1. Trang chủ
  2. » Giáo Dục - Đào Tạo

Development of multi functionalized polymeric carriers for delivery of anticancer drug combinations

193 949 0

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống

THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU

Thông tin cơ bản

Định dạng
Số trang 193
Dung lượng 3,5 MB

Nội dung

DEVELOPMENT OF MULTI-FUNCTIONALIZED POLYMERIC CARRIERS FOR DELIVERY OF ANTICANCER DRUG COMBINATIONS DUONG HOANG HANH PHUOC NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2013 DEVELOPMENT OF MULTI-FUNCTIONALIZED CARRIERS FOR DELIVERY OF ANTICANCER DRUG COMBINATIONS DUONG HOANG HANH PHUOC (B. Eng., HOCHIMINH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, VIETNAM) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL & BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2013 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety. I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information which have been used in the thesis. This thesis has also not been submitted for any degree in any university previously. Duong Hoang Hanh Phuoc 29 November 2013 I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest and most sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Yung Lin Yue Lanry, for his endless help, support, guidance, and patience. Without his extremely generous help and support, it would have been impossible for me to accomplish my PhD study. I deeply appreciate him for giving me not only a lot of opportunities to learn but also freedom to try and explore new ideas. I am grateful to his advice, encouragement and care not only in research works but also in personal matters. I am privileged to have him, not just as a great and thoughtful supervisor, but as a good friend as well. I would like to thank all friends and fellow graduate students in Prof. Yung’s and Prof. Tong’s lab, past and present, especially Ms Tan Weiling, Dr Deny Hartono, Miss Fong Kah Ee, Dr Zhao Shuang, Dr Luo Jingnan for their unconditional help and encouragement. I would like to convey my thanks to all lab technologists and friends from Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department of NUS whom I had worked closely with during my PhD study. I would like to express my thanks to Mdm Li Xiang for all her help, care and positive encouragement. I would like to acknowledge National University of Singapore for giving me a research scholarship to pursue my PhD study. II Last but not least, I would like to express my most sincere appreciation to my family members for all their constant love, encouragement and support. My gratitude also goes to all other friends that had supported me in many ways during my PhD study. III TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION . I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II TABLE OF CONTENTS IV SUMMARY IX LIST OF TABLES . XII LIST OF FIGURES . XIV CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1.1 Background . 1.1.1 Cancer 1.1.2 Limitation of traditional chemotherapeutic technology for cancer treatments 1.1.3 Requirements for an ideal drug delivery system 1.2 Hypotheses 1.3 Objectives and scope of the study . CHAPTER 2. Literature Review 10 2.1 Cancer treatment . 10 2.2 Traditional cancer chemotherapy technology . 11 2.3 Drug delivery technology . 13 2.4 Common carriers for anticancer drug delivery . 16 2.4.1 Liposomes 16 2.4.2 Polymer-drug conjugates . 18 2.4.3 Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) 20 2.4.4 Polymeric micelles . 22 2.5 Overview of current drug delivery strategies 28 2.5.1 Passive delivery . 29 2.5.2 Active delivery by targeting to cancer cells . 30 2.5.3 Active delivery by targeting to endothelial cells . 32 2.5.4 Cell-penetrating peptides . 33 IV 2.6 Combination chemotherapy 36 2.6.1 Overview of combination chemotherapy . 36 2.6.2 Principle of drug selection in the combination 37 2.6.3 Some commonly used anticancer drugs and their combinations . 39 2.6.4 Determination of combined chemotherapeutic effect 41 CHAPTER 3. Surface modification of polymeric micelle particles for enhancement of cancer targeting and penetrating ability 44 3.1 Introduction . 44 3.2 Experimental section . 47 3.2.1 Materials 47 3.2.2 Synthesis of PLGA-PEG 48 3.2.3 Synthesis of PLGA-PEG-FOL . 48 3.2.4 Synthesis of PLGA-PEG-TAT 49 3.2.5 Characterization of polymers . 50 3.2.6 Critical micelle concentration (CMC) . 51 3.2.7 Preparation and characterization of doxorubicin loaded polymeric micelles 51 3.2.8 In vitro release of doxorubicin (DOX) . 52 3.2.9 Preparation of Coumarin 6-loaded micelles 53 3.2.10 In vitro cellular uptake . 53 3.2.11 In vitro cytotoxicity of DOX-loaded micelles . 54 3.3 Results and discussion 54 3.3.1 Characterization of PLGA-PEG 54 3.3.2 Characterization of PLGA-PEG-FOL 56 3.3.3 Characterization of PLGA-PEG-TAT . 56 3.3.4 Critical micelle concentration (CMC) . 57 3.3.5 Particle size, zeta potential . 59 3.3.6 In vitro drug release and drug loading . 60 3.3.7 Cytotoxicity of DOX- loaded micelles 61 3.3.8 Cellular uptake . 67 3.4 Conclusions . 68 CHAPTER 4. Synergistic co-delivery of doxorubicin and paclitaxel using multifunctionalized micelles for cancer treatment 70 V 4.1 Introduction . 70 4.2 Experimental section . 72 4.2.1 Materials 72 4.2.2 Preparation and characterization of doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX) loaded polymeric micelles 73 4.2.3 In vitro release study 75 4.2.4 In vitro cytotoxicity study 76 4.2.6 Determination of combination effects . 76 4.3 Results and discussion 77 4.3.1 In vitro cytotoxicity interaction between free doxorubicin (DOX) and free paclitaxel (PTX) 77 4.3.2 Size and zeta potential characterization of drug-loaded polymeric micelles . 81 4.3.3 In vitro drug release and drug loading of singe drug-loaded micelles . 82 4.3.4 In vitro drug release and drug loading of dual drug-loaded micelles 84 4.3.5 Cytotoxicity enhancement of drug-loaded micelles with the addition of TAT on the micelle surface . 86 4.3.6 Synergistic effect of the co-delivery of DOX- loaded micelles and PTX-loaded micelles . 90 4.3.7 Synergistic effect of dual drugs-loaded micelles and the surface modifications . 92 4.4 Conclusions . 93 CHAPTER 5. Dual-functionalized micellar system for synergistic delivery of hormone therapeutic and chemotherapeutic agents for breast cancer treatment 95 5.1 Introduction . 95 5.2 Experimental section . 100 5.2.1 Materials 100 5.2.2 Preparation and characterization of PTX and TAM loaded polymeric micelles . 100 5.2.3 In vitro release study 101 5.2.4 In vitro cellular uptake . 102 5.2.4 In vitro cytotoxicity study 102 5.2.5 Median-effect analysis . 103 5.3 Results and discussion 103 VI 5.3.1 In vitro cytotoxicity interaction between free tamoxifen (TAM) and free paclitaxel (PTX) 103 5.3.2 Characterization of drug-loaded polymeric micelles . 107 5.3.3 Enhancement of drug-loaded micelles with the surface modification using combined TAT and FOL . 109 5.3.4 Synergistic effect of the co-delivery of TAM-TAT/FOL micelles and PTXTAT/FOL micelles 113 5.3.5 Synergistic effect of dual drugs-loaded micelles (TAM/PTX-TAT/FOL micelles) 114 5.4 Conclusions . 117 CHAPTER 6. Targeting delivery of a synergistic combination of doxorubicin and cisplatin with polymer-drug complex micellar systems . 119 6.1 Introduction . 119 6.2 Experimental section . 122 6.2.1 Materials 122 6.2.2 Synthesis and characterization of polymers . 123 6.2.3 Preparation and characterization of cisplatin (CDDP) and doxorubicin (DOX) micelles . 126 6.2.4 In vitro release study 127 6.2.5 In vitro cytotoxicity study 127 6.3 Results and discussion 128 6.3.1 Characterization of polymers . 128 6.3.2 In vitro cytotoxicity interaction between free cisplatin (CDDP) and free doxorubicin (DOX) . 130 6.3.3 Characterization of drug-loaded micelles 133 6.3.4 In vitro drug release study 134 6.3.5 Cytotoxicity enhancement of drug-loaded micelles with the addition of FOL on the micelle surface . 136 6.3.6 Synergistic effect of the co-delivery of CDDP-loaded micelles and DOXloaded micelles 139 6.3.7 Synergistic effect of dual drugs-loaded micelles . 141 6.4 Conclusions . 142 CHAPTER 7. Conclusions and Recommendations 144 7.1 Conclusions . 144 VII 7.2 Recommendations . 146 REFERENCES . 150 VIII [106] Uchino, H., Y. Matsumura, T. Negishi, et al., Cisplatin-incorporating polymeric micelles (NC-6004) can reduce nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity of cisplatin in rats. Br J Cancer, 2005. 93(6): p. 678-687. [107] Rafi, M., H. Cabral, M.R. Kano, et al., Polymeric micelles incorporating (1,2diaminocyclohexane)platinum (II) suppress the growth of orthotopic scirrhous gastric tumors and their lymph node metastasis. J Control Release, 2012. 159(2): p. 189-196. [108] Cabral, H., N. Nishiyama, and K. Kataoka, Optimization of (1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II)-loaded polymeric micelles directed to improved tumor targeting and enhanced antitumor activity. J Control Release, 2007. 121: p. 146155. [109] Akao, T., T. Kimura, Y.S. Hirofuji, et al., A poly(γ-glutamic acid)amphiphile complex as a novel nanovehicle for drug delivery system. J Drug Target, 2010. 18(7): p. 550-556. [110] Yoo, H.S. and T.G. Park, Biodegradable polymeric micelles composed of doxorubicin conjugated PLGA-PEG block copolymer. J Control Release, 2001. 70(1-2): p. 63-70. [111] Kim, T.Y., D.W. Kim, J.Y. Chung, et al., Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of Genexol-PM, a Cremophor-free, polymeric micelle-formulated paclitaxel, in patients with advanced malignancies Clin Cancer Res, 2004. 10(11): p. 3708-3716. [112] Lee, K.S., H.C. Chung, S.A. Im, et al., Multicenter phase II trial of Genexol-PM, a Cremophor-free, polymeric micelle formulation of paclitaxel, in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Tr, 2008. 108(2): p. 241-250. [113] Shin, H.-C., A.W.G. Alani, D.A. Rao, N.C. Rockich, and G.S. Kwon, Multi-drug loaded polymeric micelles for simultaneous delivery of poorly soluble anticancer drugs. J Control Release, 2009. 140(3): p. 294-300. [114] Plummer, R., R.H. Wilson, H. Calvert, et al., A Phase i clinical study of cisplatinincorporated polymeric micelles (NC-6004) in patients with solid tumours. Br J Cancer, 2011. 104(4): p. 593-598. [115] Hamaguchi, T., T. Doi, T. Eguchi-Nakajima, et al., Phase I study of NK012, a novel SN-38-incorporating micellar nanoparticle, in adult patients with solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res, 2010. 16(20): p. 5058-5066. [116] Koizumi, F., M. Kitagawa, T. Negishi, et al., Novel SN-38-incorporating polymeric micelles, NK012, eradicate vascular endothelial growth factor-secreting bulky tumors. Cancer Res, 2006. 66(20): p. 10048-10056. [117] Matsumura, Y., T. Hamaguchi, T. Ura, et al., Phase I clinical trial and pharmacokinetic evaluation of NK911, a micelle-encapsulated doxorubicin Br J Cancer, 2004. 91: p. 1775-1781. 158 [118] Nishiyama, N. and K. Kataoka, Preparation and characterization of size-controlled polymeric micelle containing cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in the core. J Control Release, 2001. 74: p. 83-94. [119] Gao, X., B. Wang, X. Wei, et al., Preparation, characterization and application of star-shaped PCL/PEG micelles for the delivery of doxorubicin in the treatment of colon cancer. Int J Nanomed, 2013. 8: p. 971-982. [120] Cho, H., T.C. Lai, and G.S. Kwon, Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(εcaprolactone) micelles for combination drug delivery: Evaluation of paclitaxel, cyclopamine and gossypol in intraperitoneal xenograft models of ovarian cancer. J Control Release, 2013. 166(1): p. 1-9. [121] Hamaguchi, T., Y. Matsumura, M. Suzuki, et al., NK105, a paclitaxelincorporating micellar nanoparticle formulation, can extend in vivo antitumour activity and reduce the neurotoxicity of paclitaxel. Br J Cancer, 2005. 92(7): p. 1240-1246. [122] Hamaguchi, T., K. Kato, H. Yasui, et al., A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of NK105, a paclitaxel-incorporating micellar nanoparticle formulation. Br J Cancer, 2007. 97(2): p. 170-176. [123] Negishi, T., F. Koizumi, H. Uchino, et al., NK105, a paclitaxel-incorporating micellar nanoparticle, is a more potent radiosensitising agent compared to free paclitaxel. Br J Cancer, 2006. 95(5): p. 601-606. [124] Lee, A.L.Z., Y. Wang, H.Y. Cheng, S. Pervaiz, and Y.Y. Yang, The co-delivery of paclitaxel and herceptin using cationic micellar nanoparticles. Biomaterials, 2009. 30(5): p. 919-927. [125] Alakhov, V., E. Klinski, S. Li, et al., Block copolymer-based formulation of doxorubicin. From cell screen to clinical trials. Colloid Surface B, 1999. 16(1-4): p. 113-134. [126] Valle, J.W., A. Armstrong, C. Newman, et al., A phase study of SP1049C, doxorubicin in P-glycoprotein-targeting pluronics, in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Invest New Drug, 2011. 29(5): p. 1029-1037. [127] Ebrahim Attia, A.B., C. Yang, J.P.K. Tan, et al., The effect of kinetic stability on biodistribution and anti-tumor efficacy of drug-loaded biodegradable polymeric micelles. Biomaterials, 2013. 34(12): p. 3132-3140. [128] Danquah, M., T. Fujiwara, and R.I. Mahato, Self-assembling methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(carbonate-co-l-lactide) block copolymers for drug delivery. Biomaterials, 2010. 31(8): p. 2358-2370. [129] Yu, H., Z. Xu, D. Wang, et al., Intracellular pH-activated PEG-b-PDPA wormlike micelles for hydrophobic drug delivery. Polym Chem, 2013. 4(19): p. 5052-5055. 159 [130] Wang, H., F. Xu, Y. Wang, et al., pH-responsive and biodegradable polymeric micelles based on poly([small beta]-amino ester)-graft-phosphorylcholine for doxorubicin delivery. Polym Chem, 2013. 4(10): p. 3012-3019. [131] Huang, H., Y. Li, C. Li, et al., A novel anti-VEGF targeting and MRI-visible smart drug delivery system for specific diagnosis and therapy of liver cancer. Macromol Biosci, 2013. 13(10): p. 1358-1368. [132] Zhao, H. and L.Y.L. Yung, Selectivity of folate conjugated polymer micelles against different tumor cells. Int J Pharm, 2008. 349(1–2): p. 256-268. [133] Zhao, H., H.H.P. Duong, and L.Y.L. Yung, Folate-conjugated polymer micelles with pH-triggered drug release properties. Macromol Rapid Commun, 2010. 31(13): p. 1163-1169. [134] Qiu, L.-Y., L. Yan, L. Zhang, Y.-M. Jin, and Q.-H. Zhao, Folate-modified poly(2ethyl-2-oxazoline) as hydrophilic corona in polymeric micelles for enhanced intracellular doxorubicin delivery. Int J Pharm, 2013. 456(2): p. 315-324. [135] Hrkach, J., D.V. Hoff, M.M. Ali, et al., Preclinical development and clinical translation of a PSMA-targeted docetaxel nanoparticle with a differentiated pharmacological profile Sci Transl Med, 2012. 4(128ra39): p. 1-11. [136] Xu, W., I.A. Siddiqui, M. Nihal, et al., Aptamer-conjugated and doxorubicinloaded unimolecular micelles for targeted therapy of prostate cancer. Biomaterials, 2013. 34(21): p. 5244-5253. [137] Sawant, R.R. and V.P. Torchilin, Enhanced cytotoxicity of TATp-bearing paclitaxel-loaded micelles in vitro and in vivo. Int J Pharm, 2009. 374(1–2): p. 114118. [138] Liu, L., K. Guo, J. Lu, et al., Biologically active core/shell nanoparticles selfassembled from cholesterol-terminated PEG-TAT for drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Biomaterials, 2008. 29(10): p. 1509-1517. [139] Liu, L., S.S. Venkatraman, Y.Y. Yang, et al., Polymeric micelles anchored with TAT for delivery of antibiotics across the blood-brain barrier. Biopolymers Pept Sci 2008. 90(5): p. 617-623. [140] Li, X., M. Wang, C. Liu, X. Jing, and Y. Huang, TAT-modified mixed micelles as biodegradable targeting and delivering system for cancer therapeutics. J Appl Polym Sci, 2013. 130(6): p. 4598-4607. [141] Sethuraman, V.A., M.C. Lee, and Y.H. Bae, A biodegradable pH-sensitive micelle system for targeting acidic solid tumors. Pharm Res, 2008. 25(3): p. 657-666. [142] Mu, L., T.A. Elbayoumi, and V.P. Torchilin, Mixed micelles made of poly(ethylene glycol)-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate and D-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate Int J Pharm, 2005. 306: p. 142-149. 160 [143] Jain, R.K., L.L. Munn, and D. Fukumura, Dissecting tumour pathophysiology using intravital microscopy. Nat Rev Cancer, 2002. 2: p. 266-276. [144] Calderara F, H.Z., Hurtrez G, Lerch J-P, Nugay T, Riess G, Investigation of olystryrene-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer micelles formation in organic and aqueous solutions by nonradiadiative energy transfer experiments. Marcromolecules, 1994. 27: p. 1210-1215. [145] Wang Y, K.C.-M., Chun M, Quirk R-P, Mattice WL, Exchange of chains between micelles of labeled polystyrene-block-poly(oxyethylene) as monitored by nonradiatice singlet enery transfer. Marcromolecules, 1995. 28: p. 904-911. [146] Steven D. Weitman, R.H.L., Leslie R. Coney, Daniel W. Fort, Verna Frasca, Vincent R. Zurawski, Jr., and Barton A. Kamen Distribution of the Folate Receptor GP38 in Normal and Malignant Cell Lines and Tissues Cancer Research, 1992. 52(12). [147] M. Jules Mattes, P.P.M., David M. Goldenberg, Arnold S. Dion, Robert V. P. Hutter, and Kenneth M. Klein Patterns of Antigen Distribution in Human Carcinomas Cancer Research, 1990. 50: p. 880S-884S. [148] Steven D. Weitman, A.G.W., Leslie R. Coney, Vincent R. Zurawski, Debra S. Jennings, and Barton A. Kamen Cellular Localization of the Folate Receptor: Potential Role in Drug Toxicity and Folate Homeostasis Cancer Research, 1992. 52(23): p. 6708-6711. [149] Leamon, C.P. and P.S. Low, Receptor-mediated drug delivery, Drug Delivery Principles and Application, B. Wang, T. Siahaan, and R.A. Soltero, Editors. 2005, Wiley-Interscience. p. 448. [150] Borsi, L., E. Balza, M. Bestagno, et al., Selective targeting of tumoral vasculature: Comparison of different formats of an antibody (l19) to the ED-B domain of fibronectin. Int J Cancer, 2002. 102(1): p. 75-85. [151] Neri, D. and R. Bicknell, Tumour vascular targeting. Nat Rev Cancer, 2005. 5(6): p. 436-446. [152] Temming, K., R.M. Schiffelers, G. Molema, and R.J. Kok, RGD-based strategies for selective delivery of therapeutics and imaging agents to the tumour vasculature. Drug Resist Updat, 2005. 8(6): p. 381-402. [153] Mitra, A., J. Mulholland, A. Nan, et al., Targeting tumor angiogenic vasculature using polymer-RGD conjugates. J Control Release, 2005. 102(1): p. 191-201. [154] Arap, W., R. Pasqualini, and E. Ruoslahti, Cancer treatment by targeted drug delivery to tumor vasculature in a mouse model. Science, 1998. 279(5349): p. 377380. 161 [155] Green, M. and P.M. Loewenstein, Autonomous functional domains of chemically synthesized human immunodeficiency virus tat trans-activator protein. Cell, 1988. 55(6): p. 1179-1188. [156] Frankel, A.D. and C.O. Pabo, Cellular uptake of the tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus. Cell, 1988. 55(6): p. 1189-1193. [157] Grunwald, J., T. Rejtar, R. Sawant, Z. Wang, and V.P. Torchilin, TAT peptide and its conjugates: proteolytic stability. Bioconjugate Chem, 2009. 20(8): p. 1531-1537. [158] Levchenko, T.S., R. Rammohan, N. Volodina, and V.P. Torchilin, Tat PeptideMediated Intracellular Delivery of Liposomes, 2003. p. 339-349. [159] Rao, K.S., M.K. Reddy, J.L. Horning, and V. Labhasetwar, TAT-conjugated nanoparticles for the CNS delivery of anti-HIV drugs. Biomaterials, 2008. 29(33): p. 4429-4438. [160] Qin, Y., H. Chen, Q. Zhang, et al., Liposome formulated with TAT-modified cholesterol for improving brain delivery and therapeutic efficacy on brain glioma in animals. Int J Pharm, 2011. 420(2): p. 304-312. [161] Niu, R., P. Zhao, H. Wang, et al., Preparation, characterization, and antitumor activity of paclitaxel-loaded folic acid modified and TAT peptide conjugated PEGylated polymeric liposomes. J Drug Target, 2011. 19(5): p. 373-381. [162] Ignatovich, I.A., E.B. Dizhe, A.V. Pavlotskaya, et al., Complexes of plasmid DNA with basic domain 47-57 of the HIV-1 Tat protein are transferred to mammalian cells by endocytosis-mediated pathways. J Biol Chem, 2003. 278(43): p. 4262542636. [163] Zhao, P., H. Wang, M. Yu, et al., Paclitaxel-loaded, folic-acid-targeted and TATpeptide-conjugated polymeric liposomes: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Pharm Res, 2010. 27(9): p. 1914-1926. [164] Koren, E., A. Apte, A. Jani, and V.P. Torchilin, Multifunctional PEGylated 2C5immunoliposomes containing pH-sensitive bonds and TAT peptide for enhanced tumor cell internalization and cytotoxicity. J Control Release, 2012. 160(2): p. 264273. [165] Wang, H., W. Su, S. Wang, et al., Smart multifunctional core-shell nanospheres with drug and gene co-loaded for enhancing the therapeutic effect in a rat intracranial tumor model. Nanoscale, 2012. 4(20): p. 6501-6508. [166] Tanaka, K., T. Kanazawa, Y. Shibata, et al., Development of cell-penetrating peptide-modified MPEG-PCL diblock copolymeric nanoparticles for systemic gene delivery. Int J Pharm, 2010. 396(1–2): p. 229-238. [167] Sun, Q., J. Xiong, J. Lu, et al., Secretory TAT-peptide-mediated protein transduction of LIF receptor α-chain distal cytoplasmic motifs into human myeloid HL-60 cells. Braz J Med Biol Res, 2012. 45(10): p. 913-920. 162 [168] Malhotra, M., C. Tomaro-Duchesneau, and S. Prakash, Synthesis of TAT peptidetagged PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles for siRNA delivery targeting neurodegenerative diseases. Biomaterials, 2013. 34(4): p. 1270-1280. [169] Moschos, S.A., S.W. Jones, M.M. Perry, et al., Lung delivery studies using siRNA conjugated to TAT(48-60) and penetratin reveal peptide induced reduction in gene expression and induction of innate immunity. Bioconjugate Chem, 2007. 18(5): p. 1450-1459. [170] Futaki, S., T. Suzuki, W. Ohashi, et al., Arginine-rich peptides. An abundant source of membrane-permeable peptides having potential as carriers for intracellular protein delivery. J Biol Chem, 2001. 276(8): p. 5836-5840. [171] Snyder, E.L. and S.F. Dowdy, Recent advances in the use of protein transduction domains for the delivery of peptides, proteins and nucleic acids in vivo. Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2005. 2(1): p. 43-51. [172] Schwarze, S.R., A. Ho, A. Vocero-Akbani, and S.F. Dowdy, In vivo protein transduction: delivery of a biologically active protein into the mouse. Science, 1999. 285(5433): p. 1569-1572. [173] Sethuraman, V.A. and Y.H. Bae, TAT peptide-based micelle system for potential active targeting of anti-cancer agents to acidic solid tumors. J Control Release, 2007. 118(2): p. 216-224. [174] Liu, L., J. Yang, J. Xie, et al., The potent antimicrobial properties of cell penetrating peptide-conjugated silver nanoparticles with excellent selectivity for Gram-positive bacteria over erythrocytes. Nanoscale, 2013. 5(9): p. 3834-3840. [175] Zhang, K., H. Fang, Z. Chen, J.S.A. Taylor, and K.L. Wooley, Shape effects of nanoparticles conjugated with cell-penetrating peptides (HIV Tat PTD) on CHO cell uptake. Bioconjugate Chem, 2008. 19(9): p. 1880-1887. [176] Joliot, A. and A. Prochiantz, Transduction peptides: from technology to physiology. Nat Cell Biol, 2004. 6(3): p. 189-196. [177] Pooga, M., C. Kut, M. Kihlmark, et al., Cellular translocation of proteins by transportan. FASEB J, 2001. 15(8): p. 1451-1453. [178] Morris, M.C., S. Deshayes, F. Heitz, and G. Divita, Cell-penetrating peptides: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics. Biol Cell, 2008. 100(4): p. 201-217. [179] Gros, E., S. Deshayes, M.C. Morris, et al., A non-covalent peptide-based strategy for protein and peptide nucleic acid transduction. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006. 1758(3): p. 384-393. [180] Kenien, R., J.L. Zaro, and W.C. Shen, MAP-mediated nuclear delivery of a cargo protein. J Drug Target, 2012. 20(4): p. 329-337. 163 [181] Pujals, S., J. Fernández-Carneado, C. López-Iglesias, M.J. Kogan, and E. Giralt, Mechanistic aspects of CPP-mediated intracellular drug delivery: Relevance of CPP self-assembly. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2006. 1758(3): p. 264-279. [182] Rousselle, C., M. Smirnova, P. Clair, et al., Enhanced delivery of doxorubicin into the brain via a peptide-vector-mediated strategy: Saturation kinetics and specificity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2001. 296(1): p. 124-131. [183] Veldhoen, S., S.D. Laufer, A. Trampe, and T. Restle, Cellular delivery of small interfering RNA by a non-covalently attached cell-penetrating peptide: Quantitative analysis of uptake and biological effect. Nucleic Acids Res, 2006. 34(22): p. 65616573. [184] Moghimi, S.M., P. Symonds, J.C. Murray, et al., A two-stage poly(ethylenimine)mediated cytotoxicity: Implications for gene transfer/therapy. Mol Ther, 2005. 11(6): p. 990-995. [185] Nasrollahi, S.A., C. Taghibiglou, E. Azizi, and E.S. Farboud, Cell-penetrating peptides as a novel transdermal drug delivery system. Chem Biol Drug Des, 2012. 80(5): p. 639-646. [186] Rothbard, J.B., S. Garlington, Q. Lin, et al., Conjugation of arginine oligomers to cyclosporin A facilitates topical delivery and inhibition of inflammation. Nat Med, 2000. 6(11): p. 1253-1257. [187] Lindgren, M., K. Rosenthal-Aizman, K. Saar, et al., Overcoming methotrexate resistance in breast cancer tumour cells by the use of a new cell-penetrating peptide. Biochem Pharmacol, 2006. 71(4): p. 416-425. [188] Liang, J.F. and V.C. Yang, Synthesis of doxorubicin-peptide conjugate with multidrug resistant tumor cell killing activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2005. 15(22): p. 5071-5075. [189] Mazel, M., P. Clair, C. Rousselle, et al., Doxorubicin-peptide conjugates overcome multidrug resistance. Anti-Cancer Drugs, 2001. 12(2): p. 107-116. [190] Fritzer, M., T. Szekeres, V. Szüts, H.N. Jarayam, and H. Goldenberg, Cytotoxic effects of a doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate in multidrug-resistant KB cells. Biochem Pharmacol, 1996. 51(4): p. 489-493. [191] Fawell, S., J. Seery, Y. Daikh, et al., Tat-mediated delivery of heterologous proteins into cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1994. 91(2): p. 664-668. [192] Aarts, M., Y. Liu, L. Liu, et al., Treatment of ischemic brain damage by perturbing NMDA receptor-PSD-95 protein interactions. Science, 2002. 298(5594): p. 846850. [193] Rapoport, M. and H. Lorberboum-Galski, TAT-based drug delivery system - New directions in protein delivery for new hopes? Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2009. 6(5): p. 453-463. 164 [194] Wadia, J.S., R.V. Stan, and S.F. Dowdy, Transducible TAT-HA fusogenic peptide enhances escape of TAT-fusion proteins after lipid raft macropinocytosis. Nat Med, 2004. 10(3): p. 310-315. [195] Morris, M.C., J. Depollier, J. Mery, F. Heitz, and G. Divita, A peptide carrier for the delivery of biologically active proteins into mammalian cells. Nat Biotechnol, 2001. 19(12): p. 1173-1176. [196] Wolf, Y., S. Pritz, S. Abes, et al., Structural requirements for cellular uptake and antisense activity of peptide nucleic acids conjugated with various peptides. Biochemistry, 2006. 45(50): p. 14944-14954. [197] Nakase, I., G. Tanaka, and S. Futaki, Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as a vector for the delivery of siRNAs into cells. Mol BioSyst, 2013. 9(5): p. 855-861. [198] Nakase, I., H. Akita, K. Kogure, et al., Efficient intracellular delivery of nucleic acid pharmaceuticals using cell-penetrating peptides. Acc Chem Res, 2012. 45(7): p. 1132-1139. [199] Tang, J., L. Zhang, Y. Liu, et al., Synergistic targeted delivery of payload into tumor cells by dual-ligand liposomes co-modified with cholesterol anchored transferrin and TAT. Int J Pharm, 2013. 454(1): p. 31-40. [200] Sharma, G., A. Modgil, B. Layek, et al., Cell penetrating peptide tethered bi-ligand liposomes for delivery to brain in vivo: Biodistribution and transfection. J Control Release, 2013. 167(1): p. 1-10. [201] Zhao, B.X., Y. Zhao, Y. Huang, et al., The efficiency of tumor-specific pHresponsive peptide-modified polymeric micelles containing paclitaxel. Biomaterials, 2012. 33(8): p. 2508-2520. [202] Duong, H.H.P. and L.Y.L. Yung, Synergistic co-delivery of doxorubicin and paclitaxel using multi-functional micelles for cancer treatment. Int J Pharm, 2013. 454(1): p. 486-495. [203] Torchilin, V.P., Cell penetrating peptide-modified pharmaceutical nanocarriers for intracellular drug and gene delivery. Biopolymers, 2008. 90(5): p. 604-610. [204] Chen, J., S. Li, and Q. Shen, Folic acid and cell-penetrating peptide conjugated PLGA-PEG bifunctional nanoparticles for vincristine sulfate delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci, 2012. 47(2): p. 430-443. [205] Berry, C.C., Intracellular delivery of nanoparticles via the HIV-1 tat peptide. Nanomedicine, 2008. 3(3): p. 357-365. [206] Heitz, F., M.C. Morris, and G. Divita, Twenty years of cell-penetrating peptides: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics. Br J Pharmacol, 2009. 157(2): p. 195206. 165 [207] Vives, E., Cellular utake of the Tat peptide: an endocytosis mechanism following ionic interactions. J Mol Recog, 2003. 16(5): p. 265-271. [208] Brooks, H., B. Lebleu, and E. Vivès, Tat peptide-mediated cellular delivery: back to basics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2005. 57(4 SPEC.ISS.): p. 559-577. [209] Kaplan, I.M., J.S. Wadia, and S.F. Dowdy, Cationic TAT peptide transduction domain enters cells by macropinocytosis. J Control Release, 2005. 102(1): p. 247253. [210] Chung, S.K., K.K. Maiti, and W.S. Lee, Recent advances in cell-penetrating, nonpeptide molecular carriers. Int J Pharm, 2008. 354(1-2): p. 16-22. [211] Tünnemann, G., R.M. Martin, S. Haupt, et al., Cargo-dependent mode of uptake and bioavailability of TAT-containing proteins and peptides in living cells. FASEB J, 2006. 20(11): p. 1775-1784. [212] Nabholtz, J.-M.A. and A. Riva, The choice of adjuvant combination therapies with taxanes: rationale and issues addressed in ongoing studies. Clin Breast Cancer, 2001. 2, Supplement 1(0): p. S7-S14. [213] Piccart-Gebhart, M., i.T. Burzykowsk, M. Buyse, et al., Taxanes alone or in combination with anthracyclines as first-line therapy of patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2008. 26: p. 1980-6. [214] Ganta, S. and M. Amiji, Coadministration of paclitaxel and curcumin in nanoemulsion formulations to overcome multidrug resistance in tumor cells. Mol Pharm, 2009. 6: p. 928-39. [215] Lambert, L., N. Qiao, K. Hunt, et al., Autophagy: a novel mechanism of synergistic cytotoxicity between doxorubicin and roscovitine in a sarcoma model. Cancer Res, 2008. 68: p. 7966-74. [216] Carrick, S., S. Parker, C.E. Thornton, et al., Single agent versus combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane DB Syst Rev, 2009(2). [217] Qi, W.X., L.n. Tang, A.n. He, Z. Shen, and Y. Yao, Comparison between doublet agents versus single agent in metastatic breast cancer patients previously treated with an anthracycline and a taxane: A meta-analysis of four phase III trials. Breast, 2012. [218] Piccart-Gebhart, M., T. Burzykowski, M. Buyse, et al., Taxanes alone or in combination with anthracyclines as first-line therapy of patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2008. 26: p. 1980-6. [219] Webb, M.S., S. Johnstone, T.J. Morris, et al., In vitro and in vivo characterization of a combination chemotherapy formulation consisting of vinorelbine and phosphatidylserine. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 2007. 65(3): p. 289-299. 166 [220] Tardi, P., T. Harasym, M. Webb, et al., Compositions for delivery of drug combinations, Celator Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2003. [221] Cell cycle p21, depression, and neurogenesis and in the hippocampus. 2010; Available from: http://scientopia.org. [222] Mosmann, T., Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods, 1983. 65(1-2): p. 55-63. [223] Bhuyan, B.K., B.E. Loughman, T.J. Fraser, and K.J. Day, Comparison of different methods of determining cell viability after exposure to cytotoxic compounds. Exp Cell Res, 1976. 97(2): p. 275-280. [224] Mitchell, D., K. Santone, and D. Acosta, Evaluation of cytotoxicity in cultured cells by enzyme leakage. J Tissue Cult Meth, 1980. 6(3-4): p. 113-116. [225] Nieminen, A.L., G.J. Gores, J.M. Bond, et al., A novel cytotoxicity screening assay using a multiwell fluorescence scanner. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 1992. 115(2): p. 147-155. [226] Puck, T.T., P.I. Marcus, and S.J. Cieciura, Clonal growth of mammalian cells in vitro; growth characteristics of colonies from single HeLa cells with and without a feeder layer. J Exp Med, 1956. 103(2): p. 273-283. [227] Johnson, L.V., M.L. Walsh, and L.B. Chen, Localization of mitochondria in living cells with rhodamine 123. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1980. 77(2 II): p. 990-994. [228] Stoddart, M.J., Cell viability assays: introduction. Methods Mol Bio, 2011. 740: p. 1-6. [229] Mayer, L.D. and A.S. Janoff, Optimizing combination chemotherapy by controlling drug ratios. Mol Interventions, 2007. 7(4): p. 216-223. [230] Loewe, S., The problem of synergism and antagonism of combined drugs. ArzneimForsch, 1953. 3(6): p. 285-290. [231] Tallarida, R.J., Drug synergism: Its detection and applications. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 2001. 298(3): p. 865-872. [232] Chou, T.-C. and P. Talalay, Quantitative analysis of dose-effect relationships: the combined effects of multiple drugs or enzyme inhibitors. Adv Enzyme Regul, 1984. 22(0): p. 27-55. [233] Chou, T.-C. and P. Talalay, Analysis of combined drug effects: a new look at a very old problem. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 1983. 4(0): p. 450-454. [234] Yokoyama, M., Polymeric micelles as a new drug carrier system and their required considerations for clinical trials. Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2010. 7(2): p. 145-158. 167 [235] Bader, H., H. Ringsdorf, and B. Schmidt, Watersoluble polymers in medicine. Macromol. Mater. Eng., 1984. [236] Yokoyama, M., T. Okano, Y. Sakurai, et al., Selective delivery of adiramycin to a solid tumor using a polymeric micelle carrier system. J. Drug. Target., 1999. 7(3): p. 171-186. [237] Kwon, G., S. Suwa, M. Yokoyama, et al., Enhanced tumor accumulation and prolonged circulation times of micelle-forming poly(ethylene oxide-aspartate) block copolymer-adriamycin conjugates. J. Control. Release, 1994. 29(1-2): p. 1723. [238] Guo, X.D., F. Tandiono, N. Wiradharma, et al., Cationic micelles self-assembled from cholesterol-conjugated oligopeptides as an efficient gene delivery vector. Biomaterials, 2008. 29(36): p. 4838-4846. [239] Matsumura, Y. and K. Kataoka, Preclinical and clinical studies of anticancer agent-incorporating polymer micelles. Cancer Sci, 2009. 100(4): p. 572-579. [240] Matsumura, Y., Polymeric micellar delivery systems in oncology. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2008. 38(12): p. 793-802. [241] Matsumura, Y., Poly (amino acid) micelle nanocarriers in preclinical and clinical studies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2008. 60(8): p. 899-914. [242] Kim, D.W., S.Y. Kim, H.K. Kim, et al., Multicenter phase II trial of Genexol-PM, a novel Cremophor-free, polymeric micelle formulation of paclitaxel, with cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol, 2007. 18(12): p. 2009-2014. [243] Xiong, X.B., A. Mahmud, H. Uludag, and A. Lavasanifar, Multifunctional polymeric micelles for enhanced intracellular delivery of doxorubicin to metastatic cancer cells. Pharm Res, 2008. 25(11): p. 2555-2566. [244] Vives, E., J. Schmidt, and A. Pelegrin, Cell-penetrating and cell-targeting peptides in drug delivery. BBA- Rev Cancer, 2008. 1786(2): p. 126-138. [245] Hansen, M., K. Kilk, and Ã. Langel, Predicting cell-penetrating peptides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2008. 60(4-5): p. 572-579. [246] Cao, G., W. Pei, H. Ge, et al., In vivo delivery of a Bcl-xL fusion protein containing the TAT protein transduction domain protects against ischemic brain injury and neuronal apoptosis. J Neurosci, 2002. 22(13): p. 5423-5431. [247] Stewart, K.M., K.L. Horton, and S.O. Kelley, Cell-penetrating peptides as delivery vehicles for biology and medicine. Org Biomol Chem, 2008. 6(13): p. 2242-2255. [248] Astriab-Fisher, A., D. Sergueev, M. Fisher, B. Ramsay Shaw, and R.L. Juliano, Conjugates of antisense oligonucleotides with the Tat and antennapedia cell- 168 penetrating peptides: effects on cellular uptake, binding to target sequences, and biologic actions. Pharm Res, 2002. 19(6): p. 744-754. [249] Nori, A., K.D. Jensen, M. Tijerina, P. Kopeckova, and J. Kopecek, Tat-conjugated synthetic macromolecules facilitate cytoplasmic drug delivery to human ovarian carcinoma cells. Bioconjugate Chem, 2003. 14(1): p. 44-50. [250] Torchilin, V.P., R. Rammohan, V. Weissig, and T.S. Levchenko, TAT peptide on the surface of liposomes affords their efficient intracellular delivery even at low temperature and in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. P Natl Acad Sci USA, 2001. 98(15): p. 8786-8791. [251] Sugita, T., T. Yoshikawa, Y. Mukai, et al., Comparative study on transduction and toxicity of protein transduction domains. Br J Pharmacol, 2008. 153(6): p. 11431152. [252] Toro, A., M. Paiva, C. Ackerley, and E. Grunebaum, Intracellular delivery of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) fused to protein transduction domain corrects PNP deficiency in vitro. Cell Immunol, 2006. 240(2): p. 107-115. [253] Lu, Y., E. Sega, C.P. Leamon, and P.S. Low, Folate receptor-targeted immunotherapy of cancer: Mechanism and therapeutic potential. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2004. 56(8): p. 1161-1176. [254] Leamon, C.P. and J.A. Reddy, Folate-targeted chemotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2004. 56(8): p. 1127-1141. [255] Jhaveri, M.S., A.S. Rait, K.N. Chung, J.B. Trepel, and E.H. Chang, Antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the human α folate receptor inhibit breast cancer cell growth and sensitize the cells to doxorubicin treatment. Mol Cancer Ther, 2004. 3(12): p. 1505-1512. [256] Lee, R.J. and P.S. Low, Folate-mediated tumor cell targeting of liposomeentrapped doxorubicin in vitro. BBA - Biomembranes, 1995. 1233(2): p. 134-144. [257] Zhao, H. and L.Y.L. Yung, Selectivity of folate conjugated polymer micelles against different tumor cells. Int J Pharm, 2008. 349(1-2): p. 256-268. [258] Kim, S.H., J.H. Jeong, C.O. Joe, and T.G. Park, Folate receptor mediated intracellular protein delivery using PLL-PEG-FOL conjugate. J Control Release, 2005. 103(3): p. 625-634. [259] Park, E.K., S.Y. Kim, S.B. Lee, and Y.M. Lee, Folate-conjugated methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(e-caprolactone) amphiphilic block copolymeric micelles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. J Control Release, 2005. 109(1-3): p. 158-168. [260] Yoo, H.S. and T.G. Park, Folate receptor targeted biodegradable polymeric doxorubicin micelles. J Control Release, 2004. 96(2): p. 273-283. 169 [261] Wolszczak, M. and J. Miller, Characterization of non-ionic surfactant aggregates by fluorometric techniques. J Photoch Photobio A 2002. 147(1): p. 45-54. [262] Zhao, H.Z., E.C. Tan, and L.Y.L. Yung, Potential use of cholecalciferol polyethylene glycol succinate as a novel pharmaceutical additive. J Biomed Mater Res A, 2008. 84: p. 954-64. [263] Lee, E.S., K. Na, and Y.H. Bae, Doxorubicin loaded pH-sensitive polymeric micelles for reversal of resistant MCF-7 tumor. J Control Release, 2005. 103(2): p. 405-418. [264] Ziegler, A., P. Nervi, M. Durrenberger, and J. Seelig, The cationic cell-penetrating peptide CPPTAT derived from the HIV-1 protein TAT is rapidly transported into living fibroblasts: Optical, biophysical, and metabolic evidence. Biochemistry, 2005. 44(1): p. 138-148. [265] Leane, M.M., R. Nankervis, A. Smith, and L. Illum, Use of the ninhydrin assay to measure the release of chitosan from oral solid dosage forms. Int J Pharm, 2004. 271(1–2): p. 241-249. [266] Beletsi, A., L. Leontiadis, P. Klepetsanis, D.S. Ithakissios, and K. Avgoustakis, Effect of preparative variables on the properties of poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide)– methoxypoly(ethyleneglycol) copolymers related to their application in controlled drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm., 1999. 182(2): p. 187-197. [267] Silhol, M., M. Tyagi, M. Giacca, B. Lebleu, and E. Vives, Different mechanisms for cellular internalization of the HIV-1 Tat-derived cell penetrating peptide and recombinant proteins fused to Tat. Eur J Biochem, 2002. 269(2): p. 494-501. [268] Hobbs, S.K., W.L. Monsky, F. Yuan, et al., Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: Role of tumor type and microenvironment. P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998. 95(8): p. 4607-4612. [269] Carrstensen, H., R.H. Müller, and B.W. Müller, Particle size, surface hydrophobicity and interaction with serum of parenteral fat emulsions and model drug carriers as parameters related to RES uptake. Clinical. Nutrition., 1992. 11(5): p. 289-297. [270] Liu, S.-Q., N. Wiradharma, S.-J. Gao, Y.W. Tong, and Y.-Y. Yang, Bio-functional micelles self-assembled from a folate-conjugated block copolymer for targeted intracellular delivery of anticancer drugs. Biomaterials, 2007. 28(7): p. 1423-1433. [271] Sethuraman, V.A., M.C. Lee, and Y.H. Bae, A biodegradable pH-sensitive micelles system for targeting acidic solid tumors. Pharm Res, 2008. 25: p. 657-66. [272] Reynolds, C.P. and B.J. Maurer, Evaluating response to antineoplastic drug combinations in tissue culture models. Methods Mol Med, 2005. 110: p. 173-183. 170 [273] Hobbs, S.K., W.L. Monsky, F. Yuan, et al., Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: Role of tumor type and microenvironment. P Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998. 95(8): p. 4607-4612. [274] Carrstensen, H., R.H. Müller, and B.W. Müller, Particle size, surface hydrophobicity and interaction with serum of parenteral fat emulsions and model drug carriers as parameters related to RES uptake. Clin Nutr, 1992. 11(5): p. 289297. [275] Liu, Y., K. Li, J. Pan, B. Liu, and S.S. Feng, Folic acid conjugated nanoparticles of mixed lipid monolayer shell and biodegradable polymer core for targeted delivery of Docetaxel. Biomaterials, 2010. 31(2): p. 330-338. [276] Siddik, Z.H., D.R. Newell, F.E. Boxall, and K.R. Harrap, The comparative pharmacokinetics of carboplatin and cisplatin in mice and rats. Biochem Pharmacol, 1987. 36(12): p. 1925-1932. [277] Giaccone, G., Clinical perspectives on platinum resistance. Drugs, 2000. 59(SUPPL. 4): p. 9-17. [278] Tate Thigpen, J., M.F. Brady, H.D. Homesley, et al., Phase III trial of doxorubicin with or without cisplatin in advanced endometrial carcinoma: A gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol, 2004. 22(19): p. 3902-3908. [279] Fleming, G.F., V.L. Brunetto, D. Cella, et al., Phase III trial of doxorubicin plus cisplatin with or without paclitaxel plus filgrastim in advanced endometrial carcinoma: A gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol, 2004. 22(11): p. 2159-2166. [280] Long Iii, H.J., R.A. Nelimark, K.C. Podratz, et al., Phase III comparison of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) vs. doxorubicin and cisplatin (AC) in women with advanced primary or recurrent metastatic carcinoma of the uterine endometrium. Gynecol Oncol, 2006. 100(3): p. 501-505. [281] Homesley, H.D., V. Filiaci, S.K. Gibbons, et al., A randomized phase III trial in advanced endometrial carcinoma of surgery and volume directed radiation followed by cisplatin and doxorubicin with or without paclitaxel: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol, 2009. 112(3): p. 543-552. [282] Yokoyama, M., T. Okano, Y. Sakurai, S. Suwa, and K. Kataoka, Introduction of cisplatin into polymeric micelle. J Control Release, 1996. 39(2-3): p. 351-356. [283] Avgoustakis, K., A. Beletsi, Z. Panagi, et al., PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles of cisplatin: In vitro nanoparticle degradation, in vitro drug release and in vivo drug residence in blood properties. J Control Release, 2002. 79(1-3): p. 123-135. [284] Dhar, S., F.X. Gu, R. Langer, O.C. Farokhza, and S.J. Lippard, Targeted delivery of cisplatin to prostate cancer cells by aptamer functionalized Pt(IV) prodrug-PLGA PEG nanoparticles. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA, 2008. 105(45): p. 17356-17361. 171 [285] Mattheolabakis, G., E. Taoufik, S. Haralambous, M.L. Roberts, and K. Avgoustakis, In vivo investigation of tolerance and antitumor activity of cisplatinloaded PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 2009. 71(2): p. 190195. [286] Margaritis, A. and B. Manocha, Controlled release of doxorubicin from doxorubicin/γ-polyglutamic acid ionic complex. J Nanomater, 2010. 2010. [287] Tacar, O., P. Sriamornsak, and C.R. Dass, Doxorubicin: an update on anticancer molecular action, toxicity and novel drug delivery systems. J Pharm Pharmacol, 2013. 65(2): p. 157-170. [288] Lee, S.M., T.V. O'Halloran, and S.T. Nguyen, Polymer-caged nanobins for synergistic cisplatin-doxorubicin combination chemotherapy. J AmChem Soc, 2010. 132(48): p. 17130-17138. [289] Cohen, S.M., R. Mukerji, S. Cai, et al., Subcutaneous delivery of nanoconjugated doxorubicin and cisplatin for locally advanced breast cancer demonstrates improved efficacy and decreased toxicity at lower doses than standard systemic combination therapy in vivo. Am J Surg, 2011. 202(6): p. 646-653. [290] Deng, C., G. Rong, H. Tian, et al., Synthesis and characterization of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly (L-lactide)-b-poly(L-glutamic acid) triblock copolymer. Polymer, 2005. 46(3): p. 653-659. [291] Beletsi, A., L. Leontiadis, P. Klepetsanis, D.S. Ithakissios, and K. Avgoustakis, Effect of preparative variables on the properties of poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide)– methoxypoly(ethyleneglycol) copolymers related to their application in controlled drug delivery. Int J Pharm, 1999. 182(2): p. 187-197. [292] Xiong, Y., W. Jiang, Y. Shen, et al., A Poly(γ, l-glutamic acid)-citric acid based nanoconjugate for cisplatin delivery. Biomaterials, 2012. 33(29): p. 7182-7193. [293] Cuong, N.V., Y.L. Li, and M.F. Hsieh, Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to human breast cancers by folate-decorated star-shaped PEG-PCL micelle. J Mater Chem, 2012. 22(3): p. 1006-1020. [294] She, W., K. Luo, C. Zhang, et al., The potential of self-assembled, pH-responsive nanoparticles of mPEGylated peptide dendron-doxorubicin conjugates for cancer therapy. Biomaterials, 2013. 34(5): p. 1613-1623. [295] Y, Z., Y. M, P. NG, et al., Zeta potential: a surface electrical characteristic to probe the interaction of nanoparticles with normal and cancer human breast epithelial cells. Biomed Microdevices, 2008. 10(2): p. 321-328. [296] Levine, D.H., P.P. Ghoroghchian, J. Freudenberg, et al., Polymersomes: A new multi-functional tool for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Methods, 2008. 46(1): p. 25-32. 172 [297] Ahmed, F., R.I. Pakunlu, A. Brannan, et al., Biodegradable polymersomes loaded with both paclitaxel and doxorubicin permeate and shrink tumors, inducing apoptosis in proportion to accumulated drug. J Control Release, 2006. 116(2 SPEC. ISS.): p. 150-158. [298] Du, Y., W. Chen, M. Zheng, F. Meng, and Z. Zhong, PH-sensitive degradable chimaeric polymersomes for the intracellular release of doxorubicin hydrochloride. Biomaterials, 2012. 33(29): p. 7291-7299. [299] Liu, G.Y., C.J. Chen, and J. Ji, Biocompatible and biodegradable polymersomes as delivery vehicles in biomedical applications. Soft Matter, 2012. 8(34): p. 88118821. [300] Discher, D.E. and F. Ahmed, Polymersomes, 2006. p. 323-341. 173 [...]... inorganic drug delivery systems for cancer diagnosis and therapy [39] 14 Figure 2.4 Schematic of delivery mechanism of drug- loaded carriers to tumor cells [42, 45] 15 Figure 2.5 Schematic of drug- loaded liposome formation 16 Figure 2.6 Schematic of drug delivery system using polymer -drug conjugate system [70] 19 Figure 2.7 Schematic of polymer -drug. .. combinations of anticancer drugs are co-encapsulated into the micelles (4) Polymeric micelles can also be used as carriers for hydrophilic drug delivery if the drugs and polymers exhibit specific chemical interactions 1.3 Objectives and scope of the study The objectives of this thesis are to investigate and demonstrate polymeric micellar drug delivery systems for cancer therapy to address the limitations of. .. 21 Figure 2.8 Schematic of preparation of physical drug- loaded polymeric micelles 23 Figure 2.9 Schematic of BIND-014, a docetaxel (DTXL)-loaded micelle system with small-molecule (ACUPA) targeting ligands 27 Figure 2.10 Schematic of multifunctional polymeric carriers for active drug delivery [24] 29 Figure 2.11 Schematic of a passive targeted drug delivery system [31] ... different pair of drugs have been investigated XI LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Anticancer therapeutic and their mechanism of action [24] 12 Table 2.2 Sample of some liposome-based drugs for cancer chemotherapy 17 Table 2.3 Sample of polymer -drug conjugates 20 Table 2.4 Nanoparticle-based drugs for cancer chemotherapy [31, 86] 22 Table 2.5 Drug- loaded polymeric micellar formulations ... clearance, and fast development of multipledrug resistance (MRD) Figure 2.2 Schematic representation of the delivery mechanism of small-molecule drugs to tumors [31] 2.3 Drug delivery technology To overcome the limitations of the typical chemotherapy, drug delivery systems have been developed to generate new therapeutic systems with better treatment efficacy and lower side effects Numerous drug delivery systems... resultant drug- loaded micelles exhibit suitable properties for drug delivery (2) Multi- modification of micelles with different moieties which are specially used for drug delivery systems can increase the treatment efficacy of the resultant micelles compared to that of single-moiety modified one (3) It has been further hypothesized that the drug delivery system is more effective when synergistic combinations. .. advantages of (1) synergistic effect of combined drugs, (2) polymeric carrier for drug delivery with sustained release and biocompatibility properties, (3) carrier modifications with targeting moiety to enhance the delivery selectivity and/or with penetrating peptide to enhance the uptake The comparisons between the co -delivery of two single drug- loaded carrier systems and the delivery of dual-drugs-loaded... first objective of this work is to develop an effective system for anticancer drug delivery The system has been developed for physically encapsulating of hydrophobic drugs because most of anticancer drugs are hydrophobic in nature Self-assembled polymeric micelles based on biodegradable amphiphilic copolymer poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)-poly(ethylene glycol)(PLGAPEG) have been multi- functionalized. .. 2.3 Schematic of organic and inorganic drug delivery systems for cancer diagnosis and therapy [39] The existing challenges of drug delivery system are to design suitable carriers that can efficiently encapsulate anticancer drugs, overcome drug- resistance, and increase selectivity of drugs towards cancer cells while eliminating their toxicity to normal tissues To efficiently encapsulate drugs into a... dysfunctional lymphatic drainage of tumors [4144] The uptake of a drug delivery system can also be enhanced by decorating the carrier with specific ligands In addition other important properties of carriers have also been considered for designing a drug delivery system including biocompatibility and low toxicity Figure 2.4 Schematic of delivery mechanism of drug- loaded carriers to tumor cells [42, 45] . DEVELOPMENT OF MULTI- FUNCTIONALIZED POLYMERIC CARRIERS FOR DELIVERY OF ANTICANCER DRUG COMBINATIONS DUONG HOANG HANH PHUOC NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE. SINGAPORE 2013 DEVELOPMENT OF MULTI- FUNCTIONALIZED CARRIERS FOR DELIVERY OF ANTICANCER DRUG COMBINATIONS DUONG HOANG HANH PHUOC (B. Eng., HOCHIMINH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, VIETNAM). characterization of drug- loaded polymeric micelles 81 4.3.3 In vitro drug release and drug loading of singe drug- loaded micelles 82 4.3.4 In vitro drug release and drug loading of dual drug- loaded

Ngày đăng: 10/09/2015, 09:06

TỪ KHÓA LIÊN QUAN

TÀI LIỆU CÙNG NGƯỜI DÙNG

TÀI LIỆU LIÊN QUAN