectives of the study tour Both programs in the Republic of Indonesia and the Republic of Philippines were full of meetings and discussions with various representatives of the Indonesian and Indonesian legal and judicial systems and their officials in charge of ODA management Information and experience gained in the tour are useful for the Delegation generally and for each of its participants specifically In addition to substantive knowledge, personal contacts with Indonesia and the Philippines counterparts have been established and strengthened Existing cooperative programs between Vietnamese legal and judicial authorities/organizations will achieve further momentum and certain future cooperative projects have been discussed Recommendations and follow-up actions Substantive observations and recommendations are in Part II of this report This part recommends immediate follow-up actions: - A seminar/workshop organized to brief on the results of the study tour and on information and knowledge obtained in the tour; - Translation of this report into Vietnamese for distribution to the Vietnamese legal and judicial agencies concerned and to those organizations and individuals who are interested in the subject matters of the report; - Translation of selected materials that were obtained from the study tour, if needed and justified; - Further study of specific parts of the report which are relat- 456 Part III Report on regional Tour to Study the coordination and use of International Assistance for Legal Development in Indonesia ed to the task/work of specific Vietnamese agencies, including Ministry of Justice and other beneficiaries of Project VIE/02/015 (Suggestion of further study tours to these two countries on more specific matters that are covered in the report); - Study and suggestion for cooperative possibilities with Indonesia Agencies such as Corruption Eradication Commission, National Law Commission, and Philippine Agencies such as the Supreme Court in terms of cooperation in drafting and implementing Law on Anti - Corruption, preparing Action Plans for implementing the Vietnam's Legal System Development Strategy and Judicial Reform Strategy; - Providing documents and reports collected during the study tour for preparation of a book on the use, impact, and effectiveness - past, present, and future - of ODA and other international assistance in legal development in Viet Nam; and - Further studying on a feasible and appropriate co-ordination mechanism for ODA and other assistance in legal system development in Viet Nam based on lessons and experiences studied in the two countries IV DOCUMENTS AND MATERIALS FOR REFERENCE Law Reform Policies in Indonesia; KPK: The Corruption Eradication Commission of Indonesia; The Philippines Court System; Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan; Action Program for Judicial Reform 2001-2006 of the Philippines Supreme Court; Partnership for Governance Reform in Indonesia; 457 report on study tour on legal and judicial reform in some countries Introduction to the Decentralisation Support Facility (DSF); International Assistance for KPK (Corruption Eradication Commission, Indonesia); Official Development Assistance in the Philippines; 10 Investment Coordination Committee of the Philippines; 11 Role of the Department of Budget And Management in Official Development Assistance; 12 Reporting Requirements - Foreign Assisted Projects (Faps) 13 Status of Philippine Action Plan for Judicial Reform Projects and the Use of International Aid for Legal and Judicial Development in the Philippines; 14 ADBs Publications on Law Reform in Asia; 15 The United Nations Development Assistance Framework in the Philippines (2005 - 2009) 458 [...]... thống pháp luật và tư pháp Canada, đối chiếu với mục đích của chuyến khảo sát 2 Một số nhận xét khái quát về tính hữu ích của chuyến khảo sát III Kiến nghị và hoạt động sau khảo sát IV Tài liệu và tư liệu tham khảo 1 Tài liệu và tư liệu về hệ thống pháp luật Hoa Kỳ 2 Tài liệu và tư liệu về hệ thống pháp luật Canada 90 95 96 97 97 97 Phần thứ hai Báo cáo khảo sát về luật ban hành văn bản quy phạm pháp luật. .. 456 457 Phần thứ nhất báo cáo khảo sát về hệ thống pháp luật và tư pháp Của Đoàn cán bộ cấp cao Chính phủ Việt Nam tại Hoa Kỳ và Canada (từ ngày 17/9 đến ngày 02/10/2004) 37 38 Phần thứ nhất Báo cáo khảo sát về hệ thống pháp luật và tư pháp của Đoàn cán bộ cấp cao Chính phủ Việt Nam tại Hoa Kỳ và Canada Thành phần Đoàn 1 Ông Uông Chu Lưu, Uỷ viên Trung ương Đảng, Bộ trưởng Bộ Tư pháp, Trưởng Đoàn; 2... thiệu Trang 9 Phần thứ nhất báo cáo khảo sát về hệ thống pháp luật và tư pháp Của Đoàn cán bộ cấp cao Chính phủ Việt Nam tại Hoa Kỳ và Canada 37 Thành phần Đoàn khảo sát 39 1 Tên gọi của chuyến khảo sát 41 (từ ngày 17/9 đến ngày 02/10/2004) I Giới thiệu khái quát về chuyến khảo sát 2 Khái quát về chuyến khảo sát 3 Lịch trình của chuyến khảo sát 3.1 Chương trình làm việc tại Hoa Kỳ, từ ngày 20/9 đến... 1.1.7 Đánh giá về kết quả và bài học từ hệ thống pháp luật, tư pháp của Hoa Kỳ với mục đích của chuyến khảo sát 1.2 Canada 1.2.1 Tổng quan về hệ thống pháp luật Canada 1.2.2 Quy trình lập pháp 1.2.3 Bộ Tư pháp Canada 1.2.4 Toà án tối cao 1.2.5 Đào tạo thẩm phán 1.2.6 Cảnh sát 1.2.7 Nghề luật 1.2.8 Trợ giúp pháp lý 1.2.9 Đạo đức nghề nghiệp của thẩm phán 1.2.10 Cải cách pháp luật và tư pháp 16 51 52... cảnh khảo sát 3 Lịch trình của chuyến khảo sát 3.1 Chương trình tại Jakarta, Indonesia, từ ngày 20/7 đến ngày 22/7/2005 3.2 Chương trình tại Manila, Philippines, từ ngày 25/7 đến ngày 28/7/2005 4 Mục tiêu và kết quả của chuyến khảo sát 4.1 Mục tiêu 4.2 Kết quả dự kiến II Nội dung khảo sát 1 Tổng quan về hệ thống pháp luật và tư pháp của Indonesia và Philippines 1.1 Hệ thống pháp luật và tư pháp của... dựng pháp luật 175 182 182 183 183 187 188 189 191 191 194 197 199 200 200 201 201 23 Phần thứ ba BáO CáO KHảO SáT KHU VựC NGHIÊN CứU VIệC Sử DụNG Và ĐIềU PHốI NGUồN Hỗ TRợ QUốC Tế CHO HOạT ĐộNG XÂY DựNG và THựC THI PHáP LUậT TạI INdonesia Và PHILipPInes (từ ngày 20/7 đến ngày 28/7/2005) Thành phần Đoàn khảo sát 205 1 Tên gọi chuyến khảo sát 207 I Giới thiệu khái quát về chuyến khảo sát 2 Bối cảnh khảo. .. luật tại Nhật bản (các cấp trung ương và địa phương) (từ ngày 05/12 đến ngày 17/12/2004) 99 Thành phần Đoàn khảo sát 101 1 Tên gọi của chuyến khảo sát 103 I Giới thiệu khái quát về chuyến khảo sát 2 Mục đích của chuyến khảo sát 3 Giới thiệu khái quát về chuyến khảo sát 4 Các kết quả chính đã đạt được 5 Lịch trình chuyến khảo sát 5.1 Lý do lựa chọn Nhật Bản là điểm đến 5.2 Phương pháp tiến hành chuyến khảo. .. thống pháp luật và tư pháp ở Philippines 24 203 207 207 209 209 211 213 213 216 218 218 219 226 2 Thực trạng tiếp nhận và sử dụng ODA trong lĩnh vực pháp luật ở Indonesia và Philippines 2.1 Thực trạng tiếp nhận và sử dụng ODA trong lĩnh vực pháp luật ở Indonesia 2.2 Thực trạng tiếp nhận và sử dụng ODA trong lĩnh vực pháp luật ở Philippines III Bài học kinh nghiệm và các khuyến nghị đề xuất qua chuyến khảo. .. làm việc tại Canada, từ ngày 25/9 đến ngày 02/10/2004 4 Mục đích và kết quả của chuyến khảo sát 4.1 Mục đích 4.2 Kết quả 41 41 44 44 45 50 50 50 15 II Nội dung chuyến khảo sát 51 1.1 Hoa Kỳ 51 1 Các thông tin thu nhận được từ chuyến khảo sát 1.1.1 Bộ Tư pháp 1.1.2 Uỷ ban Tư pháp Thượng viện (SJC) và quy trình thảo luận các dự luật tại Uỷ ban 1.1.3 Toà án 1.1.4 Đào tạo thẩm phán 1.1.5 Nghề luật 1.1.6... chuyến khảo sát 5.3 Các vấn đề cần tìm hiểu tại Tokyo và Nagoya 103 103 103 108 110 110 112 112 17 II Nội dung khảo sát 115 1.1 Ban hành luật 115 1 Chức năng và thẩm quyền của Nghị viện Nhật Bản 1.2 Sáng kiến và đệ trình sửa đổi Hiến pháp 1.3 Thông qua điều ước quốc tế 1.4 Bổ nhiệm Thủ tư ng 2 Quy trình lập pháp đối với những dự luật do Nghị sỹ đệ trình 2.1 Thủ tục lập pháp đối với những dự luật do Nghị