PROPOSE SOLUTIONS TO INTEGRATE REDUCING EMISSION FROM

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY NGUYEN THI THU HANG PROPOSE SOLUTIONS TO INTEGRATE REDUCING EMISSION FROM DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION (REDD+) IN THE PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FORESTS IN NA RI DISTRICT - BAC KAN PROVINCE BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : 2010-2015 Thai Nguyen, 15/ 01/2015 Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program : Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name : Nguyen Thi Thu Hang Student ID : DTN1053110070 Thesis Title : Propose Solutions to Integrate Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in the Protection and Development of Forests in Na Ri District - Bac Kan Province Supervisor : Dr Tran Thi Thu Ha ABSTRACT Price sensitivity of forest conservation can turn into a very efficient way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and that is why efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and reduce forest degradation (REDD+) has been integrated to enhance forest carbon stocks available Bac Kan conditions suitable for building distribution of benefits systems under REDD+ because of large areas of degraded forest and if regeneration, it can quickly absorb carbon, and soil conservation water Bac Kan province is considered as the potential to implement REED+ The research was carried out in Na Ri district of Bac Kan province Through the results achieved from data collection, actual survey and data analyzing, this research points out that the total forest area of Na Ri is about 74,700 accounted for 88% of total area of district, it has the potential to sell carbon credits The coverage is high but the quality still low due to mostly of forest area is plantation forest The impacts and main causes of forest degradation are also mentioned here Due to forest degradation, people’s life and ecological i environment are at risk, they have to face to natural disaster, climate change and worse ecological environment The main causes of this situation are: the income of local people is still low and unstable; the management is weak From those, I propose some solutions to integrate REDD+ in the protection and development of forest here such as: planning, technical, administrative, economic and propaganda measures by using SFM as overall framework and continuing strengthened the protection and management of forest in Na Ri These results can help communities realize more clearly the serious impact of forest degradation and loss of forest, also for the people to understand the main causes leading to undesirable changes in climate And understand their part of the responsibility for preventing, responding to and mitigating the effects of climate change To themselves every individual, every organization in the community to build their self-consciousness in the prevention, mitigation and coping with the consequences of deforestation and forest degradation brought To minimize, the significant loss of life and property as a result of climate change in the coming years Especially for those individuals, the region, the region suffered a direct result of it, the need to enhance vigilance and construction measures to minimize the damage : REDD+, forest degradation, solutions, integrate, Keywords protection Number of pages Date : 50 of : January 15, 2015 Submission ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT To accomplish this thesis, I would like to thank the teachers in Centre of International Training and Development, as well as the teachers in the Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry have dedicated teaching and communicated to me the valuable knowledge during study time in the university I beg to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Dr Tran Thi Thu Ha, she was devoted to guide, and help me in the process of implementing this projects and writing graduation reports Finally, with deep gratitude, I sincerely send to my family and friends who helped me a lot mentally and physically to complete the academic program and graduation reports In the process of implementing thesis, by my experience and knowledge are limited so inevitable errors and defects I look forward to the participation feedback from teachers and students to my thesis to be more complete and can be widely applied in practice I sincerely thank you! Thai Nguyen, January 15, 2015 Student Nguyen Thi Thu Hang iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii LIST OF FIGURES v LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale .1 1.2 Research’s Objectives .4 1.3 Research questions and hypotheses 1.4 Limitations 1.5 Definitions PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Sustainable development and Sustainable forest management .6 2.2 Overview of REDD+ 10 2.3 Characteristics of Bac Kan province and Na Ri district 14 PART III METHODS 21 3.1 Materials 21 3.2 Methods 23 PART IV RESULTS 26 4.1 Current status of forest in Na Ri district in the period of 2009-2014 26 4.2 Impacts and main causes of forest degradation 35 4.3 Proposing Solutions to Integrate REDD+ in the Protection and Development of Forests in Na Ri District 39 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 43 5.1 Discussion 43 5.2 Conclusion 45 REFERENCES 46 APPENDICES 49 iv LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1: Barbier’s integrated approach to sustainable development Figure 2.2: Administrative map of Na Ri District 18 Figure 4.1: Graph of the forest area proportion by districts in total forest area 28 of Bac Kan province Figure 4.2: Synthesis of forest cover in Na Ri District 29 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: The variation in forest area Vietnam during 1943-2012 Table 2.1: Variation of forest resources Bac Kan period 1999-2012 14 Table 2.2: Land use situation in Bac Kan 15 Table 2.3: Area of forest and non-forested land by types of forest in Bac Kan 15 Table 4.1: Land Use situation in Na Ri District 26 Table 4.2: Forest area by function of Na Ri District 28 Table 4.3: Summary the current situation of forest land allocation as a result 31 of the review in Na Ri District Table 4.4: Area of forest land by the state of Na Ri district 32 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CPC Commune People's Committee DARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development FPD Forest Protection Department GHGs Greenhouse Gases MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development NP National Park NR Nature Reserve PCI Provincial Competitiveness Index REDD+ Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SFM Sustainable Forest Management SUF Special use forest UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UN-REDD REDD+ program of United Nations WCED World Commission on Environment and Development vi PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale Vietnam’s tropical forests are important both for environmental services and values and for forest products However, Vietnam’s forest heritage has been severely undermined by forest loss and degradation The annual loss of natural forests in Vietnam is around 100,000 (MARD, 2000) This loss has a wide range of social, economic, and environmental impacts These problems include the so-called downstream impacts – those felt in the lowlands, whose environmental health (for example water and soil) depends so much on the ecological processes of the highlands (GoV, 2005) The area of forest land in our country in 2012 was 13.9 million hectares, accounting for 40.7% of land natural (Ha, 2007) Forest area was increasing during many last decades but natural forest area was continuing decrease that leads to forest degradation/environmental degradation Furthermore, in recent years, due to the many reasons, subjective forests of our country have been severely reduced in quality of forests It is also a reason of increasing green house gases emission The decline of forest resources first expresses and clarifies through the decline in the area Previously most of Vietnam country covered by forest, but only about a century, heavily degraded forest In colonial times, many large tracts of land in the South have been cleared to grow coffee, rubber, tea and some other crops By the mid-twentieth century, almost the jungles of the Red River Delta, a large part of the Mekong Delta with forests on the coastal lowlands have been cleared for cultivation and building villages At this point the remaining forest covers of 43% of natural land Thirty years of war followed by a period in which Vietnam's forests were shrinking rapidly More than 80 million liters of herbicides and 13 million tons of bombs with over 25 million hole bombs, incendiary bombs, along with the giant bulldozers destroyed more than million hectares of tropical forest types (FPD, 2012) Table 1: The variation in forest area Vietnam during 1945-2012 Unit: million Year 1945 1976 1985 1995 2005 2009 2010 2011 2012 Type of forest Total area of 14.3 11.2 9.9 9.3 12.7 13.2 13.4 13.5 13.9 Natural Forest 14.3 11.1 9.3 8.3 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.4 Plantation Forest 0.0 0.1 0.6 1.0 2.5 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.4 Coverage (%) 43 33.8 30 28.2 28.0 39.1 39.5 39.7 40.7 forest Source: Forest Protection Department, 2014 Although forest cover has increased quickly in the last ten years, in general this has only occurred in production forest land as a result of natural regeneration after shifting cultivation, or of plantation establishment on bare-hill land (de Jong et al., 2006) The quality of such regeneration forest is very low (GoV, 2005) Moreover, the old growth natural forests, which account for only 6% of the total forest area of Vietnam and are reserved as conservation forests, are still threatened, and continue to be lost through illegal logging (Ha, 2007) The protection and special use forest categories are located in the most environmentally vulnerable places, where this loss would lead to serious threats to ecological systems such as loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and loss of catchment values The maintenance and restoration of upland forests are critical to these functions, but have not yet been realized Thus, the uplands of Vietnam remain in a situation of continuing forest loss, of a degrading environment, and of poverty Bac Kan province was chosen as one of six pilot provinces participated cooperation Programme of the United Nations on "Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, sustainable management of forest resources, conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in Vietnam” And Na Ri was also chosen as one of pilot districts to implement REDD+ program Therefore, we need to find the causes and solutions for forest protection Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is a mechanism being designed to provide financial rewards to forest owners and users Under the mechanisms, countries will measure and monitor the emissions of CO2 resulting from deforestation and degradation within their borders Derived from the pressing issues above, entitled “Propose solutions to integrate Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in the protection and development of forests in Na Ri district - Bac Kan province” to define the causes of forest degradation then propose solutions to integrate REDD+ in the protection and development of forests in Na Ri District of Bac Kan province The result of this study could be useful to local managers and policy makers to make decision how to integrate REED+ in the forest protection and development plan as long-term strategy toward sustainable forest management Therefore, the Kim Hy Nature Reserve is currently "butchered" a blatant way by the loggers Trees still down! On an area of less than 500m2 in the areas of limestone forests in Che Co village, Con Minh commune, there are 12 trees gnashing, mulberry trees and one indigo was cut The new clenched trees are cut longer still red, green leaf For every grinding cut, dragging on a number of other trees fallen, flora around almost disappeared completely Due to low income from forest, people's life is difficult, they willing to deforest to earn money and improve their daily life According to Che Co villagers, every clenched cut, often cut into cubes of 20 cm thick, width of 45-60 cm, sold 150000 VND/cube, if shipping to the forest gate about 180000 VND, and shipped out to the road cars cost 220000 VND/cube, because of high profits, many locals were associated with illegal loggers The object of extraction, transportation, purchase, sale of illegal timber is mainly local people living within the core area of the reserve They are poor, little arable land, livelihood relies on the forest After 2010, the program 661 ended, local residents no longer benefit from the resource forest protection contracts, so life was more difficult Forest ranger force was thin, the arrangement of the local forest ranger station, the forest gate station is irrational, yet often barred the critical sites Responsibility for performing their duties of some staff Ranger is not high, especially in the Ranger staffs take charge of not stick to regular patrols 37 assigned to geographical areas; Qualifications, work capacity is limited, low effectiveness; The detection of slow deforestation, not timely prevented Protected area management boards and CPC are not capable of managing and protecting forest areas assigned Local commune authorities have not fully aware of the responsibility to manage the state of forests and forest management in the province, not only drastically departments, associations of communes actively collaborated with the rangers’ forest and agencies in preventing and handling objects deforestation, where there is manifest cover, or dodge, afraid collision The coordination between the force function as Ranger, Police, Army and local governments are not closely synchronized, effectively preventing and handling is not high, not dismantling the top smuggled sugar wire timber trade in the province Due to the mountainous province, rocky forest terrain is common, far away from residential areas; some rare types of wood are also more than other forest types, notably wood group I, II as Nails, Lim…, the current management of these forests also faces difficulties Although the local government has made great efforts in the management and protection of forests, but to thoroughly solve the status of illegal logging is still difficult issues According to authorities, population in the highland farm land cultivated by little each year should still rely on the forest for logging and non-timber forest products to address their daily needs, plus the profit made from wood brought to the state illegal forest exploitation complicated Moreover, the 38 district also has a large area of forest land should not be allocated, so forest degradation has occurred due to the situation "everybody's business is nobody's business" From the fact that the logging behavior in Bac Kan province is still complicated and increasingly sophisticated as the offenders were conducted sawn wood at night, on holidays, fitted reducing sound pipe into the exhaust of sawing gas in order to avoid detection by authorities On the other hand, forests and forest land are vast, complex terrain, far from downtown; transportation is difficult, and rangers are thin, so the exploitation and illegal transport still occurs in the direction of the complex, increasingly sophisticated tricks 4.3 Proposing Solutions to Integrate REDD+ in the Protection and Development of Forests in Na Ri District To adapt with local circumstances, in the forest sector, mitigation strategies in the forest sector can be grouped into four main categories: reducing emissions from deforestation; reducing emissions from forest degradation; enhancing forest carbon sinks; and product substitution From these above tables (table 3, 4, 5) we can see, the area of forest land has the ability to integrate REDD+ payments for environmental services help increase revenue for forest management people are great, so the program payments for environmental services (PES)/REDD+ will be expected to contribute to the protection of this valuable forest Using SFM as an overall framework which helps ensure that adaptation and mitigation measures are synergistic and balanced with other forest management 39 objectives and take into consideration the economic, social and environmental values of forests This research provides guidance on what forest managers should consider in assessing vulnerability, risk, mitigation options, and actions for adaptation, mitigation and monitoring in response to climate change Recommended actions for climate change adaptation address impacts on: forest productivity; biodiversity; water availability and quality; fire; pests and diseases; extreme weather events; sea-level rise; and economic, social and institutional considerations A range of mitigation actions is provided, along with guidance on the additional monitoring and evaluation that may be required in forests in the face of climate change To monitor and manage the area of forest, some solutions were proposed as we need to have the following measures: Planning measures; Technological measures; Administrative measures; Economic measures; Propaganda measures In addition, to protect forests we should continue to be strengthened and innovated, including the form, content dissemination Protection Law and developed forest deep in the masses of bordering communes Strengthen coordination between the Ranger, Police, Army and local governments Aggressive raids dismantled the line, gangs mining, transporting illegal timber constant In the long run the entire limestone forest to set up a project granted by competing people management mechanisms and policies must be consistent benefit for people with food or participating in forest protection delivery Having 40 support policies for the people participated in protect forests especially in local, stabling life for people living near the forest, creating jobs, developing socioeconomy, giving advances science and technology into manufacturing, building economic models poverty alleviation improve the lives of people, the new restrictions status of illegal logging areas bordering forest Moreover, based on experience drawn implementation of Phase I of the UN-REDD program, to conduct effective and timely Phase II, need to implement the following solutions First, continue to improve the technical capacity of the measurement, report and verify the implementation of REDD+ to conduct an investigation, surveying the forest support to calculations, determine the amount of carbon, and determine the amount of emissions of forests and the results will be verified by an independent third organization, public information with a transparent management system Secondly, ensure the sustainability of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, because forests are threatened by logging and non-timber forest products Protection and development efficiency, sustainable response to climate change was devastated by natural disasters, converted to uses other so REDD+ projects must demonstrate and ensure complementarily of resources forest, showing the difference in value (benefit) than when REDD+ projects are not conducted Thirdly, build the benefit of transparency, openness of many forest types, many participants in the management and protection of forests, ensuring the 41 sets of problems: (i) Organizing and managing REDD+; (ii) Organization of payment services for REDD+; (iii) Monitoring for REDD+ Fourthly, ensuring to prevent and reduce emissions shifted location Fifthly, ensure the effectiveness of the monitoring system This is a challenge for monitoring carbon stocks under very difficult households in Vietnam because many households forest management but limited capacity, leading to difficulty in sharing the benefits of the application of REDD+ measures on individuals and colleges involved in the project Sixthly, need to coordinate between agencies and units involved in the project, between central and local donors, between agriculture and rural development and environmental resources Integrating REDD+ policy development at both the macro and micro levels Seventhly, strengthen the organization soon at all levels of state management in forestry from the central to local levels to facilitate and promote the role of local governments (especially commune) in the management and protection and development of forests Eighthly, promote the socialization of the forest to make significant changes in delivery schedule of forest land, overcoming many local organizations were not brave enough for natural forests and plantations community villages, households and individuals to promote REDD+ implementation 42 PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion When integrate REDD+ to the management, protection and sustainable use, we have to implement activities of protecting existing forests, conserving biodiversity, improving coverage and price value of forests, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, to improve people’s life, decrease forest degradation, increase the ability of forest about absorbing carbon, and conserving soil as well as water resources in the research area Through the methods of data collection, actual survey and data analyzing, this research points out that: - The total forest area of Na Ri is about 74,700 accounted for 88% of total area of district, it has the potential to sell carbon credits The coverage is high but the quality is low due to most of forest area is plantation and restoration forest Besides, forest degradation still occurs in the district although district Party has many efforts to minimize this situation - The impacts and main causes of forest degradation are also mentioned here Due to forest degradation, people’s life is at risk, they have to face to natural disaster, climate change and worse ecological environment The main causes of this situation are: the income of local people based on forest is still low and unstable; the management of local government is weak and natural disaster 43 - From those causes above, some solutions are proposed to integrate REDD+ in the protection and development of forest here such as improving the planning, technical, administrative, economic and propaganda measures by using SFM as overall framework In addition, we should continue to be strengthened and innovated the protection and management of forest to ensure the implementation of REDD+ From the results above, some recommendation are suggested as follow: - The project research only focused on a small scale and duration of the study is limited while the potential impact of deforestation on Bac Kan in particular and all of the country in general is very serious and needs further research - Based on the obtained results from the research process, the respectfully request is that the leaders should pay close attention over the management and protection of forests in Na Ri district in particular and in general for Bac Kan province to have measures to promptly respond and mitigate the effects of deforestation for the people - There are needed more funds from various sources and local governments and will have more policy supporting to local people, especially the poor to protect and develop forests in order to improve people's lives and their income that contribute to poverty reduction in district area 44 5.2 Conclusion This research has been initially identified forest area, the management and protection of forest in Na Ri district as well as the impacts and causes of deforestation Since then identify existing problems and propose solutions to integrate REDD+ into managing and protecting forest and sustainable development of forests, contribute to improving people's lives Besides, from the obtained results, the research also contributes to determine the direction to implement REDD+ replicated throughout the province and the country The results achieved also can help communities realize more clearly the serious impact of forest degradation, and for the people to understand the main causes leading to undesirable changes in climate and their part of the responsibility for preventing, and mitigating the effects of climate change To themselves every individual, every organization in the community to build their self-consciousness in the prevention, mitigation and coping with the consequences of deforestation and forest degradation brought To minimize, the significant loss of life and property as a result of climate change in the coming years Especially for those individuals, the region, the region suffered a direct result of it, the need to enhance vigilance and construction measures to minimize the damage 45 REFERENCES Article in collective work Barbier, E.B (1987) The concept of sustainable economic development, Environmental Conservation, 14(2): 101-111 DARD of Bac Kan province (2014) Framework outline: “Building programme of action for greenhouse gas emission reduction from deforestation and forest degradation (PRAP) Bac Kan period 2014 – 2020”, Management Board of UNREDD program phase II of Bac Kan province, 2014 de Jong, W., Do, D.S and Trieu, V.H (2006) Forest Rehabilitation in Vietnam: Histories, realities and future, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor Ferguson, I.S (1996) Sustainable Forest Management, Oxford University Press, Melbourne Forestry department of Bac Kan (2012) Inventory report Gonzalez, P., Hassan, R., Lakyda, P., McCallum, I., Nilsson, S., Pulhin, J., van Rosenburg, B and Scholes, B (2005) Forest and woodland systems, in Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current state and trends - findings of the condition and trends working group, eds R Hassan, R Scholes and N Ash, Island Press, Washington, pp 585-621 Ha, T.T.T (2007) Contesting policies: rural development in Vietnam, in Doi Moi in the Mountains Higman, S., Mayers, J., Bass, S., Judd, N and Nussbaum, R (eds) (2005) The Sustainable Forestry Handbook: A practical guide for tropical forest managers on implementing new standards, Earthscan, London 46 ITTO (1992) Criteria for the Measurement of Sustainable Tropical Forest Management, ITTO Policy Development Series 3, International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO), Yokohama 10 MARD ( 2000) Ho So Nganh Lam Nghiep (Vietnam Forestry Profile), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Vietnam, Hanoi (in Vietnamese) 11 MCPFE (1993) Resolution H1: General guidelines for the sustainable management of forests in Europe, Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe, 16-17 June 1993 in Helsinki 12 UN-REDD program (2010) The UN-REDD ProgrammeStrategy 2011-2015, The United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries 13 Upton, C and Bass S (1995) The Forest Certification Handbook, Earthscan, London 14 WB (2004) Sustaining Forests: A development strategy, The World Bank, Washington, D.C 15 WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987) Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK 16 Wiersum, K.F (1995) 200 years of sustainability in Forestry: lessons from history, Environmental Management, 19 (3): 321-329 Internet resource 17 FAO (2008) Forests and climate change (27 March 2006) Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/NEWSROOM/EN/focus/2006/1000247/index.html (Accessed on 23/07/2014) 18 FPD (2012) The status decline of forest resources in Vietnam, “Tieu luan Hien trang suy giam tai nguyen rung o Viet Nam” Retrieved from 47 http://doc.edu.vn/tai-lieu/tieu-luan-hien-trang-suy-giam-tai-nguyen-rung-o-vietnam-36034/ (Accessed on 11/08/2014) 19 Lac Viet Informatics Corporation (2014) Na Ri District Retrieved from http://mobile.coviet.vn/detail.aspx?key=huy%E1%BB%87n+Na+R%C3%AC&t ype=A0 (Accessed on 04/12/2014) 20 GoV (2005) National Report to the Fifth Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests, Government of Vietnam, Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/forests/pdf/national_reports/unff5/vietnam.pdf (Accessed on March 2007) 21 PCI (2011) Lao Cai va Bac Ninh “vuot vu mon”ngoan muc Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Vietnam Retrieved from http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_K%E1%BA%A1n (Accessed on 11/01/2015) 48 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Fieldwork itinerary in Na Ri - Bac Kan No Time/ where Activities Primary fieldwork: 8/10/2014 – 18/10/2014 1.1 8/10-10/10/2014  Undertaking general surveys and establishing a network for the research from local to national levels 1.2 11/10/201415/10/2014  Collecting general information/data in the case study villages (economic-social, forest resources and environmental issues)  Testing a set of questionnaires for informants 1.3 16/1018/10/2014  Collected GIS database of forest cover and land use during different periods (first time) Main Fieldwork : 25/10-05/11/2014 2.1 25/10-  Group discussions and village meetings 30/10/2014  Interviewing key informants at different levels (village, commune, district, provincial levels)  Data collection from quadrant and round sample plots  Transect surveys 2.2 1-5/11/2014  Collecting secondary data/documentations  Checking GIS database in the fields Final cross-checking: 13/11-9/12/2014 3.1 13/11-  Checking GIS database in the fields 23/11/2014  Checking and update missing information in the field 1-9/12/20014  Further update secondary data 3.2 49 Appendix 2: Inventory data before processing and analysing Table 2.1: Summary of current use of forest land according to review result of Na Ri District Number of While No Commune household Total were area of granted Land area Assigned certificates not land area of land use assigned Number forest Production Protection of villages land forest forest SUF Ân Tình 2038.30 1207.75 0.00 830.55 318.79 70.00 1719.51 Lương Thành 1435.60 1287.46 148.14 0.00 904.67 496.00 530.93 Kim Hỷ 10 7227.30 3390.55 0.00 3836.75 2003.06 373.00 5224.24 Kim Lư 13 4209.30 2359.84 1849.16 0.00 1291.77 685.00 2917.53 Lạng San 13 2784.30 2001.27 444.04 338.99 530.00 275.00 2254.30 Lương Hạ 1516.60 1516.60 0.00 0.00 1032.80 476.00 483.80 Lương Thượng 3171.80 2228.84 166.37 776.59 1518.10 314.00 1653.70 Quang Phong 16 3966.60 2941.71 1024.89 0.00 1269.21 350.00 2697.39 Văn Học 1343.60 1343.60 0.00 0.00 726.18 423.00 617.42 10 Văn Minh 12 3629.30 3377.64 251.66 0.00 1714.60 564.00 1914.70 50 11 Vũ Loan 16 7785.80 7086.57 699.23 0.00 3063.90 619.00 4721.90 12 Côn Minh 16 5624.20 1870.03 0.54 3653.63 573.79 221.00 5050.41 13 Yến Lạc 15 183.13 183.13 0.00 0.00 76.33 173.00 106.80 14 Cư Lễ 15 5250.40 3584.03 1666.37 0.00 1600.30 440.00 3650.10 15 Cường Lợi 1275.10 1275.10 0.00 0.00 647.01 422.00 628.09 16 Đổng Xá 13 7201.10 4102.85 3098.25 0.00 2268.12 536.00 4932.98 17 Dương Sơn 17 3383.20 2700.19 683.01 0.00 1952.01 681.00 1431.19 18 Hảo Nghĩa 12 2087.80 1328.25 759.55 0.00 774.55 471.00 1313.25 19 Hữu Thác 14 2184.00 1815.62 368.38 0.00 1082.44 615.00 1101.56 20 Lam Sơn 10 1553.10 1335.68 217.42 0.00 989.19 548.00 563.91 21 Liêm Thủy 4138.90 3088.48 1050.42 0.00 1997.52 573.00 2141.38 22 Xuân Dương 13 2799.80 2516.36 283.44 0.00 1567.75 746.00 1232.05 Total 258 74789.23 52244.85 12710.90 9436.50 27902.09 10071.00 46887.14 51 [...]... United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries (UN-REDD Programme) was created in September 2008 to assist developing countries to build capacity to reduce emissions and to participate in a future REDD+ mechanism For the purpose of this strategy, REDD+ refers to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation... and feedback from countries and other partners, the Programme has increased its funding base and the number of participating countries The Programme is responsive to country needs, and is prepared to support the transformation in the forest sector and other sectors that impact land use in developing country economies needed to achieve readiness for REDD+ The Programme is also responsive to the REDD+... of the United Nations on "Reducing 12 emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, sustainable management of forest resources, conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in Vietnam "(referred to the UN-REDD Vietnam phase II) The objective of the program is to enhance the capacity of relevant agencies at the national and provincial so Vietnam can benefit from the payment based on the... province? - What are the impacts and causes of forest degradation? - How to integrate REDD+ in the protection and development of forest in Na Ri District of Bac Kan province? Research Contents - Current status of forest management and forest protection in Na Ri district - Impacts and causes of forest degradation - Proposed solutions to integrate REED+ in Na Ri district of Bac Kan province 1.3 Limitations... forest carbon stocks in developing countries (UN-REDD, 2010) The goal of significantly reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation can best be achieved through a strong global partnership to create a REDD+ mechanism under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Such a partnership must be based on a commitment, on one hand, by developing countries to embark on... being integrated for the benefit of the current generation and future generations This integrated approach, as illustrated in Figure 1, is the most important aspect of the concept of sustainable development as it has been continually amended since the late 1980s These parts of the concept of sustainability apply to forests as much as to other ecosystems 6 Figure 2.1: Barbier’s integrated approach to sustainable... Environment and Development However, as Upton and Bass (1995) noted, there were no legal regulations to bind any authoritative statement of forest principles which aimed to contribute to the management, conservation and sustainable development of forests; they also noted the need to set relevant standards for forest use A more comprehensive definition emerged from the Helsinki Process, as follows Sustainable... forests, biodiversity, infrastructure, socioeconomic related to land and forest: - Gathering documents at provincial level as maps, data, reports on forest monitoring programs; documents, maps, economic data - social; monitoring and management of forest resources from 2003 to 2014; land use planning, land allocation, during the period 2015 to 2020 - Gathering information and data at the district and... villagers from year to year (after land allocation)? 5) What have been changes in village rules concerning forest utilization since Renovation Policies? 6) Is it getting more difficult to utilize/obtain a new forest area? 24 4 Opportunities and constraints to integrate REDD+ in the protection and development of forest in Na Ri 1) What are opportunities? 2) What are constraints? 3) What are recommendations to. .. clearly the serious impact of forest degradation, also for the people to understand the main causes leading to undesirable changes in climate, and understand their part of the responsibility for preventing, responding to and mitigating the effects of climate change To themselves every individual, every organization in the community to build their self-consciousness in the prevention, mitigation and coping ... turn into a very efficient way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and that is why efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and reduce forest degradation (REDD+) has been integrated to enhance... deforestation and degradation within their borders Derived from the pressing issues above, entitled Propose solutions to integrate Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+)... be grouped into four main categories: reducing emissions from deforestation; reducing emissions from forest degradation; enhancing forest carbon sinks; and product substitution From these above