MOT SO NET CO BAN VE THE LOAI TlT Of VIET NAM PHAM VAN ANH ( • ) tr la mdt the loai van hgc cd vj tri dae biet ljeh sir van hgc Trung Qude, nhat la vao thdi Tdng Nhae den tuu ndi bat cua van hgc Trung Qude qua cac thdi ki, ngudi ta quen ndi "Han phii, Dudng thi, Tdng ttr, Nguyen khiie, Minh - Thanh tieu thuyet" Dd cflng ehinh la eai dugc tur luan gia Vuong Qude Duy ggi la "van hgc tuong ung vdi mdt thdi dai" (nhat dai chi van hgc) ma eae ddi sau chang the nao theo kjp duge Tren thyc td, mdi the loai van hgc qua trinh phat trien eua minh ttr liic manh nha den dat den tuu dinh eao thudng phai trai qua mdt qua trinh van ddng va phat trien lau dai, the loai tir cflng khdng nam ngoai quy luat ay Thdi Tdng, ttr dat tuu rue rd song chi it trudc dd, nd da phai trai qua cac giai doan ttr sang tae dan gian va eua eac van nhan thdi Dudng (nhu eac tac pham tir Vdn dao tap, ttr eua Ly Bach, Bach Cu Di ), qua Hoa gian phdi {Hoa gian tap: On Dinh Quan, Hoang Phu Tung, Vi Trang, Tdn Quang Hien ), va ttr thdi Nam Dudng (vdi cae tae gia nhu: Phung Didn Tj, Ly Canh, Ly Dye ) Sang thdi Tdng, ttr tiep tyc dugc T 22 sang tac rdng rai Sd lugng tac pham, tac gia ttr thdng ke so bd qua cae bd toan tap cho thay dieu dd Sang tae ttr thdi Tdng Todn Tdng tir thu thap dugc khoang gan van bai cua 1330 tac gia Cae giai doan sau duge coi la thdi ki suy thoai eua the loai ttr song sd lugng tae pham eung nhu tae gia van rat Idn, thdng ke qua Todn Kim - Nguyen tir ed hon 7290 bai cua 288 tac gia, Todn Minh tir ed tdi khoang 18 nghin bai cua 1300 tac gia, va den Todn Thanh tir mac du ehi tap hgp duge mdt phan sang tac tur cua cac tac gia giai doan song sd thu thap dugc da Idn tdi van bai eua tren nghin tac gia''' Do anh hudng cua van hgc, van hda Trung Hoa, cae nude khu vyc nhu Viet Nam va Nhat Ban ddu cd tiep thu the loai ttr Ngay ttr thdi Thjnh Dudng, the loai ttr d Trung Qude mdi xuat hien khdng bao lau thi bai dieu tu' Ngu phu ciia Truang Chi Hda da anh hudng sang Nhat Ban Tha Nga Thien hoang ("^J^ Ai., 786 - 842) va quin thin da sang '*' ThS Vien Van hgc MQT SO NET CO BAN VE THE LOAI TU VIET NAM mdt loat bai theo dieu ttr Sau dd ttr tiep tyc duge sang tac, vdi cae tac gia nhu than vuong Kiem Minh ( ^ a ^ l E i , ? - ?) - eon ciia De Hd Thien hoang (S%5*/1 Ai., tai vj 897 - 930)'^', tuong duong vdi thdi Ngu dai cua Trung Qude d Viet Nam, theo tu lieu hien edn, the loai ttr truyen nhap va duge van dyng sang tae mudn hon Nhat Ban, bit diu vao dau thdi ty chu (tuong duong vdi dau thdi Tdng d Trung Qude) vdi bai ttr didu Nguyen lang quy eua Khudng Viet dai su Bai ttr Nguyen lang quy duge viet nam 987 nhan vide tien su' gia nha Tdng la Li Giac'^' ve nude Xet sy van ddng cua the loai cting nhflng dac trung nghe thuat cua the loai tuong ling vdi cae giai doan cy the cua nd, tiic la xet dudi gdc tu' su', ed the xae djnh ring bai tur Nguyen lang quy ciia Khudng Viet Ngd Chan Luu ddi dudi sy anh hudng eua tu' phong thdi Ngu dai; ngdn tu' trang nha, tinh y thiet tha, liy ldi dep dl thi hien tinh ndng, dem diem ngfl' de bieu dat eai diem tinh, vura bilu hien duge tinh cam rieng tu, vira thdng qua dd kheo leo gu'i gam sy vy qude gia Le Quy Ddn phan "Le ngdn" sach Todn Viet thi luc khen ring bai ttr eua Khudng Viet "uyen chuydn hoa mT, cd the vde dugc" (MM, '^i^ - uyIn le kha ciic) Tae pham Nguyin lang quy chang nhfl'ng la bai tu' diu tien danh diu su tidp nhan the loai tir van bgc Viet Nam ma cung cac bai nhu Nam qude son hd, Qude to, trd mgt nhflng tac pham khdi diu cho nen van hgc dan tdc Sau bai Nguyen lang quy cua Khudng Viet dai su, the loai ttr gan nhu hoan toan vang bdng giai doan Ly - Tran Tat ca mgi tu lieu hien cdn ve the loai tir giai doan chi cho ta biet rang vao thdi Tran, ngudi Viet ttmg sang tac theo mdt sd dieu nhu Nggc Idu xudn, Dgp du, Mdng du tien'-'^\ Tae pham cdn lai den chi cd nhat mdt bai ttr dieu Tdy giang nguyet ciia Ly Dao Tai (tire Huyen Quang)'^' Tbye chat bai ttr dieu Tdy giang nguyet hien tinh trang tan khuyet, ehi edn nira bai, tuong ung vdi phan Thugng phien, eung khdng chuan each luat; them niia, xet van ban tac pham hien cdn, cd the thay mdt each hien nhien rang tae pham ghi lai dau an sang tac ttr thdi Tran song tide rang khdng ed gia trj dang ke ve ndi dung va nghe thuat Thdi Le so, hien khdng edn lai bat eii tur phim nao Den thdi Le Trung bung, thi loai ttr mdi xuat hien trd lai Nhu vay, xet tfl' sir Viet Nam, sau bai tu' dieu Nguyen lang quy ciia Khudng Viet Ngd Chan Luu va bai ttr dieu Tdy giang nguyet cua Huyen Quang Li Dao Tai rit lau sau the ttr mdi dan dan duge sang tae trd lai Tae gia md dau eho the loai ttr thdi Le la Phung Khae Khoan, dai thin thdi Le Trung hung, mdt ngudi ludn mang minh khat vgng hao kiet, phd nghidng dd lech Tae pham ttr eua dng hien ehi edn 03 bai, nam Ngdn ehi thi lap (Tap tho ndi chi), dd tieu bilu nhit la bai Thudng xudn, dieu Tdm vien xudn, mdt bai tukha dam da ban sac the loai "Thien thugng duong hoi, Nhan gian xuan chi Huu nhat phien tan Cai khai thai can khdn, 23 TAP CHi HAN NOM SO (95) - 2009 Thidu quang tie ue, Hudng duong quang thao, Sinh y ban ban Hdng san dao tai, Thanh khuy lieu nhan, Oanh huynh diep phac long tan phan Nhi tam tir, Ngd dao lai thi tiet, Phong quang kha nhan Gia ban mT canh luong thi Dye hanh lae tu cap thtr xuan Lieu van lieu van hoa huong, Hue hdng ty nhat trudng, Tien sT da cau, Bdi than thj yen, Cd lai lae sy thugng truydn van Kim tao phiing, Thanh thien ttr, Hanh dae tri than" (Dich nghTa: Khi duong ve trdi / Mtia xuan den nhan gian / Lai mdt phen ddi mdi / Xet le, trdi dat md van thai / Anh xuan ndng nan / Cd cay hudng ve vang thai duong / Bimg bimg siie sdng / Da dao phd sac sac hdng / Mat lieu he chdi xanh / Chim oanh thdi sao, lu budm danh nhip phaeh, miia rdn tung bimg / Cac vi / Gap tiet dep den / Phong canh say ldng ngudi /— Liic canh dep, thdi tiet tdt nhu the / Mudn hanh lae eho kip xuan / Hay hdi lieu biec, hdi huong hoa / Tay ao hdng nang chen rugu / Ciing vjnh cting ea cho vang tan lan may trang / Tien sT danh cau / Thj than hau yen / Nhung viec vui thud xua van truyen nghe / Nay gap gd / 24 PHAM VAN ANH Thanh thien tu / May dugc tidn than) Bai tur vilt hoan toan khdng tuan thii diing dieu thiic duge ttr phd ghi nhan, ed xu hudng tu hda Lai dting mdt sd ttr cua cd van nhu "cai", "nhj tam tir" Nhip tu' khoan nhat, liic diem tTnh cham chap, liic nhu hdi giye gia Canh sac dugc midu ta la eanh sac mtia xuan dep den "say ldng ngudi", eai eanh sac khidn ngudi ta khdng the hflng hd, mudn hudng lac nhan sinh, "hanh lae" "cho kjp xuan nay" Tuy nd chua dat miic day su hanh lac len nhu mdt thii tu tudng de ehdng lai tu tudng khae ki nhu kieu Nguyen Cdng Tni, nhung neu ndi eai "vdi vang" eua Xuan Dieu hinh nhu ed thap thoang d day thi cflng khdng phai la mdt su lien he khdng ed can cii Tieng vgng ttr chfl" ggi cho ngudi dge y thuong xuan tide xuan eua Thi tidn Li Bach "Cd ehi binh chiic da du du", hay cau tho dien Ndm y cd nhan kieu Nguyen Trai: "Tide xuan cam dude mang choi dem" Dan cai ngdn ttr cua cd van, lai ngu dugc cai tu cua cd nhan khien cho bai ttr vang vgng tidng ndi thiic giye hudng lae nhan sinh ma van ed chtmg myc va day trang trgng, diln nha; phong each ttr vtra cd y vi cua phai Hao phdng, vtra cd y vj cua phai Uyen udc Chi can mdt bai ttr Phimg Khic Khoan khdng mat di phong pham dai gia, du tu each la ttr nhan tien phong eho eae tur nhan thdi Le Trung va tham ehi cac giai doan sau Nhiing ngudn tu lieu cd the xae dinh ve nien dai cho thay the loai tur thdi Le so lugng chua nhieu, chua ed tur tap ehuyen biet'^', sang tac tir nam rai rac eac thi tap, xen vdi tho, hoac xen MQT SO NET CO BAN VE THE LOAI TU VIET NAM cac truyen Va, kha ban mdt chut, thi duge sang tac chum bai, hay dugc nhdm vao mdt mue rieng, dat theo mdt ten ggi khae eua ttr la "thi du" Ten ggi "thi du" vtra eho thay ttr la bd phan khae tho, khai niem tho khdng bao quat lgn duge nd vao trong, nhung ddng thdi, CO hd cflng la giri gam dd mdt quan niem coi ttr la bd phan cd phan thap kem ban tho'^' Trgng diem sang tae ttr thdi Le Trung roi vao khoang the ki XVIII vdi eae dai dien nhu: Doan Thi Diem, Dang Tran Cdn, Pham Nguyen Du, Nguyen Huy Oanh, Ngd Thi ST, Le Khae Vien Tren co ban, eac tac gia deu la nhflng ngudi cd quan he kha mat thiet vdi Tac gia ttr thdi deu la nhfl'ng ngudi ed hgc van sau sac Su trd lai eiia the loai ttr vao thdi Le Trung ed nhien khdng ed sy ke thira ttr truyen thdng ttr hgc Viet Nam Cac ngudn anh hudng dan din sy xuat hien trd lai cua the loai ttr thdi kha phiic tap: ngoai anh hudng eua Tdng ttr thdng qua sd hgc eua eac nha nho cdn cd anh hudng tur ngudn sach vd Trung Qude thdi Minh - Thanh truyin sang, hon nu'a ed ea nhflng tiep xiic true tiep vdi cac tac gia, tac pham ttr Trung Qude thdng qua viec di sii Sang tae ttr thdi Le Trung nhin chung sd lugng ehua Idn, ehua ed tu' tap rieng biet; tae pham tu' nam eac thi van tap va cae truydn, xen vdi tho, bj "ngap" tho Tuy quan niem cua eac tac gia, ngoai sy khae biet ve hinh thirc, ranh gidi gifl'a ttr va tho kha md nhat, xu hudng "thi hda" da cd nhflng dau hieu nhat djnh Mdi trudng tiep nhan khdng phu hgp eho mdt the thirc van chuong giai tri noi ea lau kT quan nen lien tyc mdt thdi gian dai ke tu' bai ttr dieu Nguyen lang quy eua Ngd Chan Luu va sau dd la bai Tdy giang nguyet eua Li Dao Tai, the loai tir vang bdng van hgc Viet Nam Sang thdi Le Trung hung, the loai ttr bat dau xuat hien trd lai Ttr ehd trai hon the ki chi ed mdt hai tae pham ttr, den day sd lugng tac pham it nhat da len tdi eon sd 73, vdi sy gdp mat cua tae gia Sy trd lai ay ed lien quan nhat djnh vdi sy thay ddi cua mdi trudng tiep nhan va quan niem van hgc Tuy nhien, ttr thyc te eac sang tac tir thdi Le Trung hung, ed the khang djnh rang thdi ehua ed tae gia nao thue sy danh nhieu tam huyet de dien tir, tac ttr, eung chua ed tac gia nao kha dT cd the coi la tur nhan thyc thy Giai doan giao thdi Tay Son Nguyen ghi nhan mdt hien tugng kha thu vj, dd la sy xuat hien eiia cac tae pham ttr viet bang Qude am - chu Ndm Trong truyen Ndm So kinh tdn trang, mdt tae pham giau mau sac ty truyen, tae gia Pham Thai da ldng ghep vao truyen bai ttr chii Ndm Trong ttr sir Viet Nam, theo khao sat cua chiing tdi cho din thdi diem nay, Pham Thai la tae gia nhat sang tae tu' bang ehu Ndm, va dd, sy xuat hien eae tae pham ttr Ndm So kinh tdn trang ed the tam coi la hien tugng vd tien khoang hau Khdng chi vay, dd deu la cac tac pham nghiem cin ve each luat, tinh dieu thiet tha, giau nhae tinh, xet ndi dung va hinh thirc nghe thuat deu dat den mirc hoan mT 25 TAP CHI HAN NOM SO (95) - 2009 Sang thdi Nguyen, sang tac tu nhidu hon ban tat ca eac tac pham ttr eua cae giai doan trudc Khdng tinh Cd dieu ngdm tir (theo nghien eiiu giam dinh eua chung tdi, la mdt ttr tap ngyy tao)'*', giai doan ehi it hien edn hai ttr tap, gdm: Mdng Mai tit lue ciia Dao Tan (Tuy nhien, theo nghien cuu giam dinh van ban cua chiing tdi, ttr tap ed Ian it nhat 38 tac pham tu eua Trung Qude)''' va Thuong Son lit lap eua Mien Tham''"' Ca hai tae gia khdng ehi chuyen viet tur, song vdi cae tir tap cdn lai, chiing td hg ed nhieu hiing thii va dyng edng sang tae, cd tu each la eac ttr nhan thyc thy Ben eanh dd, ed tae gia khdng ed ttr tap ehuyen biet, song da de lai mdt khdi lugng tac pham ttr phong phu Nhu trudng hgp tae gia Thidu Tuan'"', ben eanh cac tac pham tho, dng edn 75 bai ttr, dd khdng it bai dat den trinh xuat sac Sd lugng tae pham ttr eua rieng dng Idn hon toan bd cae tir pham hidn cdn tur thdi Tay Son trd ve trude PHAM VAN ANH Trgng Cung ludn diin lit thu (quyen 3) da de cap den mdt sd phuong dien nhat dinh cua thi loai ttr Cac bai hoac bay td quan diem ve vide sang tac tir, hoac ndi den cai khd cua vide dien ttr; ddi di vao nhflng khia eanh rat sau, chang ban ban den tinh chat hgp nhae eua ttr (nhu bai Thi tit hgp nhgc sd va Ddp chieu trdt tit, tide rang hieu bidt ve mdi quan he giflra ttr va nhae ciia tac gia edn qua nhieu ban ehd) Ngoai Thuang Scm ngogi tap edn ed bai tya Cd Due tit Mien Tham viet Bai khdng giau gia tri li luan nhung qua dd cflng cd the thay duge mdt sd quan niem eua tac gia viee tac ttr Tren co sd khao sat mdt each tdng the tyu tae ttr d Viet Nam ca ve phuong dien sang tac cung nhu li luan ttr hgc, de nhan thay, neu nhu d Trung Qude, ttr la the loai dae bidt phat trien thi trai lai, d Viet Nam, ttr khdng phat trien manh nhu mdt sd the loai khae, dae biet la eac the loai gan vdi khoa cir Sd dT cd hien tugng vi ttr vdn la the loai So vdi eac giai doan trudc, thdi Nguyen khdng chi ghi nhan su thudng "diem khoa", la thii van hgc hgp nhae, xuyen cua cae tae pham ttr ma cdn ghi gan lien ea Iau kT quan, vdi mdi trudng nhan su xuat hidn eua mdt sd tac pham giau chat am nhae va nii tinh Co sd cho ed tinh chat ttr thoai vdn trudc dd ehua sy phat trien eua nd la ddi sdng thi, dd d Viet Nam, dd thj khdng ttmg xuat hien phat trien manh Thdm ntra, d giai doan Sach Vl Dd hgp tap ciia Mien Trinh ttr edn tdng thude vao am nhae, ttr nhan cd nhae den mdt cudn Tit thogi cua Ttr khdng chi la ngudi nang van ma cdn Dy - tiic Nguyen Mien Khoan, ngudi phai rat sanh sdi ve am nhae mdi cd kha hoang toe nha Nguyen - song tide rang nang dien ttr Didu gay trd ngai rat cudn Tit thogi nay da that truyen Idn cho eae tir nhan Viet Nam Ndu nhu Hien cdn mdt sd bai viet (thudc ve cae d giai doan dau, vide sang tae tir tuan the sd, bat, thu, tu ) cd gia tri nhit dinh theo nguyen tac "tien nhae hau tir" (nhae ve ttr hgc Vi Dd hgp tap cua Mien Trinh trude ldi sau), "y dien ttr" (nuong cd cac bai: Thi tit hgp nhgc sd, Ddp nhae dien ldi), nghTa la viec sang tac tit chieu trat tir (quyen \),Tit tuyin bat, DH phai dya vao cac ban nhae (Ydn nhae) 26 MOT SO NET CO BAN VE THE LOAI TU VIET NAM ed sin, thi sau ttr nhae thit truyin, each luat eiia ttr duge khai quat hda cae sach tu' phd, vide tae ttr la "an phd dien tu'" (dua vao tur dl dien ldi), ed thuan lgi hon, song each luat cua tu' vdn phire tap, va lai khdng phai cung cd tir phd, vay vide tae ttr gap nhieu trd ngai Them vao dd, dudi thdi quan ehii, Viet Nam la nudc thuin ndng nghiep, kinh td dae biet kem phat trien, nha nho ve can ban deu cdt hgc de di thi, de lap than, tham gia vao ddi sdng quan lieu, lay vinh than phi gia la mye dich eho sy hgc, vay it ehu y den the loai ttr, vdn la the loai khdng thiet dyng eho cai hgc khoa ctr Xem y kien eua Pham Dan Khanh (ngudi thdi Nguyen) neu nhan nhan xet eho mye Dinh ehi sach Nghi Am sa hoc dinh thicc ciia Nhu Ba ST cd the thay cai hep hdi sd hgc cua nha nho: "Vide hgc d nude ta den nay, cai chi cd the biet dugc vay Ngoai cai hgc eir nghiep dang ma di thi ra, thi chi hudng khdng cd gi khae ntra; ngoai khoa bang ra, ehi hudng cua ngudi hgc khdng ki vgng vao dieu ehi khae Con em di hgc lay cai dd de ma djnh ehi; cha, thay eung lay dd de djnh chi eho cho trd Tieh tap thdi quen lau ngay, ngudi ta cflng chang cd y gi khae""^' Ngay nhu Mien Trinh ndi tieng la ngudi cd hgc van sau rdng, gidi tha van, dugc ca tyng la "Van nhu Sieu Quat vd tien Han / Thi dao Timg Tuy thit thinh Dudng" (Van nhu Sieu [Nguyen Van Sieu], Quat [Cao Ba Quat] hon tien Han / Tho den Tung [Thien Vuong Mien Tham], Tuy [Li Vuong Mien Trinh] vugt thjnh Dudng) eung khdng td la ngudi cd hieu biet ve the loai tir* ' "Hien dai ban" nhu Bui Ki, la ngudi thdng tudng eyu hgc (tu'ng thi Phd bang), ed trinh tan bgc (hgc trudng Phap, tham gia viet bao, giang day, vilt sach ) vay ma Qude vdn cu thi (Tan Viet Nam thu xa, Trung Bic tan van, H 1932) neu d eae the loai nhu tho, phii, dng td la ngudi bet sire am tudng thi phan viet ve the loai ttr, cd nhirng dieu cdn bat cap""' Thue tl dd eho thay, nha nho Viet Nam vdn khdng ed nhieu ngudi am hieu ve the loai ttr, va vide didn ttr, tae tir thyc khdng phai la sd trudng eua nha nho Viet Nam Dieu cflng giai thich tai eae tae gia ttr d Viet Nam hau nhu deu la nhtrng ngudi cd trinh dd hgc thirc cao, ed dja vi he thdng ehinh trj, ed quan he rdng rai vdi gidi khoa bang, ddng thdi ttrng sdng d nhung noi dd hdi Do ehd dung Ijch sir van hgc Viet Nam, tur khdng phai the loai cd nhieu tyu, vay nd khdng thu hilt sy ehu y eua gidi nghien ciiu Va vi vay, cho den thdi diem nay, hau nhu tat ea eae edng trinh, bai viet da cdng bd khdng du eho ngudi dge mdt eai nhin dti ehi la so gian ve the loai ttr van hgc trung dai Viet Nam Gan day, xu hudng nghien cim theo the loai van hgc cang duge chu trgng, hi vgng tuong lai khdng xa, vide nghien cim the loai ttr se ed nhiing bude tidn mdi P.V.A Chii thich: (1) Xem cae muc tir ciing ten Trung Qude tit hgc dgi tic dien (Chiet Giang Giao due xuat ban xa, 1996) Xem them thong ke ciia Tran Nggc Vuong - Dinh Thanh Hieu bai: Tic - mdt chitng logi 27 TAP CHi HAN NOM SO (95) - 2009 cdn it biet tdi {Nghien cuu Vdn hgc, sd 92002, tr.35-47) (2) Xem Than Dien Hi Nhat Lang (#3? -g- —^P, Nhat Ban): Nhdt Bdn dien tir sie Ban djch tieng Trung thogi { Q ^i^is\^ii ciia Trinh Uc Xuylt ^I'^p.^i va Cao Da Tuyet fft^f # , Bae Kinh Dai hgc xuat ban xa, Bic Kinh, 2000, tr.5-12 (3) Ly Giac ^ ^ : Trong cac thu tjeh cd Viet Nam, cd sach ghi la Nguyen Giac P.^^ Sd dT cd su khae biet nay, nha Tran thay nha Li nen hg Li bj ddi hg Nguyen (4) Le Tac: An Nam chi lugc (ban djch) Nxb Thuan Hda, Trung tam Van hda ngdn ngir Ddng Tay, H 2002, tr.72 (5) Xem tac pham cua Huyen Quang Li Dao Tai sach Tam td thuc luc (6) Theo mgt sd tu lieu, chang han Phan Huy Chii Lich trieu hien chuang logi chi cho biet: Luang Nhu Hoc (the ki XV) cd sach Cd kim che tir tap (-i"4"#'J^^) song sach nay da that truyen Co nha nghien ciru cho day la mgt tir tap Do sach da that truyen nen khdng cd dieu kien de kiem chung Tuy nhien neu chi dua vao ten sach, nhat la hai chir "che tir MW' chua du ca sd de cd the dam chac day la mgt tir tap Vi le chir "tir" cum ttr "che ttr" khdng phai chu "ttr" nghTa la the loai ttr Va lai ndi ve viec sang tac tir, gidi tir hgc cd kim thudng dting cae tir: dien tir, tae tir, y thanh, ehii khdng thay diing hai chir "che ttr" Trong trudng hgp nay, hai chii "che tir", theo chiing tdi chi cd nghTa la che tae van ttr Va vay, ten ggi Cd kim che tir tap cd nghTa la tap sach tap hgp cac tac pham van chuong cd kim Theo nghTa do, tac pham thue chat la mgt tdng tap, tuyen tap van hgc ndi chung, khdng phai la mgt tir tap Ket qua khao sat the loai tir 28 PHAM VAN ANH tir thi ki XV vl trudc ed thi lam minh chii'ng cho nhan djnh dd (7) Ngd Trugng Thuc: Tir hgc khdi thuyet Trung Hoa thu cue xuat ban, 2001, tr.34 (8) Xem Pham Van Anh: Cd dieu ngdm tir khdng phai tir tap ciia Viet Nam, Tgp chi Hdn Ndm so 3/2007 (9) Qua nghien ciiu giam djnh van ban, chiing tdi phat hien Mdng Mai tir luc hien cdn cd lan it nhit 38 tac pham tir ciia Trung Qude, thugc cac tac gia tir ndi tieng tir thdi Tdng den thdi Thanh (10) Thuang Scm tir tap ciia Mien Tham hien nudc khdng cdn May thay, cac sir gia Viet Nam, nhan di sir sang nha Thanh cd mang theo ttr tap de "khoe" vdi ngudi Trung Quoc, va nhd vay dugc hg ghi chep lai Xem Tran NghTa: The logi tir cua Trung Qude du nhdp vdo Viet Nam vd dnh hudng ciia nd ddi vdi vdn hgc bdn dia Tgp chi Hdn Ndm, so 5/2005, tr 14 (11) Thieu Tuan: hien ehua ro hanh trang Theo khao ciru ciia chiing tdi tren ea sd tac pham hien cdn cua dng, dng sdng eudi Le dau Nguyen, que tai xa Nhan Mue (lang Mgc nay), tirng di sir sang nha Thanh (12) Nguyen van la: " S ^ ^ ^ ^ , ^#" (13) Xem ngi dung cac bai: Thi tit hgp nhgc sd, Ddp chieu trdt tir, Tir tuyen bgl, DH Trgng Cung ludn dien tir thu quyen va quyen sach Vi Dd hgp tap (14) Trong sach Qude vdn cu the eua Btii Ki cd danh mgt sd trang de viet ve ttr - khuc nhung phan viet vl dac trung the loai khdng nhieu, chii yeu la dan cac vi du minh hga MOT SO NET CO BAN VE THE LOAI TU O VIET NAM Trong sd vi du ve tir - khuc ma tac gia dua chi cd mgt bai thugc thi tir, theo dieu Hdnh Id nan (dieu it gap) Dieu Hdnh Id nan cdn cd cac ten ggi kbac la Mai hoa ddn, Tieu mai hoa, Tuang tien tiru, Bdn dd lgc, sach tren khdng hieu tac gia trich dan theo ngudn tu lieu nao, chi biet rang tac pham trich dan khdng dung the thiic cua dieu ttr dugc ttr phd ghi nhan Ve dac trung the loai, mgt doan van ngan ddng, thdng tin tac gia cung cap it nhat da sai diem can ban Cho rang: "Ldi tir - khiic ctia Tau cd nhieu dieu, song deu la bien the cua cd thi ca", each hieu nhu vay ma hd, dudng nhu chi can eii vao hinh thirc ciia the tir va the khuc dan den nhan djnh sai ve nguon goc the loai Lai ndi: "Tuy mdi mgt khuc CO mgt ten rieng, song cd the ggi tdm lai la Trite chi tit, dat cau dai ngan, nhieu it khdng CO luat nhat djnh" Ttr va khiic deu cd nhieu dieu kbac True chi tir chi la mgt may ngan the thirc khae cua ttr, hem niia cung khdng phai the thirc dac trung cho Idi cau "dai ngan khdng ddng diu" (trudng doan cu), vi the chua tirng cd tac gia nao dting ten dieu Trite chi tir lam ten ggi chung cho the loai ttr, hudng chi la ca the tu va the khue! Tir va khuc cd nhieu dieu, mdi dieu cd each luat rieng Ve the loai tir, cac dieu deu cd quy djnh rat chat che, chat che den mirc khat khe (irng vdi timg doan - phien, cau, chir), eae cau dai ngan khdng ddng deu khdng phai la dai ngan mgt each ngau hirng (kieu tha tu do), ma la su dai ngan irng vdi nhirng dieu cu the, bat huge phai tuan thii su quy djnh ciia nhae khiie hay tir pho, vay khdng CO cai dugc ggi la "nhieu it khdng co each luat nhat djnh" Sau dan cac vi du ve ttr - khiic Trung Qude, tac gia dan them mgt sd vi du ve "ca khiic cua ta", nhu khiic Nam ai, Hdnh vdn, Kim lien, Tir dgi cdnh tien hanh so sanh mgt vai diem ve cau chir, vj tri gieo van rdi di den ket luan: "Ndi tdm lai, ldi ttr khuc ciia Tau va ciia ta co the cho la Cling chung mgt gdc Tuy nhirng bai dan de lam thi du nhu tren nay, chua gom dugc dii het cac ldi, song nhan day ma suy rong dai khai cung tuang tir nhu het ca" The loai tir ddi tir yen nhae, cac "ea khiic ctia ta" nhu tren day ddi tir dau? Ta khdng dung cdng tim hieu, chi biet chac ehan khdng ddi ttr yen nhae Qua each trinh bay cua tae gia cd the thay cac kiln thirc ve the loai tir sach duge viet thdng qua kinh nghiem hay mgt each "cam" nao dd han la qua sy khao ciru thuc sy, vi the su md ta ve the loai va mgt sd ket luan cd manh dan nhung khdng tranh khdi sai lam./ 29 ... nho Viet Nam vdn khdng ed nhieu ngudi am hieu ve the loai ttr, va vide didn ttr, tae tir thyc khdng phai la sd trudng eua nha nho Viet Nam Dieu cflng giai thich tai eae tae gia ttr d Viet Nam hau... ttr thdi Le la Phung Khae Khoan, dai thin thdi Le Trung hung, mdt ngudi ludn mang minh khat vgng hao kiet, phd nghidng dd lech Tae pham ttr eua dng hien ehi edn 03 bai, nam Ngdn ehi thi lap (Tap... chua nhieu, chua ed tur tap ehuyen biet'^', sang tac tir nam rai rac eac thi tap, xen vdi tho, hoac xen MQT SO NET CO BAN VE THE LOAI TU VIET NAM cac truyen Va, kha ban mdt chut, thi duge sang tac