Nhằm giúp sinh viên biết cách tính toán các thông số, giúp sinh viên học lý thuyết tốt và nắm vững các công thức tính toán cũng như kiểm nghiệm bền, đảm bảo cho một chiếc xe vận hành và hoạt động tốt.
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2t2h2 c2 2h2i2ầ-n2 ó-c2 2c2h2ỗ- 2t2r2 Ă n2g2 ú2 ũ2i2 2h2ẽ-i2 Ơ-t2 2n2 -c2 2c2Đ-n2 2p2h2Ê-i2 2c2ú2 2m2-t2 -i2 2n2g2i 2c2ỏ2n2 2b2- 2c2ụ2n2g2 2n2h2õ2n2 2k2ự- 2t2h2u2-t2 2c2ú2 2t2r2ỡ2n2h2 - 2v22 2t2a2y2 2n2g2h22 2c2a2o2 2H2i2-u2 2r2ừ2 i2-u2 ú2 2t2r2 í-n2g2 H2S2P2K2T2 2V2i2n2h2 2k2h2ụ2n2g2 2n2g2ở-n2g2 2p2h2ỏ2t2 2t2r2i2-n2 2v22 2n2õ2n2g2 2c2a2o2 2c2h2Ơ-t2 2l2 ó-n2g2 2o2 2t2Ă-o2 -i2 2n2g2i 2c2ỏ2n2 2b2-,2 2c2ụ2n2g2 2n2h2õ2n2 2c2ú2 2t2a2y2 2n2g2h2- 2v22 2t2r2ỡ2n2h2 - 2c2a2o2 2m22 2c2ũ2n2 2o2 2t2Ă-o2 2v2-i2 2s2ẹ- 2l2 ó-n2g2 ụ2n2g2 Ê-o2 ỏ2p2 2ộ-n2g2 2n2h2u2 2c2Đ-u2 2n2g2u2ể-n2 2n2h2õ2n2 2l2ủ-c2 2c2h2o2 Ơ-t2 2n2 -c2.2 2K2h2i2 a2n2g2 2c2ũ2n2 2l22 2m2-t2 2s2i2n2h2 2v2i2ờ2n2 2t2r2o2n2g2 2t2r2 í-n2g2 2c2h2ỳ2n2g2 2e2m2 ó-c2 2p2h2õ2n2 2c2ụ2n2g2 2t2h2ủ-c2 2h2i2ầ-n2 ể- 2ỏ2n2 T2ớ2n2h2 2t2o2ỏ2n2 2k2-t2 2c2Ơ-u2 -n2g2 2c2Ă ẹ-t2 2t2r2o2n2g2 2 õ2y2 2l22 2m2-t2 i2-u2 2k2i2ầ-n2 2r2Ơ-t2 2t2ẹ-t2 2c2h2o2 2c2h2ỳ2n2g2 2e2m2 2c2ú2 2c2Ă -a2 - -c2 2c2ủ-c2 2222222 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3t3h3ậ- 3n33y3 3b3i3-u3 3d3i3-n3 3q3u3a3n3 3h3ầ- 3v3 3=3 3f3(3)3 3h3-i3 3x3õ3u3 3c3h3u3ì-i3 3k3i3-n3 3t3h3ộ-ch3g3,3 3b3 -c3v33o3 3t3h3ủ-c3 3t3- 3s3Ê-n3 3x3u3Ơ-t3,3 3l33m3 3q3u3e3n3 3v3-i3 3c3ụ3n3g3 3v3i3ầ-c3 3t3ớ3n3h3 3t3o3ỏ3n3 3t3h3i3-t3 3k3- 3ụ3 3t3ụ3.3 3T3r3o3n3g3 3q3u3ỏ3 3t3r3 n3h3 3t3ớ3n3h3 3t3o3ỏ3n3 3c3h3ỳ3n3g3 3e3m3 ó3 ó-c3 3s3ủ- 3q3u3a3n3 3t3õ3ủ- 3g3i3ỳ3p3 ỏ- 3n3h3i3ầ-t3 3t3ỡ3n3h3 3c3ỗ-a3 3g3i3ỏ3o3 3v3i3ờ3n3 3h3 -n3g3 3d3ô-n3 3v33 3c3ỏ3c3 3t3h3Đ-y3 3c3ụ3 3g3i3ỏ3o3 3t3r3o3n3g3 -v3-y3 3n3h3- 3t3r3ỏ3n3h3 3n3h3ù-n3g3 3h3Ă-n3 3c3h3-,3 3t3h3i3-u3 3s3ú3t3 3t3r3o3n3g3 3q3u3ỏ3 3t3r3ỡ3n3h3 3t3ớ3n3h3 3t3o3ỏ3n3.3 - 3h3o33n3 3t3h33n3h3 3t3ẹ-t3,3 3k3h3-c3 3p3h3ồ-c3 ó-c3 3n3h3ù-n3g3 3h3Ă-n3 3c3h3- 3v33 3t3h3i3-u3 3s3ú3t3 ú3 3c3h3ỳ3n3g3 3e3m3 3r3Ơ-t3 3m3o3n3g3 ó-c3 3s3ủ- ú3n3g3 3g3ú3p3 3ý3 3k3i3-n3,3 3s3ủ- 3g3i3ỳ3p3 ỏ- 3c3ỗ-a3 3c3ỏ3c3 3t3h3Đ-y3 3c3ụ3 3g3i3ỏ3o3 3v33 3c3ỏ3c3 3b3Ă-n3 - 3s3a3u3 3n33y3 3r3a3 3t3r3 í-n3g3 3b3-t3 3t3a3y3 3v33o3 3c3ụ3n3g3 3v3i3ầ-c3,3 3t3r3o3n3g3 3q3u3ỏ3 3t3r3ỡ3n3h3 3c3ụ3n3g3 3t3ỏ3c3 3c3h3ỳ3n3g3 3e3m3 3h3o33n3 3t3h33n3h3 3c3ụ3n3g3 3v3i3ầ-c3 3m3-t3 3c3ỏ3c3h3 3t3ẹ-t3 3n3h3Ơ-t3.3 3 3 3 333333333333333333333333333333333333333 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3V3i3n3h3,3n3g33y3 32383 3t3h3ỏ3n3g3 30333 3n3 m323031353 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333 3S3i3n3h3 3v3i3ờ3n3 3t3h3ủ-c3 3h3i3ầ-n3:3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3Nn3 3A3n3h3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3P3H3Ư-N3 3I3 3:3T33N3H3 3T3O33N3 3C3H3U3 3T3R3è3N3H3 -a3 - -c3 3c3ủ-c3 3333333 33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4t4h4ậ- 4n44y4 4b4i4-u4 4d4i4-n4 4q4u4a4n4 4h4ầ- 4v4 4=4 4f4(4)4 4C4ễ4N4G4 4T44C4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4T4R4O4N4G4 4 ỉ-N4G4 4C4 é-T4 4T4R4O4N4G4 4I4 4.4 4T4r4ỡ4n4h4 4t4ủ- 4t4ớ4n4h4 4t4o4ỏ4ni4ầ-u4 4b4a4n4 Đ-u4 4:4 g4 4c4Ă :4I4 4F4A4 4W45404 -n4g4 4c4Ă 4d4i4e4s4e4l4 414 4h44n4g4 4k4h4ụ4n4g4 4tể-n4g4 4c4h4ỏ4y4 4h4ỡ4n4h4 4c4Đ-u4 4t4r4ờ4n4 4 4 4 4 414-4 4C4ụ4n4g4 4s4u4Ơ-t4 44Ă 4N4e4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4N 4l4ủ-c4)4=4 48424.40464 4k4W4 4 4 4 424-4 4S4ẹ- 4v4ũ4n4g4 4q4u4a4y4 4c4ỗ-4ữ-u4 4n4 4 4 4n4 4=424240404(4v4g4/4p4h4)4 4 4-n4g4 4k4ớ4n4h4 4x4i4 4l4a4n4h4 4D4 4 4 4 4 4D4 4=4142404 4(4m4m4)4 4 4 44t4r4ỡ4n4h4 4p4i4t4o4n4 4S4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4S4 4=4144454 4(4m4m4)4 4D4u4n4g4 4t4ớ4c4h4 4c4ụ:4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4V4h4 4=4 44e4q4 4\4s4\4d444e4q4 4\4l4(4\4o4\4a44,444)4)444 4E4M4B4E4D4 4E4q4u4a4t4i4o4n4.4D4S 414.464349414 4(4l4)44 4E4M4B4E4D4 4E4q4u4a44 44 44 4 4 4 464-4 4S4ẹ- 4x4i4 4l4a4n4h4 4i4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4i4 4=4 444 4 4- 4s4ẹ- 4n4ộ4n4 4à 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4à 4=4 41484.474 4 4 44ủ- 4l44m4 4v4i4ầ-c4 44h4 4 4 4 4 4 4(414-434-444424)44 4S4u4Ơ-t4 4t4i4ờ4u4 4h4a4o4 4n4h4i4ờ4n4 4l4i4ầ 4 4 4 44 4E4M4B4E4D4 4E4q4u4a4t4i4o4n4.4D4S4M4T444 44 ge 44 4=4148434 4(4g4/4m4l4.4h4)4 4 4 4 41404-4 4G4ú4c4 4m4ò- 4s4-m4 4v44 ú4n4g4 4m4u4-n4 4c4ỗ-a4 4x4u4p4ỏ4p4 4n4Ă-p4 414;424 414=484(4 -)4;424 4= 4 4 414144 4G4ú4c4 4m4ò- 4s4-m4 4v44 ú4n4g4 4m4u4-n4 4c4ỗ-aÊ-i44 4E4M4B4E4D4 4E4M4B4E4D4 4E4q4u4a4t4i4o4n4.4D4S4M4T444 4E4q4u4a4t4i4o4n4.4D4S4M44(4 44 , 44;44 4E4M4B4E4D44D4S4M4T444 44 44=484 4(44 4 g4 -)4;44 41454-4 4G4ú4c4 ỏ4n4h4 4l4ớ-a4 4s4-m4 414.424.4 4C4ỏ4c4 4t4h4ụ4n4g4 4s4ẹ- 4c4Đ-n4 4c4h4-n4 4:4 414.4 44p4 4s4u4Ơ-t4:4p4k4 4 4 4 4 44p4 4s4u4Ơ-tn4g4 4p4k4 4l44 4ỏ4p4 4s4u4Ơ-t4 4k4h4ớ4 -c4 4k4h4i4 4n4Ă-p4 4v44o4 ụ4n4g4 4c4Ă 4(4v4-i4 ụ4n4g4 4c4Ă 4k4h4ụp4 - 4m4ụ4i4 4t4r4 í-n4g4 ó-c4 4c4h4-n4i4ầ-t4 - 4b4ỡ4n4h4 4q4u4õ4n4 4c4ỗ-a4 4c4Ê- 4n4 m44 4 4V4ỡ4 õ4y4 4l44 h4ụn4ờn4g4 4:4 -a4 - -c4 4c4ủ-c4 4444444 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5t5h5ậ- 5n55y5 5b5i5-u5 5d5i5-n5 5q5u5a5n5 5h5ầ- 5v5 5=5 5f5(5)5 Ă-i5 ụ5n5g5 5c5Ă 5,5t5ớ5n5h5 5n5 n5g5 5t5ẹ-c5 - 55Ê5 5n5Ă-p5 5,5t5i5-t5 5d5i5ầ-n55& 5V5ỡ5 5v5-y5 5c5Đ-n5 5x5eg5 5c5Ă a5n5g5 5t5ớ5n5h5 5t5h5u5-c5 5n5h5ú5m5 5n55o5 5 5t5h5Ê-i5 5P55e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5,5r5)5)55:5 5 5 5 55p5 5sh5Êl5(5\5 5 5 5 55p5 5s5u5Ơ-t5 5k5h5ớt5h55p5h5Ă-m5 5v5i5 5:5 5p55e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5,5r5)5)55=5 505,51515 5 5(5M5P5a5)55 5 5 555 5)5M5ộ-c5 - 5s5Ơ-y5 5n5ú5n5g5 5c5ỗ-a5 5m5ụ5i 5 5 5 5 5 5M5ộ-c5 55g5 5ỗ- 5ò- 5b5ờ5n5 5n5g5o55i5 5h5a5y5 5b5ờ5n5 5t5r5o5n5g5 5x5y5 5l5a5n5h5 5 5 5 5 5V5ỡ5 õ5y5 5l55 /5c55n5 5k5h5ớ5 5s5ú5t5 5(5k5h5ớ5 5t5h5Ê-i5)5 5T55e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5,5r5)5)55 5 5 5 5 5 5N5h5i5ầ-t5 - 5k5h5ớ5 5s5ú5t5 5c5(5 5,5r5)5)55 5p5h5ồ5t5h5u5-c5 5v55o5 5c5h5ỗ-n5g5 5l5o5Ă-i5 ụ5n5g5 5c5Ă 5N5-u5 5q5 5t5r5ỡ5n5h5 5g5 5N5h5i5ầ-t5 - 5T55e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5,5r5)5)55 5c55n5g5 5t5h5Ơ-p5 5 5 5 5 5T5h5ụ5n5g5 5t5h5 í-n5g5 5t5a5 5c5ú5 5t5h5- 5c5h5-n5 5:5 5T55e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5,5r5)5)55 5=5751505 55K5 5 5i5ờ5\5a5c5(5 5,5t5)5)55 5:5 5ẹ- 5h5i5ầ-u5 ậ-n5h5 5t5ữ- 5n5h5i5ầ-t5 5ằ5e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 ,5t5)5)55 ó-c5 5c5h5-n5 5t5h5e5o5 5h5ầ- 5s5ẹ- 5d5 5l5 ó-n5 5.5T5h5ụ5n5g5 5t5h5 í-n5g5 5c5ú5 5t5h5-5 5t5h5157515155 5 5 5 5 5ị- õ5y5 5te5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\55=5 515,515 5 5 585 5)5H5ầ- 5s5ẹ- 5q5u5ộ5tỏ5y5 5ằ5e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 ,525)5)55 5:5 5 5 5 5 5V5ỡ5 õ5y5 5l55 -n5g5 5c5Ă 5k5h5ụ5n5g5 5t5 n5g5 5ỏ5p5 5n5ờ5n5 5t5a5 5c5h5-n5 5ằ5e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5,525)5)55 5=)5H5ầ- 5s5ẹ- 5n5Ă-p5 5t5h5ờ5m5 5ằ5e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5,515)5)55 5 5 5 5 5H5ầ- 5s5ẹ- 5n5Ăe5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5,515)5)55 5c5h5ỗ5y5-u5 5v55o5 5p5h5a5 5p5h5ẹ-i5 5k5h5ớ5 5.5T5h5ụ5nt5a5 ó-i5 5d5ồ-n5g5 5n5h5i5ầ-t5 5t5Ă-i5 i5-m5 5z\5o5\5a5c55 5 5 5 5 5H5ầ5s5ẹ- 5l5ó-i5 5d5ồ-n5g5 5n5h5i5ầ-t55z5 5ắ5e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 ,5z5)5)55 5p5h5ồ- 5t5h5u5-c5 5v55o5 5c5h5u5 5t5r5ỡ5n5h5 5c5ụ5n5g5 5t5ỏ5c5 55Ă 5.5 5V5-i5 õ5y5 5l55 /5c5 i5e5z5e5n5 5n5ờ5n5 5t5a5 5c5h5-n5 5ắ\5a5c5(5 5,5z5)5)55=505,57595 5 5 51515 5)5H5ầ- 5s5ẹ- 5l5ó-i5 5d5ồ-n5g5 5n5h5i5ầ-t5 5t5Ă-i5 i5-m5 5b5 5ắ5e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5,55 5 5ó-i5t5Ă-i5 i5-m5 5b5 5ắ5e5q5 5\5l5(5\555 5t5ự5yo5 5l5o5Ă-i5 -n5g5 5c5Ă 5x5 n5g5 5h5a5y5 5l55 -n5g5 5c5Ă i55 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5,5b5)5)55 5b5a5o5 l5-n5 5h5Ă n5 5ắ5e5q5 5\5l5(5\5o5\5a5c5(5 5,5z5)55 5lắ5e5q5 5)5)55=505,595 5 -a5 - -c5 5c5ủ-c5 5555555 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6t6h6ậ- 6n66y6 6b6i6-u6 6d6i6-n6 6q6u6a6n6 6h6ầ- 6v6 6=6 6f6(6)6 6 6 6 61626 6)6H6ầ- 6s6ẹ- 6h6i6ầ-u66t6h6ậ- 6c6ụ6n6g6 6ặ6e6q6 6\6l6(6\)66 6:6 6 6 6 6 6T6h6- 6h6i6ầ-n6 6s6ủ- 66h6in6 n6g6 6t6ỏ6c 6v6-i6 6c6h6u6 6t6r6ỡ6n6h6 6c6ụ6n6g6 6t6ỏ6c6 6t6h6ủ-c6 6t6- 6.6S6ủ- g6i6ớ-a6 6c6h6u6 6t6r6ỡ6n6h6 6t6h6ủ-c6 6t6- 6v6-i6 6ct6ớ6n6h6 6t6o6ỏ6n6 6c6ỗ-a6 -n6g6 6c6Ăh6Ă 66v6ỡẹ6a6c6(6 6,6d6)6)66 6c6ỗ-a6 /6c6h6ầ- 6s6ẹ6l6-n6.6N6h6 n6g6 õ6y6 6l66 /6c6 6x6 n6g6 6n6ờ6n6 6t6a6 66\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6,6d6)6)66 6=606,69676 6I6I6 66n6 6c6ỏ6c6 6q6u6ỏ6 6t6r6ỡ6n6h6 6c6ụ6n6g6 6t6ỏ6c6 66h6 H6ầ- 6:6 66e6q6 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6,6r6)6)66 ó-c6 6t6ớ6n6h6 6t6h6e6o6 6c6ụ6n6g6 6t6h6ộ-c6 6:6 66e6q6 6\6l6(6\)66=o6n6l66 06(6,6T66e6q6 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 ,6k6)6)66+6"T6)6)6\6a6c6(6 6,6r6)6)66)s6\6 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6,6r6)6) (6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6,6a6)6)66)6)66 6.6 66e6q6 6\6s6\6d6o6n616(6\6f6(616,66e6q6 6\6l6(6\6l6(6à.6ằ6e6q6 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6,616)6)66-6ằ6e6q6 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6,6t6)6)66.6ằ6e6q6 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6,626)6)66.6(66e6q6 6\6s6\6d6o6n616(6\6f6(6p66e6q6 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6,6r6)6)66,6p66e6q6 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6,6a6)6)66)6)66)66e6q6 6 6\6o6(6\6a6\6a6c6\6v6s626(66e6q6 6\6l6(6\6l6(6(66e6q6 6\6s6\6d6o6n616(6\6f6(616,6m6)6)66)6)6)66,6 6)6)66)6)66)6)66 6 6 6 6 6T6r6o6n6g6 ú6 6m6 6l66 6c6h6ẫ- 6s6ẹ- 6g6i6ó6n6 6n6ò- a6 6b6i6-n6 6t6r6u6n6g6 6b6ỡ6n6h6 6c6ỗ-a6 6k6h6ớ6 6s6ú6t6 6m6 6=616,64656ữ616,656 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6C6h6-n6 6m6 6=616,64656 6 6 6 6 6 66 6E6M6B6E6D6 6E6q6u6a6t6i6o6n6.6D6S6M6T646 66 r = 1.(297 + 20) 0,11 710 0, 09 1 0,11 1,45 18, 7.1, 02 1,1.1.( ) 0, 09 = 0, 0306 6 6 6 626 6)6N6h6i6ầ-t6 - 6c6u6ẹ-i6 6q6u6ỏ6 6t6r6ỡ6n6h6 6n6Ă-p6 6T66e6q6 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6,6a6)6)66 6 6 6 6 6 6N6h6i6ầ-t6 - 6c6u6ẹ-i6 6q6u6ỏ6 6t6r6ỡ6 6n6g6 6 6 6666666666666 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6T66e6q6 6\6l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 6,6a6)6)66=6 66e6q6 6\6b6\6b6cv6s606(6,66e6q6 6\6s6\6d6o6n616(6\b6c6\6(6"T66l6(6\6o6\6a6c6(6 ,6t\6l6,6r6)6(6(6\6a6\6a6c6\6v6s606(6,66e(6\6f6(6c6(66)666e6q6 6 6\6o6(6\6a6\6a6c6\6v66b6c6\6(6(6\6a6\6a6c6\6v6s606(6,66e6q66f6(6m6616,6m6)6)66)6)66,6 6)6)66,616+666c66)6)66 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6u6a6t6i6o6n6.6D6S6M6T646 66 -a6 - -c6 6c6ủ-c6 6666666 66 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7t7h7ậ- 7n77y7 7b7i7-u7 7d7i7-n7 7q7u7a7n7 7h7ầ- 7v7 7=7 7f7(7)7 1,451 (297 + 20) + 1,1.0, 0306.710.( Ta = + 0, 0306 0, 09 1,45 ) 0,11 = 329, 777777777777777777 77777 7 7 737 7)7H7ầ- 7s7ẹ- 7n7Ă-p7 7ã7e7q7 7\7l7(7\7o7\7a7c7(7 7,7v7)7)77 7:7 7 7 7 7 7 7ã7e7q7 7\7l7(7\7o7\7a7 77e7q7 7\7s7\7d7o7n717(7\7f7(717,7à-717)7)77 7.7 77e7q7 7\7T77e7q7 7\7l7(7\7o7\7T77e7q7 7\7l7(7\7o7\7a7c7(7 ,7k7)7)77+7"T7)7)77 7.7 77e7q7 7\7s7\7d7o7n717(7\7f7(7P77e7q7 7\7l7(7\7o7\7a7c7(7 7,7a7)7)77,7P77e7q7 7\7l7(7\7o7\7a7c7(7.7 77e7q7 7\7b7\7b7c7\7[7(7\7a7\7a7c7\7v7s707(7,7ào7\7a7c7e7q7 7\7l7(7\7o7\7a7c7(7 7 ,7t7)7)77o7\7a7c7(7 ,727)7)77.77e7q7 7\7b7\7\7v7s707(7,77e7q7 7\7s7\7d7o7n717(7\7f7(7P77e7q7 7\7l7(7\7o7\7P77e7q7 7\7l7(7\7o7\7a7c7(7 ,7a7)7)77)7)77)7(7\7a7\7a7c7\7v7s727(77e7q7 7\7b7\7\7v7s707(7,77e7q7 7\7s7\7d7o7n717(7\7f7(717,7m7)7)77)7)77,7 7)7)77)7)77 777777777777777777777777777777777 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7ã7e7q 77 1 297.0, 09 0,11 1,45 18, 7.1, 02 1,1.1.( ) = 0,8485 18, (297 + 20).0,1 0, 09 7 7 7 747 7)7L7 ó-n7g7 7k7h7ớ7 7n7\7l7(7\7o7\7a7c7(7 7,717)7)77 7:7 7 7 7 7 7L7 ó-n7g7 7k7h7ớ7 7n7Ă-p7 7m7-i7 7M77e7q7 7\7l7(7\7o7\7a7c7(7 7,717)7)77 ó-c7 7x7ỏ7c7 ậ-n7h7 7t7h7ec7 7s7a7u7 7:7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 77\7l7(7\7o7\7a7c7(7 7 ,717)7)777d7o7n777e7q7 7\7l7(7\7o7\7a7c7(7 ,7e7)7)77 7=7 n717(7\7f7(73707.7N77e7q7 7\7l7(7\7o7\7a7c7(7 ,7e7)7)77.7,7V77e7q7 7\7l7(7\7o7\7a7c77i 7 7 7 7 7V7-y7 7:7 7 7 7(7 7,717)7)77 7=7 7 77 7E7M7B7E7D7 432.103.0,1.0,8485 = 0,9879 7E7q7u7a7t7i7o7n7.7D7S7M7T747 77 183.0, 6827.297 7i7 ó-n7g7 -t7 7c7Đ-n7 - ẹ-t7 7c7h7ỏ7y7 717k7g7 7n7h7i7ờ7nq7 7\7l7(7\7o77 7:7 7 7 7 7 7L7 ó-n7g7 7k7k7 7l7ý7 7t7h7u7y7-t7 7c7Đ-n7 - ẹ-7 7n7h7i7ờ7n7 7l7i7ầ-u7 7M77e7q7 7\7l7(7\7o7\7a7c7(7 77 7t7ớ7n7h7 7t7h7e7o7 7c7ụ7n7g77 7\7l7)77 7.7 77e7q7 7\7b7\7b7c7\7(7(7\7a7\7a7c7\7v7s707(7,n717(7\7f7(7C7,71727)7)77+77e7q7 7\7s7\7d77)7)77-77e7q7 7\7s7\7d7o7n717(7\7f7(7O7,73727)7)77)m7o7ờ7z7-n7 7C7=707,78777 7;7 7H7=707,7172767 7;7O7=707,707 7 7 7 7 7 7M77e7q7 7,7o 7k7m7o7l7/7k7g7)7 7n7h7i7ờ7n7 7ầ- 7s7ẹ- 7d7 7l7 -a7 - -c7 7c7ủ-c7 7777777 77 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8t8h8ậ- 8n88y8 8b8i8-u8 8d8i8-n8 8q8u8a8n8 8h8ầ- 8v8 8=8 8f8(8)8 ó-n8g8 8k8h8ụ8n8g8 8k8h8ớ8 8 8 8 8 8V8ỡ8 õ8y8 8l88 -n8g8 8c8Ă i8ờ8z8e8n8 8n 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8=E8q8u8a8t8i8o8n8.8D8S8M8T848 M1 = 1,9925 88 M o 8 828o8ỏ8n 8 8m8o8l8 -n8g8 8t8ớ8c8h8 8t8r8u8n8g8 8b8ỡ8n8h8 8c8ỗ-aớ8 8:8 88 88 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 88e8q8 8 88a8\8v8s838(8à ,8,8 8)8,8m8c88e8q8 8\8l8(8\8o8\8a8c8(8 ,8v8)8)88)8)88 8=8 81898,8880868+808,80808280898.8T8(8k8J8/8k8m8o8l8.8 -)8 8=8 81898,8880868+808,80808280898.88=828(8k88 8 8 8 828 8)8T8ẫ- 8n8h8i8ầ-t8 8m8o8l8 -n8g8 8t8ớ8c8h8 8t8r88ỗ-a8 8s8Ê-n8 8p8h8Ă-m8 8c8h88 \8o8\8,8 8)8,8m8c8'8'88e8q8 8\8l8(8\8o8\8a8c8(88=8 88 8E8M8B8E8D8 8E8q8u8a48 8 8(8k8J8/8k8m8o8l8.8 -)8 8 8 8 838 8)8T8ẫ- -n8g8 8t8ớ8c8h8 8t8r8u8n8g8 8b8ỡ8n8h8 8c8ỗ-a8 8h8ì-n8 8h8ó-p8 8:8 8T8ẫ- 8n8h8i8ầ-t8 8m8o8l8 -n8g8 8t8ớ8c8h8 8t8r8u8n8g8 8b8ỡ8n8h8 8c8ỗ-a8 8h8h8 8t8r8o8n8g8 8q8u8ỏ8 8t8r8ỡ8n8h8 8n8ộ8n8 88e8q8 8 8\8l8(8\8o8\8a8c8(8\8)8,8\8a8t8ớ8n8h8 8t8h8e8o8 8c8ụ8n8g8 8t8h8ộ-c8 8s8a8u8 8:8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 88e8q8 8 8\8l8(8\8o8\8a8c8(8\8a8\8v8s88'88e8q8 8\8l8)8)88)8)88 8=8 8 88e8q8 8\8s8\8d8o8n818(8\8f8(88e8q8 8 8\8l8(8\s838(8à ,8,8 8)8,8m8c88e8q8 8\8l8(8\8o8\8a8c8(8 8 ,8v8)8)88)8)88+88e8q8 8\8l8(8\8o8\8a8c8(8 ,8r8)8)88.88o8\(8à 8e8q8 8 8\8l8(8\8o8\8a8c8(8 ,8v8)8)88)8)88,818+88e8q8 ,8r8)8)88)8)88 E8q8u8a8t8i8o8n8.8D 8 8 8 8 8 8 8T8h8a8y8 8s8ẹ- 8v88o8 8t8a8 8c8ú8 8:8 8a8'88e8q8 8\8l8(8\8o8\8a8c8(8 98,898486858 8;8 8 8b8'88e8q8 8\8l8(8\8o8 848 8)8 a8 8b8i8-n8 8t8r8u8n8g8 8b8ỡ8n8h8 8n\8a8c8(8 8,818)8)88:8 8 8 8 8 8C8h8ẫ- 8t8h8Ơ-u8 8v88 8t8h8o8n8g8 8s8ẹ- 8v8-n8 8h88n8h8 8n8h8 -c8 8x8y8 8l8a8n8h8 8,8l8o8Ă-i8 8b8u8ể-n8g8 88n8gồ8t8h8ỏ8i8 8n8h8i8ầ-t8 - 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