Can tinh den khS nang xau nhSt: dung phiil cap dien cd the gay dien giat chet ngudi, bi thuong nang hoac do chap dien gay bdng nang; vd dudng dng hoi dot gay chay no; vd dng nUdc hoac cd
Trang 1C H l / O N G TRiNH Q U 6 c GIA v £ AN T O A N LAO D d N G , V f SINH LAO D d N G
An toan lao dong khi thi cong
mong, ho, hao sau
TS Bui Manh Hung Chu nhiem bo mon Kinh te Xay dung - Dai hoc Kien tnic Ha Noi
1 An t o i n lao dong khi thi cong dao xuc
1.7 Chii y vdj cong tdc Mo xuc
Triidc khi dao, du bang tay hay bang may
xuc, can luu y cac cong trinh ngam dudi dat
Luon nhd rSng co the co dudng day dISn n g i m ,
cong thoat nUdc va doi khi co di/dng dng hoi
dot ngSm sau dudi dat Can tinh den khS nang
xau nhSt: dung phiil cap dien cd the gay dien
giat chet ngudi, bi thuong nang hoac do chap
dien gay bdng nang; vd dudng dng hoi dot gay
chay no; vd dng nUdc hoac cdng ngSm gay ung
ngap hoac sap Id hd dao
a) Up dien ngam: Trudc khi tien hanh dao
xuc hay yeu cau cac co quan thupc nganh dien,
cd quan thudc dja phuong hoac ngUdI chii
cdng trtnh xay dung cho xem so do dudng day
dien ngam Ngay Cei khi da cd so do van phSI luu
y cd mot sd dudng day khdng duoc danh dau
trong so do hoac khong nSm chlnh xac d noi nd
duoc danh dau vi dudng cap dien it khi thang
Hay quan sat cac cot den tin hieu giao
thdng, den dudng, bot dien xung quanh
chung thudng duoc cap dien qua cap ngam,
hay sfldung may dd cap ngam neu cd Can luu y
rSng cap n i m gan nhau se khdng phat tin hieu
rl#ng re tren may Mot sd kieu cap cdn khdng dd
duoc bSng may djnh vj Tuyet ddi khdng diing
vat nhon va sSc de danh dau Khi da x^c djnh vj
trf tuong ddi ciia dudng cap, hay diing dung cu
cam tay n h u x ^ n g , mai de dao Id ra Khdng nen
diing cudc, xa beng, can theo ddi ky dau hieu
cap trong qua trtnh dao bdi
b) Cac cdng trtnh ngam khac
Tuong t u nhu sir ly cap dien ngam, hay yeu
cau ngudi cd trach nhiem cung cap sodd dudng
cap nudc ngam, dudng dng khi dot, dudng cap
dien thoai ngam , sau do sir dung cac bien
phap gidng nhu ddi vdi dudng cap dien ngam
Khdng sfl dung m^y xiic each dng dan hoi
ddt dudi nira met Neu ngiri thay mill gas, can
d i m beio khdng cd vat phat lira nhu thudc la,
ddng CO dang hoat ddng d g a n dd Tranh xa khu
vuc rd ri, yeu cSu mpi ngUdi so tan va thdng bao
vdi ngudi cd trach nhiem Khdng de may mdc
thiet bj nang len tren hoac d gan dudng dng
dan vi dng dan cd the vd.Tat c i dudng dng hoac
day cap p h i i dflpc gia cd trudc khi b3t dau tien
hanh dao xiic
1.2 Litufan toan khi thi cong SHo xuc
a) NhUng mdi nguy hiem khi thi cdng dSo xiic: Hau het cac cdng viec xay dung deu cd Uen quan den cdng viec dao xuc nhu dao mdng, ranh thoat nUdc, cdng trtnh ngam Xuc dat hoac dao ranh la nhOng cdng viec rat nguy hiem ma ngay ca nhOng cdng nhan cd kinh nghiem cung
cd the bj tai nan do mpt bd ranh nap dd khdng dupc gia cd sut Id bat ngd
NhUng cPn mUa to thudng Ici nguyen nhan
gaiy ra Id Six Khei nang lut ldi cung la hiem hoa
can tinh den Ngoai ra cdn xuat hien sU nilt vd
do ap suat dUpc gl3i phdng khi di c h u y i n dat da hoac do nhiet dp qua ndng vao miia he
b) NhOng luu y ve an toan de phdng chdng sap hd, nga xudng hd
Mep hd, ranh nen bat bang hoac vat mdt gdc an toan, thudng la 450 hoac gia cd bSng van, cdt chdng hay cac phUdng tien thich hdp
de dam bao khdng sat Id
Can dJm biio cd dii vat lieu de gia cd ranh
se dao Gia cd ranh la viec can lam ngay, dao den dau gia cd den dd Khdng nen lam viec khi ranh chua dupc gia cd
Chi nhUng cdng nhan lanh nghe thuc hien dudi su giam sat ciia doc cdng mdi duoc l i p dat, thao d d hay thay cdt chdng Nen ISp dat cot chdng tai tat ca cac chd nao cd the, trUdc khi dao tdi day hd, tdt nhat nen thuc hien khi chieu sau hd hoac ranh chUa dat tdi 1,2m Sau
dd tiep tuc dat cdt chdng den khi dao tdi day
Can y thUc rang thUc hien day dii quy trinh nay
se gdp phan quan trpng trong viec cilu nhOrng
cdng nhan bj dat Idviil lap
Lap cac rao cein d dp cao vila p h i l (khoeing
1 m) se ngan ngUa loai tai nan roi xudng hd dao
c) Kiem tra bien phap an toan vji ket q u i thuc hien: Viec kiem tra bien phap ky thuat an loan thi cdng dao xiic do ngUdI cd kien thflc thuc hien, it nhat la trUdc mdt ngay tai ndi se tien hanh dao xiic Sau khi da ap dung bien phap ky thuat an toan mdi tuan nen theo ddi noi dd it nhat mdt lan va ngudi kiem tra cd t r i c h nhiem lap va luu giuf bien b i n k i l m tra
d) NhOfng cdng trinh lan can: Bat cil chd nao
cd the, cdng viec dao xiic can tranh khdng nen qua sau va qua gan lam i n h hudng den n l n mdng ciia cac cdng trtnh k l ben Sir dung cac
bien phap phdng chdng n h u cpc cir, cdt chdng v.v , de de phdng sap Id khi thi cdng dao xiic Khi thuc hien chdng d d cho cac cdng trinh lan can can nghien cufu each chdng cung nhu vj tri chdng d l khdi i n h hudng den ket cau ciia cac cdng trinh dd
e) Thanh hd: Khdng nen luu giU, dl chuyin vat lieu hay t h i l t b| gan mieng hd vl cd the gay nguy h i l m cho cdng nhan lam viec d dudi do vat lieu roi xudng, hoac do t i i nang gan mi^ng
hd gay sap c i c cdt chdng gia cd thanh hd Nhufng ddng dat d i va phe l l | u nen d l cich xa noi dao xuc
f) Xe cd gidi: Can cd dii chd dau va vat c i n , vat chen b i n h xe hpp ly, de phdng xe lap xudng
hd khi dd vat lieu hoac g i y nguy h i l m khi quay
dau Khu vuc 6e xe p h i i giuf mdt k h o i n g cich
an t o i n so vdi hd de de phdng t i i trpng Idn cd the g i y sap hd hoac cac vat gia cd
g) Ldi ra v i o va ra: Can d i m b i o cd day dii cic Idi cho phuong tien vao va t h o i t ra khdi hd dao mdt c i c h an tpan n h u thang, dudng ddc
D i l u nay dac biet quan trpng bdi khi lam viec dudi hd sau cd t h i bat chot gap lu hay nhufng yeu t d nguy h i l m khic Ldi t h o i t h i l m l i het sufc can t h i l t
h) C h i l u s i n g :
Bd tri dil anh s i n g d noi thi cdng dao xde, dac biet la noi v i o v i ra, nhufng cho hdng cua rao c h i n b i o ve Chieu s i n g khdng day du lam cho ngudi lao ddng de met mdi, p h i n xa than kinh cham, lau ngay g l i m thj luc la nguyen nhan gian tiep gay chan thuong, ddng thdi lam
g i i m nang suat lap ddng v i ha chat lupng sin pham Chieu s i n g q u i thira g i y ra hien tupng
m i t bj chdi, b i t budc m i t p h i i thich nghi trong mdt thdi gian nap dd khi p h i i nhin tir cho sing sang chd tdi v i ngUdc lai
Tat c i mpi khu vUc tr#n cdng trudng d i u
p h i l dupc c h i l u s i n g khi lam viec bSng i n h
s i n g t u nhien hoac n h i n tao Nen bd tri chieu
s i n g nhan tap d l phdng t r i n h nhOng ndi bdng tdi^day dac v i d l thay rd dupc nhufng mdi nguy
h i l m Nen treo bdng den cang cao cang tdt
d l t r i n h chdi m i t va bd tri sao cho cdng nhan khdng bj sSp bdng ciia chinh minh khi lam viec
2 Nguyen n h i n x i y ra tai nan khi d i o m6ng, ho v i h i o sau
)4 BiiniEipan 01.2014
Trang 2Thi cdng d i o mdng cdng trinh, d i o d i p
kenh muong, d i o ho v i hao siu l i loai cdng
viec cd khdi lupng Idn, tdn n h i l u cdng sufc va
cung thudng x i y ra tai nan Cic nguyen nhan
va hidn tupng tai nan thudng gap la:
a) Sup do dat trong luc dao mdng, h i o
sau khi c h i l u sau vupt q u i gidl han cho phep
ciia cac loai dat da ma khdng gia cd hoac gia
cd t h i n h vieh khdng dUng ky thuat an t o i n
NhiJfng nguyen nhan chinh lam vieh dat bi
trupt, sat Id cd t h i do:
- Oao hd vdi vach dufng vUpt q u i gidi han
chieu sau cho phep theo quy pham an t o i n ma
khdng t i l n h i n h chdng vach;
-Dao hd vdi vach ddc Idn hpn gdc quy djnh
theo quy pham ddi vdi loai dat va chieu s i u dao;
- Tic ddng ciia ngoai luc do c h i n ddng
cua miy, t h i l t bi, phuong tien giao thdng hoat
ddng d gan hd dao g i y nen;
- T i c ddng t i l trpng tuong ho glUa c i c cdng
trinh da cd va hd dap;
- K i t cau chdng v i e h khdng du d i m b i p
dieu kien chju lUc va dn djnh, cung nhu vi pham
quy trinh v i phuong p h i p t h i o d d k i t cau
chdng v i e h
b) Dat d i l i n , roi r i i tren xudng hd mdng khi
cd ngUdI l i m viec d phia dudi
c) NgUdI lao ddng lep tr^p tren m i l hd
mdng khdng t u i n theo ndi quy an toan, khdng
deo day an t o i n
d) Ngudi rdi xudng hd mdng, hd dao vi
khdng cd b i l n b i o , day chang b i o ve,
thieu den b i o ve v i o ban dem, liic sUdng
mil
e) Bj nhiem hpi khi ddc (C02, NHS, CH4, )
xucit hien bat n g d d cic hd s i u
3 C i c bi#n p h a p an t o a n lao d o n g khi
dao m d n g , h6 sau
3.1 Bio ddm sif 6n Sinh cia ho mong,
vieh iio
a) Nguyen nhan sat Id hd mdng v i v i e h
dao
Su sup dd m i l dat x i y ra khi gdc cua ta luy
m i l ddc (a) vUOt q u i dp ddc tU nhien ciia dat da
(cp) Do thi cdng trpng miia mUa, cd nUdc ngam,
trj sd luc dinh, lUc ma s i t cua dat da g l i m vi dp
am tang l i nguyen n h i n chii yeu gay sat Id
b) Mdt sd quy djnh khi d i o bdi thanh dufng
Ddi vdi dat cd dp am tU nhien, k i t cau
khdng bj p h i hoai v i khdng cd nUdc ngam, chi
cho p h i p dao hd va d i o t h i n h dflng khdng can
gia cd vdi chieu sau gidl han nhU: Dat cat v i sdi
(khdng q u i Im); Dat i c i t (khdng q u i 1,25m);
Dat a s^t va set (khdng q u i 1,5m); Dat cufng
(khdng q u i 2,0m)
Khi dao hd, h i o sau hon gidi han cho phep
thi p h i i gia cd t h i n h hd bang v i n tUdng cd cpc
chdng, v i n g chdng ngang hoac xien phii hpp
i p life d i t va c i c t i l trpng phu them
c) D i p hd mdng, hap cd m i i ddc
Thi cdng hd d i o cd m i i ddc trong d l l u kien
dat cd dp am t u nhien, khdng cd nUdc ngam
c h i l u siu khdng q u i 5m, gdc ciia m i i ddc (ta luy) lay thep quy djnh v l m i i ddc, ta luy
3.2 D i m b i o su dn djnh khi d i o hd mdng rdng va sau
Khi t i l n h i n h thi cdng nhimg hd mdng cd kich thudc rpng va sau p h i l dao dat cap v i p h i i
cd dudng thi cdng Dudng de van chuyin v i thi cdng p h i l cd nen dn djnh v i dii rdng: van chuyin thii cdng (dudng rpng 3-3,5m); van
c h u y i n bang xe sue vat keo thi dUdng rdng 5,0m; van chuyin cP gidl thi dudng rdng 7m
M i y mdc va phuong tien van chuyin khi qua lai g i n hd dao cd t h i gay ra chan ddng lam sut Id hd mdng.Trudng hpp nay dudng van
c h u y i n p h i l bd tri n g o i i pham vl sut Id ciia khdi dat
Khi thi cdng dao dat bang cpgldi, chieu cap ciia c i c bac dat cap lay n h u sau:
- Khdng cao hon c h i l u cao xiic tdi da ciia
g i u neu dao bang m i y xuc va trong trudng hpp khdng nd min;
- Chieu cao tdi da l i 20m trong trudng hpp thi cdng nd min Id sau;
- Chieu cao tdi da cd the lay tdi 30m ddi vdi trudng hpp dao cic k h o i n g vat chac;
Thi cdng trong miia mUa va noi cd mach nudc ngam p h i i cd bien p h i p t h p i t nudc d tren
bd hoac l i m cac ranh dufng cd dat dng hoac mang thoat nUdc d thanh ddc
3.3 Cac bien p h i p phdng ngUa tai nan khi
d i o mdng, hd siu a) Bien p h i p phdng ngira dat da l i n , rdi theo m i l ddc
Dat, d i khi d i p len p h i i dd xa mep hd, hao
it nhat l i 0,5m Neu tren m i l ddc ngau nhien cd cic u dat hoac da Idi ra thi p h i l dinh chi cdng viec d phia dudi v i p h i bdt di khdi dat d i tU phia tren Phii d l bd b i o ve d l ngan giO dat,
d i l i n t flt ren xudng De d i m b i o tdt hdn, d cic mep bd ddng cac tam bao ve cao 1 Scm
b) Bien p h i p phdng ngUa ngudi nga Cdng n h i n len, xudng hd mdng, hd d i o ,
h i o sau p h i l cd thang chac chan, cam lep trep len xudng theo cac vang chdng Khi thi cdng tren m i l ddc cd c h i l u cao hdn 3m v i dp ddc hdn 450 hoac khi b l mat ddc tron, udt, cdng
n h i n p h i i deo d i y an t o i n Hd, h i o tren dudng
di lai p h i l cd rao n g i n chac chan, ban dem p h i i
cd den bao hieu, den b i o ve
c) Bien phap phdng ngira nhiem ddc -TrUdc khi cdng n h i n xudng lam viec tai cic
hd s i u , g i l n g khoan, dudng ham p h i i k i l m tra khdng khi b i n g den t h d md (neu trong ndi lam viec cd khi C02 thi den se l i p loe v i tat, neu cd khi CH4 thi den se chay sang )
- Khi p h i t hien cd hoi, khiddc d dudi hd, hao
p h i l dmh chi ngay cdng viec, fim nguyen nhan
va i p dung c i c phUdng phap triet ngudn p h i t sinh, g i i i t o i chiing bang may nen khi, quat
Neu p h i i lam viec tai cac hd sau, gieng khoan, dudng ham cd hoi, khi ddc thi bat budc cdng nhan p h i i dupc trang bj va sir dung mat na
phdng ddc, binh t h d v i p h i i cd ngUdI thudng xuyen theo ddi, hd trp
01.2014 BWinililBX 8£